Murad Mohammed Kanji^(1)* and Mohammed Saeed Bn Qadim⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Science, Faculty of Education – Hadhramout University – Al Mukalla – Yemen

(*Corresponding author: Murad Mohammed Kanji, Email: m.kanji@hu.edu.ye, Tel: 00967774419224)

Received:18/02/2024          Accepted: 25/06/2025

Abstract: 

The study was carried out for the area on both sides of Aqba Shetna Road from Al-Rehab area in Wadi Doan to the Bakhmis Niqab on the Hadramout Plateau, for the purpose of identifying the vegetation diversity of that area. Field survey showed differences in vegetation as the altitude increased to the top of the plateau. Thirty-one plant species belonging to 27 genera and 18 families were identified and counted. All the identified species were wild-growing plants, except for one wild/cultivated plant species, which is Zizphus spina – Christii. The number of plants that appear in the form of trees reached 8 plant species, while 12 plant species appeared in the form of bushes, while herbs accounted for 11 plant species.

Keywords: Aqba Shetna, wild plants, cultivated plants, trees, shrubs, herbs.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Salam Ali ⁽¹⁾*, Ibrahim Alabid ⁽¹⁾, and Imad Ismail ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Lattakia University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Salam Ali. E-mail: Salamkhali43@gmail.com).

Received:30/09/2024                      Accepted: 24/02/2025

Abstract

    The study was conducted to study the effect of treating pepper plants with two isolates of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp. strain (ABC3, cbs123) on infection with Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), and their effect on increasing the activity of peroxidase enzyme and chlorophyll pigments in pepper plants infected with the virus under protected cultivation conditions. The results showed an increase in the activity of peroxidase enzyme on the two studied pepper hybrids (Dallas – Bravo), and an increase in the amount of total chlorophyll in the treated plants. The two studied bacterial strains increased the activity of peroxidase enzyme after 15 days of infection with the virus at different rates, whether in the presence or absence of the virus. In the Dallas hybrid plants treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. The infection with the virus increased by about 10.9%, while when treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. and the infection with the virus increased by about 17.6%, and when treated with a mixture of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus sp. and the infection with the virus increased by about 16.2%. The activity of the peroxidase enzyme also increased after 45 days of infection in all treatments, and the bacterial strain Bacillus sp. played the greatest role in this increase, whether in the presence or absence of the virus, while the isolate Bacillus subtilis was better than the isolate Bacillus sp. strain (ABC3, cbs123) in increasing the amount of total chlorophyll. In the Dallas hybrid plants when treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus subtilis and infection with the virus, the increase increased by about 65.5%, while when treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. The infection with the virus increased by about 33.80%, and for the Bravo hybrid when treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus subtilis and infection with the virus, the increase was about 42%, while when treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. and infection with the virus, the increase was about 52.92%.

 Keywords: PGPR, Bacillus, ToBRFV, pepper plant, peroxidase enzyme, total chlorophyll amount.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

 Sarah Warzik *^(1), Imad Ismail ⁽¹⁾, and Jamal Al-Ahmad ⁽¹⁾

(1). Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattika, Syria.  

(*Corresponding author: Sara Warzik. Email: sarawarzik1996@gmail.com )

Received:26/08/2024          Accepted: 19/01/2025

Abstract: 

This research was conducted in the village of Harisson, Tartous, Syria, during the 2022-2023 agricultural season. The objective was to study the effect of treatment with seaweed extract at two concentrations (0.5, 1 g/L) and whey at concentrations (10, 20 ml/100 ml) on the potential reduction of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV) spread on tomato fruits. The results showed high efficacy of both compounds in most study indicators compared to the infected control. The combined treatment of seaweed extract at a concentration of 1 g/L with whey at 20 ml/100 ml showed significant superiority in the fresh and dry weight of leaves (898.32, 132.77 g, respectively), chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids (905.44, 632.65, 1538.1, 62.15 µg/g fresh weight, respectively); average number of flower clusters, total number of flowers per plant, number of flowers per cluster, and fruit set percentage (6.5 clusters/plant, 43.8 flowers/plant, 6.74 flowers/cluster, 78.18%, respectively) compared to other treatments on infected plants. It was noted that this treatment recorded the lowest average infection severity after 30, 60 days of mechanical inoculation (25.33%, 50.66%, respectively).

Keywords: Tomato, Seaweed Extract, Whey, Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus, Resistance Induction.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ayham Al-Ali^(1)*, Hanan Qarbi⁽¹⁾ Maan Al-Mukhlef⁽²⁾ Lama Asaf ⁽¹⁾

(1) .Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

(2). Al-Assad Academy for Military Engineering in Aleppo ,Aleppo ,Syria

(*Corresponding author: Ayham Alali ,  E-mail: ayham.moh.alali@gmail.com 0943541790)

Received:30/09/2024                  Accepted: 26/01/2025

Abstract

The research was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory in the Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo. It was implemented during the period from February to August 2024. The research aimed to study the microbial properties of ozone and heat-treated cow’s milk for sterilization, and to evaluate the effect of both ozone and heat on some quality characteristics and shelf life of milk during refrigerated storage for different periods of time. The results showed the effective effect of ozone and heat treatment in reducing the microbial load of milk immediately after treatment and even after a month of refrigerated storage, improving the quality characteristics of milk, and completely eliminating Salmonella germs. Ozone treatment was superior in eliminating yeasts and fungi and maintaining the pH of milk during different refrigerated storage periods over sterilization treatment.

Keywords: Ozone gas, sterilization, milk, microbial load.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Diana Fayad * ⁽¹⁾ and Nariman Nema ⁽¹⁾

(1). Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Homs University, Homs, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Diana Fayad. E-Mail: dianafayad685@gmail.com). 

Received:29/9/2024                      Accepted: 21/2/2025

Abstract: 

The aim of the research was to isolate bread yeast from several food sources (sweet wine, grape molasses, apple jam, artificial sweet orange juice, tamarind syrup, jallab syrup, dates) and classified into seven isolates as Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on their cultural, microscopic and biochemical properties. The yeast isolated from industrial sweet orange juice (YOJ) showed the highest fermentation power in a dough leavening test. The isolated sample was propagated in two media. The first medium (bm₁) is molasses obtained from Homs Sugar Factory after adding different concentrations of apple pomace extract (40-50-60)% using the submerged fermentation method. Physical, chemical and microbial properties of the resulting biomass were estimated. It was found that when adding 60% apple pomace extract to the molasses fermentation liquid, the dry matter value reached 29%, ash 0.132, fermentation strength 2800 cm³, and the protein value was 52%. Yeast (YOJ) was also propagated using a second medium (bm₂), which is a nutrient compound medium supplemented with many salts added to the molasses fermentation liquid. It was found that the protein value was 37% and its fermentation strength was 2000 cm³. When comparing the results of the first medium with the results of the Homs Sugar Factory medium, the 60% concentration of apple pomace extract outperformed the rest of the concentrations and the laboratory medium in terms of fermentation strength and protein value. When comparing the results of the second medium (nutrient-rich medium) with the results of the Homs Sugar Factory medium and the results of the best percentage of apple pomace extract (60%), significant differences appeared in terms of fermentation strength and protein value, and the 60% concentration of apple pomace extract was superior to both the synthetic medium and the sugar factory medium.

Keywords: fermentation strength, submerged fermentation, dough leavening, molasses, apple pomace.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Sedra Murad^(1)*, Abdel Ghani Abdel Latif⁽²⁾, Bashar Nenneh⁽²⁾

 .(1)Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Sidra Murad, Email: sidramurad227@gmail.com).

Received:9/02/2024            Accepted: 1/04/2024

Abstract: 

The research aimed to conduct an economic and descriptive analysis of the cultivation and production of Tomatoes crop using solar energy and comparing it with the traditional method, as energy sources used in pumping irrigation water, The research was conducted in 2023 in Aleppo Governorate (Al-Safira, Deir Hafer, Maskana), the number of respondents reached (86) respondents, the descriptive economic analysis method of the most important indicators of farm income and indicators of the efficiency of the use of variable, fixed, and total productive balances in the production process was used to conduct the research, The economic and commercial efficiency using solar energy was about (7.85) and (8.93), respectively, while using conventional energy reached about (4.48) and (4.81), respectively, The break-even price using solar energy and diesel was about (127.55) and (223.34) SYP/kg, respectively, while the break-even productivity in both methods was (15306.19) and (26800.63), kg/h, respectively, The research recommended maintaining the cultivation and production of tomatoes in Aleppo governorate, but rather working to expand the areas planted in it, and guiding and encouraging crop farmers to use solar energy as an alternative to the use of diesel in the production of energy necessary to pump irrigation water.

Keywords: Tomatoes, solar, diesel, Aleppo province.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Manal Feddah^(1)*

(1). Department of  Forestry and Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Manal Feddah, Email:feddamanal82@gmail.com).

Received:16/01/2024          Accepted: 9/04/2024

Abstract

The study was conducted in 2023 with the aim of comparing some of the apparent and physical characteristics of ordinary oak charcoal, Quercus calliprinos webb, produced by the traditional (dusty) and double-barrel coking methods at the sites of Al-Zafarana (Tartous) and Al-Kars (Lattakia). The results showed that the yield of coking using the double-barrel method is 6% higher compared to the Traditional method. The time required to obtain charcoal using the double barrel method was much less than the time required to charcoal the same quantity using the traditional method, and this result is of great value (3 hours compared to 18 hours for charring the same amount using the traditional method). Also, the coal produced by the double barrel method has a lower specific heat than the coal produced by the traditional method, and therefore its quality is higher because there is an inverse proportion between the quality of the coal and the specific heat value.

Keywords: charring, dusty, double barrels, coking process, ordinary oak charcoal.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mahmoud Khateeb⁽¹⁾, Aziza Ajouri⁽²⁾, Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban^*(3)

(1) . Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

 (2) Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

(3) Department of Field Crop, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

(*Corresponding author: Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban. E-Mail: Shaabany57@gmail.com).

Received:4/03/2024            Accepted: 15/04/2024

Abstract

An Experiment was conducted at Homeimeh search station in Aleppo, through 2021/2022 season to compare adding hydrogel and soluble fertilizers, and their effects on soil content of essential elements, and production of faba bean production variety “Baladi Mohassen”. Completely randomized block design was used with five treatments: (control without fertilizers, adding soluble fertilizer by 2 kg/donem, adding hydrogel by 1, 2 3 kg/donem). The fertilizers were added three times through season. Soil content of NPK were analyzed five times (before planting, after a period of each fertilizers application and after harvest). Also, some morphological and yield component measured with analysis of seed content from NPK. Positive effects were showed when adding hydrogel by rising soil content of NPK comparing with traditional soluble fertilizer. And they were available long time in the soil even after harvest. Also, the positive effects reflect on amelioration of morphological and production of faba bean production.

Key Words: Hydrogel, NPK, Faba Bean, Soil Fertilizing.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Suliman Younes * ⁽¹⁾, Ghiath Alloush⁽²⁾ and  Leila Habib ⁽²⁾  

(1). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research – Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department Of Soil And Water Sciences- Faculty Of Agriculture University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng Suliman Younes.. E-Mail: sulimanyounes89@gmail.com).

Received: 14/12/2023                          Accepted: 10/03/2024

Abstract: 

The study was conducted in a greenhouse in lattakia at Tishreen University in 2022. Tomato seedlings (Bastona Hybred) were planted in plastic columns (50 cm height, 25 cm diameter) at a rate of one plant per column. Organic fertilizer applied at a rate of 8% of soil  weight in organic treatments. Treatments were: compost of poultry manure (OM). poultry manure composted with zeolite (OMZ). poultry manure composted with fertilizer salts (magnesium sulphate: MgSO4) and (triple superphosphate: TSP) salts added at a rate of 10% of the initial nitrogen moles in manure (OMS), poultry manure composted with zeolite and salts together (OMZS), poultry manure compost and zeolite added after composted (OM + Z), and finally the Control treatment, which didn’t receive any organic source . Fruit production and plant dry weight in organic fertilization treatments of all types were better than mineral fertilization treatments alone. Composting of zeolite with poultry manure (OMZ) increased plant productivity by 21% , but did not increase dry weight. Adding zeolite after composting (OM+Z) led to an increase in plant weight by 18%, compared to the manure composted without amendment (OM). The application of salts to poultry manure (OMS) did not show a significant increase in the fruits production of OM treatment, while the dry weight of the plant increased by about 35%, and consequently, the uptake of N and P increased by 27% and 58%, respectively. The combination of salts and zeolite (OMZS) resulted in an increase of fruit production by 11%, increase dry weight by 22.5%, N and P uptake by 49% and 45% compared to compost treatment (OM). Adding mineral fertilizers to poultry manure (OMS) increased of titratable acidity and total dissolved solids (TSS) by 27% and 33%, respectively, compared to the compost treatment (OM).

Key Word: Zeolite, Magnesium And Phosphorus, Poultry manure, tomato plant.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ruba Issa^(1)*, Mona Ali Barakat⁽¹⁾ , Mohammad Manhal Alzoubi⁽²⁾ and Ola Ali Merhej⁽³⁾

(1). Department of Soil and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen, University, Latakia, Syria.

(2). Agriculture Scientific Research Center, Latakia, Syria.

(3). General Organization of Remote Sensing, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ruba Issa: E-Mail: rubaessa99@gmail.com).  

Received: 9/1/2024                          Accepted: 3/4/2024

Abstract: 

This study provides the Burnt Area Index (BAIS2), based on the spectral bands of Sentinel-2, to detect burned areas with a spatial accuracy of 10 meters. The index was tested on (30 sites exposed to fire) distributed over the four regions of Latakia Governorate (Latakia region, Qardaha area, Haffa area, Jableh region) that occurred on 9-10/10/2020, Through the application of the Separability index and the results were compared with the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and the difference in the standard burn ratio (dNBR), which was studied in detail for the studied sites, and tested its accuracy according to the values of the composite index, The results of the spectral sensitivity assessment of the calculated indicators of the burned area showed a good performance of the burned area index, as the BAIS2 index showed a high discrimination ability for burned areas similar to the (NBR) index adopted in most studies. The study showed that the difference indicators (dBAIS2 and dNBR) gave high values to the separation  index at all sites compared to the burnt area and standard burning indices which showed close values with a preference for the burned area index. According to the total accuracy of (89.56)% for the burned area index and (84.67)% for the standard burning index, Where the burnt area index distinguishes the burned areas in which the coal signal prevails, and has a high recognition ability for burned areas in the spectral range of the red range more than NBR, and these differences appeared when calculating the difference indicators (dBAIS2 and dNBR) as they depend on estimating the change in vegetation cover. The burnt zone difference index (dBAIS2) was higher in all locations and was the highest in Qardaha by (1.384). as well as the calculation of the coefficient of variation (C.V) for spectral indicators showed that the index of difference of the burned area (dBAIS2) gave the highest values of the coefficient of variance, as it exceeded 45% in all study sites and was the highest in the Qardaha area by (51.2)%.

Key words: Fire -Latakia governorate -Separability index (SI) -The Burned Area Index (BAIS2) -The Difference Burned area index (BAIS2) -The difference Normalized burn Ratio index (dNBR) -The Normalized burn Ratio index (NBR).

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF