Utilization Chicken Gizzard Lining Immobilized Pepsin for Soft White Cheese Manufacture

Mohammed Zyarah Eskander*⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Basra University, Basra, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammed Eskander. E-Mail: mohamed_alklom@yahoo.com).

Received: 19/08/2017 Accepted: 03/10/2017

Abstract

The study included the extraction of pepsin EC: 3.4.23.1 chicken gizzard lining type Broiler, using extraction solution (4% boric acid, 0.5% sodium benzoate and pH 5.6) at a rate of 4:100 (w/v). Enzyme was precipitated with ammonium sulphate at 20-60% saturation. The proteolytic activity and milk-clotting activity of pepsin were 23.786, 2.653 (units/ml) respectively, and the rate of (milk-clotting activity/proteolytic activity) was 8.965. The effects of pH and temperature on the milk-clotting activity were also evaluate. The extracted pepsin showed the highest milk-clotting activity at pH 5 and 50 ^oC. The results indicated that milk-clotting activity decreased with the increment in NaCl concentration. The partially purified and chicken gizzard lining immobilized pepsin were utilized in soft cheese manufacture and compared with calf rennet, the results showed an increase in the percentage of soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen in the partially purified pepsin cheese, compared to the immobilized pepsin and calf rennet during the storage periods of 1, 3 and 7 days at 5 ^oC. Also, the results of the chemical composition and sensory evaluation of cheese produced by the immobilized pepsin was compatible with calf rennet.

Key words: Pepsin, Chicken gizzard, Milk-clotting activity, Soft white cheese.

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Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Cactus (Aloe vera) Leaves Extract Against Pathogenic Bacteria

Alya Jameel Ali Al-Saad^*(1) and Nada Fawzi Abdulkareem⁽²⁾

(1). Department of food Science/ college of Agriculture/ University of Basra.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Alya J.A. Al-Saad. E-Mail: alyaalsaad63@yahoo.com).

Received: 08/06/2017 Accepted: 15/09/2017

Abstract

The study included the preparation of two types of cactus (Aloe vera) leaves extracts, which are an aqueous extract, and alcohol extract. The research was conducted at Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basra, Iraq, in April. The active compounds were detected in these extracts i.e., altanin, Alcocseid, reducing sugars, saponins and flavonoids, which all gave a positive result, then the antioxidant activity of water and alcohol extracts were estimated in different concentrations ranged (1-5) mg/ml, and were compared with BHT compound, which gave the highest antioxidant activity reached 88% at the concentration of 5 mg/ml, followed by alcoholic extract 78%, and the least achieved by the aqueous extract of 65% at the same concentration. The micrological tests were estimated for different concentrations of extracts and different isolates from the pathogenic bacteria )Klebsiellapneumonia ,Micrococcus roseus, Staphylococcus aereus and Escherichia coli(. The alcohol extract gave the highest inhibitory effect on E.coli then Staphylococcus aereus. The highest inhibitory effect of the water extract was on E. coli, then Micrococcus roseus. The performance values of antioxidants in the beef meat product were evaluated by the estimation of peroxide value of product stored at a temperature of 4˚C and treated with different concentrations of alcoholic extract, which accounted 0.912 m equivalent/kg oil, at the highest concentration, and after 10 days of cool storage.

Key Words: Antioxidant activity, Microbiological tests, Cactus Aloe vera.

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An Analytical Economic Study of Consumer Demand for Vegetable Oilin Damascus City

Fayez AL-Mikdad⁽¹⁾ Osama AL-Janadi⁽¹⁾ and Ahamad AL-Rifaee⁽¹⁾

(1). Administration of Socio-Economics, General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Fayez Al-Mikdad. E-Mail: deepmokdad@yahoo.com).

Received: 23/10/2016 Accepted: 18/11/2016

Abstract

The vegetable oils are a good source of energy, and are economically important. It is dramatically consumed in dietary patterns in Syria, in addition to the main role of vegetable oils in many food industries. The statistics revealed an increasing in domestic consumption of vegetable oils in Syria, thereby increasing amount of imports. This research aimed to estimate the demand function for vegetable oils, and to describe the relationships among changes in the amount consumed, prices, and income, to achieve that goal. The research has based on secondary data from the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Central Bureau of Statistics, in addition to the cross-sectional data obtained from a simple random sample consisting of 191 consumers in Damascus. The changes in the studied variables were followed periodically, every three months for one year (started from the fourth quarter of 2012 to the third quarter of 2013). The research based on descriptive statistical analysis as well as quantitative analysis to estimate the demand function for vegetable oil, and to derive the price, cross, and income elasticities. The study showed that the price and income elasticities of vegetable oils generally amounted to 0.2258, 0.1782 respectively, and there was a significant cross elasticity between sunflower and soybean oils as alternatives to each other.

Key words: Demand function, price, Cross and income elasticities, Consumption of vegetable oils, Alternative goods.

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Determination the Microbial Content of Shami Camel’s Milk

Abd Al-Naser Al-Omar^*(1) Fatten Hammed⁽²⁾ and Mohamed Zuheir Salam⁽³⁾

(1). Hama Agricultural Research Center, General Commission For Scientific Agricultural Research (GSCAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Food Technology Department, GSCAR, Damascus, Syria.

(3). Animal wealth Administration, GSCAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Abd Al-Naser Al-Omar. E-Mail: abdnaser64@gmail.com).

Received: 23/08/2016 Accepted: 20/12/2016

Abstract

This study was carried out at Deir- El Hager Research Station, Damascus countryside, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria, during 2012 to estimate the microbial content in the milk of Shami Camels, and determine its quality and possible risks resulting from drinking milk as it is. Twenty-eight milk samples were collected from seven camels that seem to be apparently healthy. Laboratories tests were conducted in order to determine the PH of milk at fridge temperature (5 ± 2 °C), and room temperature (20 ±2 °C) for consecutive four days. The average of body cells number by microscopic method were estimated. It was found that there are limited changes in PH degree during storage period whether it is in fridge or in a room conditions. The minimum value of PH in fridge was 5.2 and the maximum value was 6.4. While minimum value of PH was 5.2 in room condition, and the maximum value was 6.2. T-test for double samples, showed that T value was 1.337, which means that there were no significant differences. The average of body cells in the samples that gave negative results using California Test accounted (2.2× 10⁴ – 2.2× 10⁵) cells/ml milk, and (8.6× 10⁴ – 2.4× 10⁵) cells/ml for positive samples. Besides all samples on Mac Conkey media gave a negative result, and no growth plantation of any bacteria was appeared. Whereas the relation between Staphylococcus growth phenomenon blood agar media plantation and the method of conservation at different temperature degrees found that the numerous number of infection with Staphylococcus was in the samples conserved in room temperature, where Square Chi value accounted 42.357 at less than 0.01 level of probability. The results assured not to drink camel milk without pasteurization, because of Staphylococcus germs that existent in the milk cause different human diseases.

Key words: Microbial content, Shami camel milk, Quality traits.

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Effect of Mineral, Organic Fertilization, and Application Depth of Phosphate Fertilizer on Phenological Phases of Grapevine Cultivar, Al-Helwani

Mahmoud Al-Shihadat^*(¹⁾

(1). Administration of Horticulture Research, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mahmoud Al-Shihadat. E-Mail: mahmod.h.sh@hotmail.com

Received: 31/05/2016 Accepted: 19/06/2016

Abstract

The experiment was carried out on vineyard with 10 years old grapevines of cultivar Al-Helwani (Vitis vinifera L.), which grown in Daraa governorate, during three seasons (2008, 2009 and 2010) to study the effect of organic, mineral fertilization rates and the application depth of triple superphosphate (T.S.P) on the phenological phases of grapes. Three mineral fertilizer rates of (N. P. K) were used, i.e., 75-25-50, 150-50-100, and 300-100-200 Kg/ha. The triple super-phosphate was added by broadcast on the soil surface, and in depth of 30 cm, in three replications, in addition to a control without fertilization. Besides the addition of dried granulated manure in January. The results showed that there was no significant effect to the addition of compost and depth phosphate fertilization on the length of flowering stage, and there were no significant differences among the treatments that used. While a significant decrease was achieved in the length of the flowering stage with the addition of NPK fertilization, with the rates of 1.1, 1.08, and 1.05% for the first, second, and third rates, respectively. The results also clarified a delay in maturity with the addition of compost as compared with control (P≥0.05), while in terms of phosphate depth addition, there were significant differences between the treatments on maturity. The maturity was earlier (70 days) when superphosphate was broadcasted, and the maturity took more days (73 days) when was added in depth of 30 cm. The maturity took more time (74 days) with the addition of the third rate of superphosphate significantly. The maturity took (68 days) with the addition of the first rate of superphosphate, while the length of maturity was about (71) days in control.

Key words: Grapevine, Al-Helwani, Phenological phases, Phosphate fertilizer, Organic fertilization.

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**Yield Stability Parameters of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Cultivars in Iran**

Saeed Sadeghzadeh Hemayati⁽¹⁾, Abazar Rajabi^*(1), Mohammadreza Orazizadeh⁽¹⁾

(1). Sugar Beet Seed Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran.

(* Corresponding author: Dr. Abazar Rajabi: E-Mail: rajabi@sbsi.ir).

Received: 18/04/2017 Accepted: 19/07/2017

Abstract

The present study focused on estimating yield stability of sugar beet cultivars in Iran. The data were collected from pilot studies on imported and domestic cultivars. Twenty-one cultivars of sugar beet were compared in 12 main spring growing regions of Iran in 2014, in randomized complete block design, with three replications. The effect of location and cultivar was significant (P≤0.05) on root yield. Among the cultivars, Pauletta and Fernando had the highest root yield (75.8-80.5 t/ha), followed by SBSI034 and BTS 335 (70 t/ha), whereas Canaria, Rasta, Torbat, Novodoro, Tucan, Morly, Aria, Pars, Antec, Nagano, Rosier, Iris, Flores, Boomrang, Sanetha, and Ekbatan had the lowest root yield (56.2-67.2 t/ha). The significance of location × cultivar interaction (P≤0.05) showed that cultivars did not have uniform performance at different locations. Estimation of different stability parameters revealed that Fernando, Pauletta, SBSI-034 and BTS-335 had high root yield and stability, while Boomrang, Iris, Isabella, Morly, Novodoro, Rasta, and Rosier were found to be cultivars with low yield and stability. Pars, Torbat, Iris, Flores, Morly, Ekbatan, BTS-335, Canaria, Antec, and Rosier displayed moderate stability. The estimation of the reliability of root yield for different cultivars at different levels of agriculture development indicated that Pauletta, Fernando, SBSI-034, TBS-335 and Aria had higher reliability than the other cultivars under both modern and subsistence farming conditions.

Keywords: Location × cultivar interaction, Sugar beet, Stability, Root yield.

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**Biological Effect of Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) Oil on Healthy and Hypercholesterolemia Rats**

Eid El-Naggar^*(1)

(1). Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University. Assiut, Egypt.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Eid Al Naggar E-Mail: eidelnaggar72@gmail.com).

Received: 08/05/2017 Accepted: 08/08/2017

Abstract

The present work aimed to study the effect of tiger nut oil on healthy and hypercholesterolemia rats, including feeding, growth parameters and biological analysis. Forty-eight male albino rats weighting 150 ±5 g were divided into eight homogenous groups, four groups (T₁, T₃, T₅ and T₇) were healthy. One of these groups was chosen as a negative control group (T₁). The rats in negative control group fed on basal while the three remaining groups of rats, fed on basal diet with different levels of tiger nut oil (5, 10 and 15%) for 4 weeks. While the other four groups (T2, T₄, T₆ and T₈₎ considered as hypercholesterolemia. One of these groups was chosen as a positive control group (T₂), where T₂ group fed on basal diet enriched with 1% cholesterol and 0.5% colic acid. The three remaining groups of rats fed on basal diet enriched cholesterol with different levels of tiger nut oil (5, 10 and 15%) for 4 weeks. The results revealed that all hypercholesterolemia groups which feed on 5%, 10%, and 15% of tiger nut oil resulted a varied increase in body weight gain, good intake and growth rate. Results declared that there was a significant difference (P≤0.05) between the positive control group and cholesterol emic group treated with 10% and 15% tiger nut oil in internal organ weights. Whereas, data showed that there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) between the negative control group, and healthy rat groups. The results declared a significant decrease in GOT, GPT enzymes activity, creatinine, blood urea and uric acid for treated groups as compared with healthy rat groups or hypercholesterolemia rats group. Results indicated that hypercholesterolemia rat groups, which treated with 10 or 15% tiger nut oil resulted in a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the values of serum total lipids, total cholesterol, T.G, LDL-cholesterol, vLDL. LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index (AI), but showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the values of serum HDL-cholesterol. Fatty acid composition of tiger nut oil made it ideally suited as a nutritional defense against lipid oxidation. Hence, the study recommended using tiger nut oil meal-based diets to overcome the problem of hypercholesterolemia beside improving the liver and kidney functions.

Key words: Biological properties, Chemical composition, Cyperus esulentus oil, Hypercholesterolemia.

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Effect of Soya Bean Meal Substitution with Animal Protein Sources on The Production Performance of Laying Hens

Saifaddin A. Zangana⁽¹⁾ and Shekhmous H. Hussen^*(1)

(1). Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Duhok University, Iraq.

(*Correspondence author: Dr. Shekhmous Hussen. E-Mail: sheikhmous68@gmail.com).

Received: 09/02/2017 Accepted: 08/07/2017

Abstract

A total of 288 pullets, at the age of 18 weeks, were used to investigate the effect of replacement soya bean protein (SP) in ration, with animal protein (AP) on laying eggs performance of pullets up to age 34 weeks, and the economic efficiency. Pullets were distributed randomly to four diet treatments with four replicates. The treatments were, T1: Normal protein sources (AP and SP), it was considered as control; T2: 25% of normal ration replaces with SP source; T3: 50% of normal ration replaces with SP source; and T4: 100% SP (vegetable ration). The results showed that vegetable treatment (100% SP), recorded significantly the lowest values of live body weight (LBW), egg weight (EW), egg number (EN), hen day percentage (HD) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The economic analysis showed that control treatment surpassed all other treatments.

Key words: Laying hens, Egg production, Vegetable protein.

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS ON PUPA VITALITY OF MEDITERRANEAN FLOUR MOTH EPHESTIA KUEHNIELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

Mohammad Al-Allan*⁽¹⁾ Adel Almanofi⁽¹⁾ Nouredeen Zaher Hjej⁽¹⁾ Gaidaa Al Ameer⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Entomology, Administration of Plant Protection, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2) Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Administration of Horticulture Research, GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammad Al Allan. E-Mail: allanmhd@gmail.com).

Received: 09/07/2016 Accepted: 10/10/2016

Abstract

The experiment was carried out in the laboratory conditions at General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria, in 2013, to test the effect of some plants oils i.e., mustard Sinapis arvensis, Camphor Cinnamomum camphora, Peppermint Mentha varidis, Cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum, clove Syzygium aromaticum, and ginger Zingiber officinale on Pupa vitality of Mediterranean Flour Moth Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Ten 10 virgins of Mediterranean flour moth were placed in a Petri dish, and a piece of cotton wet with 0.1 ml of one of the tested oils, with three replicates. Petri dishes left under laboratory room conditions until the emergence of adult insects, then the rate of dead larvae and the effectiveness of oils used were calculated. The results showed that the mortality rate of virgins was higher when using mustard oil followed by Camphor, Peppermint with no significant differences (p≤0.01) (26.67, 23.33, 20% respectively), while there were no significant differences among each of cinnamon, clove, ginger and control (6.67, 6.67, 3.33, 6.67%, respectively). It was noticed that there were no significant differences between peppermint, cinnamon, clove and control, whereas the differences were significant between mustard and camphor, and cinnamon, clove, ginger and control with the superiority of mustard and camphor oils. In respect of the effectiveness, mustard had the highest value (21.43%), followed by camphor and peppermint, but cinnamon and clove had no effectiveness. Ginger oil had a negative effectiveness, because it enhanced the activity of the pupa. The study recommends to use mustered oil as the best treatment to control the Pupa vitality of Mediterranean Flour Moth.

Key words: Essential oils, Mediterranean flour moth, Syria.

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Efficacy of Betanal Expert Herbicide and Application Time of Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizers on the Productivity and Quality Traits of Sugar Beet

Abd Ul-Karim Al-Hmmad⁽¹⁾ Bahaa ALRahban^*(2) and Isood Al-Mihaymeed⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Furat University , Der Ezzur, Syria.

(2). Plant Protection Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Bahaa AlRahban. E-Mail: bahaarahban@gmail.com).

Received: 28/07/2016 Accepted: 31/08/2016

Abstract

The experiment was conducted on sugar beet crop, using Cawyinterpoly new, a multigerm cultivar, during the fall season of 2013\2014 at Halta village in Der- Ezzur governorate. Betanal expert herbicide, (75g/L Phenmedipham+25 g/L Desmedipham+ 151g/L Ethofumesat) was used as post-emergence treatment with an average of 2 L/ha for one application, manual weeding control for three times and non-weeded as a check. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were added by two ways: (1^st) whole quantities were added before planting; (2^nd) the quantities were divided and added in three times: one third before planting, one third after thinning, and one third after a month from thinning, besides the check without fertilization .The experiment was laid according to split plot design with three replicates. Broad-leaved weeds were dominated. Results showed that manually weeded treatment effectiveness was (100%), sugar yield (6.53 ton/ha ) and root yield (46.72 ton/ha) while Betanal expert herbicide treatment effectiveness resulted (89.78%, 6.27 ton/ha and 44.39 ton/ha) respectively. The un-weeded treatment surpassed significantly Betanal expert and manual weeding treatments in root sugar contents (17.18%), whereas there were no significant differences between manual weeding and Betanal expert herbicide in this trait. Splitting the quantity of fertilizer into three increased root yield (41.11 ton/ha) significantly as compared with adding the whole quantity before planting (38.56 ton/ha). However, there were no significant differences in sugar yield in terms of fertilizer methods. With respect of sugar content, adding whole quantity of fertilizer before planting gave higher root sugar content (16.67%) significantly compared with splitting the fertilizer to three (16.39%). The interaction between fertilization and weed control treatments affected only root sugar content significantly.

Key words: Sugar beet, Herbicide, Fertilization.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Abstract

Mohammad Al-Allan*(1) Adel Almanofi(1) Nouredeen Zaher Hjej(1) Gaidaa Al Ameer(2)

Abstract

Mohammad Al-Allan*⁽¹⁾ Adel Almanofi⁽¹⁾ Nouredeen Zaher Hjej⁽¹⁾ Gaidaa Al Ameer⁽²⁾