Douaa  Homsi^(1)(2)*  Mohamad Azmeh⁽²⁾   Entessar Al_Jbawi⁽³⁾

(1). Field crop research department, General commission for scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(2) . Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus, Syria.

(3).  Agricultural Extension Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Douaa  Homsi,  E-Mail: d.homssi1989@gmail.com).

Accepted:10/04/2023          22/01/2022   Received:

Abstract: 

 This research aimed to compare the effect of the biological treatment of sugar beet seeds with Trichoderma harzianum fungus, with the chemical treatment of two types of fungicides, in order to control the fungus that causes seedling dampping-off disease and improving yield qualities of the crop. The field experiment was carried out to test the efficiency and effect of the biological treatment of sugar beet seeds with Trichoderma harzianum, compared with the chemical treatments of the crop seeds with three concentrations of both of the fungicides Flutolanil 25% Moncut (3,1.5,0.75 g/1kg seeds) andThiophanate-methyl 70% Actamyl (3,1.5,0.75 g/ 1kg seeds), and the control treatment (untreated seeds) in reducing the infection rate of seedling damping-off disease caused by both pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum isolated from sugar beet plants that showed symptoms of the disease in field. Results of the field experiment showed significant superiority of the biological treatment with the T.harzianum in reducing the infection rate of seedling damping-off disease to (33.33)%, compared with the infection rate of the control (untreated seeds), and the other chemical treatments. The results of field experiment also showed that biological treatment significantly surpassed the control and the other chemical treatments in terms of efficiency of reducing the infection of seedling disease, and reached (58.33)% compared to the control, and chemical treatments. Result of the field experiment showed significant superiority of the biological treatment in achieving the highest values for all studied growth and production characteristics, compared with the control and chemical treatments, where the number of plants at harvest, resulting from the biological treatment, reached (66667) plant/ha compared with the control, and the other chemical treatments. Root yield of the biological treatment reached (63.29) tons/ha significantly higher than root production with control treatment, and root production with the other chemical treatments. The extractable sugar yield (the final yield of the crop) for the biological treatment was (8.002) tons/ha,  significantly better than extractable yield of control, and the extractable yield of the other chemical treatments. Thus, our results indicate the potential of using the bio-alternative T.harzianum in the treatment of sugar beet seeds in order to reduce the incidence of damping-off disease and achieve an increase in production. 

Key words: damping-off seedling, Rhizoctonia solani, F.oxysporum, Trichoderma harzianum, Pantex, Moncut, sugar beet.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Sadif Donya⁽¹⁾  and Zakaria Saytof(1)*

(1). Faculty of Agriculture- Tishreen University, Lattakia,  Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Zakaria Saytouf. E-Mail: saytofzakaria@gmail.com).

Accepted:14/04/2023          Received:4/05/2023  

Abstract: 

The research was conducted during the years 2019-2023 in different locations in latakia city with the aim to study the arborization statuses of some gardens located on the outer sides of the streets: Aleppo, Abdul Qadir Al-Husseini and Al-Thawra Street, to discover the defects in the arborization process determining the form of landscaping system of streets based on the description of arborization sites and morphological characteristics of arboreal species. The tree species spread in uneven proportions within the studied sections, which made the landscape of the gardens unbalanced in terms of the form of the distribution of arboreal individuals due to the frequent use of large numbers of ligstrom, bright fig, jacaranda, and azeracht in large proportions that exceeded the required limit. Abdel Qader Al-Husseini Street outperformed on the other streets in terms of the number of its tree components, followed by Aleppo Street, then Al-Thawra Street. The results showed that there is a defect in the current landscaping system, where uniform dimensions of afforestation were not adhered to at the edge of the road, in the absence of proportion-ality between the length of the street and the number of trees planted on both sides due to the presence of unforested sections that constituted 47.57% of the total length of the green line to the sides of the streets, which distorted the shape of the tree rows and reflected negatively on the general landscape of the streets. The study also pointed to many deviations from the natural growth form of the plant species, such as deformations of the stem, branches, and roots, and these conditions indicate an asymmetrical landscaping system.

Keywords: plant diversity- inventory- arboreal rows- forested sections -unforested  sections- street side gardens.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Shadi hani akil ^(1)*

(1). Second Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Seiwda, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Shadi Akil. E-Mail: shadi78136@hotmail.com).

Accepted:10/04/2023                         Received:28/05/2022   

Abstract:  

This research aimed to estimate the effect of three species of (PGPR)Frateuria aurantia (Fra), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Ps), and Rhizobium leguminosarum (Rh) in growth inhibition of two isolates of Fusarium oxysporum(F5and F6) . Frateuria aurantia showed the highest fungal growth inhibition with 60,33% and 48.23%, secondly Pseudomonas fluorescens isolatewith inhibition effect (41.25% and 28.86%), finally Rhizobium leguminosarum which reached (31.76% and 22.35%). results showed also that volatile products of studied bacterial spices had an inhibitory growth effect of both F.oxysporum isolates. Fra specie achieved the highest inhibition growth on F5 with ratio (17.77%), with no significant differences comparing by F5+Ps (17.18%), whereas F. aurantia significantly excelled at all experiment pilot, as inhibition growth of F6 isolate which reached to  (28.02%) .

Keywords: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)،growth inhibiting,Fusarium oxysporum.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Sliman Sliman^(1)*, Ziad Chikh-Khamis⁽¹⁾ and Mounir Al-Nabhan⁽²⁾

(1). Department of plant protection , Agriculture  Faculty, Albaath university, Homs, Syria.

(2). Hama Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Sliman Sliman. E-Mail: suleman.abdalkareem.su@gmail.com).

Accepted:30/04/2023                      Received: 8/02/2023   

Abstract: 

The predator Orius laevigatus (Fieber)(Anthocoridae:Hemiptera) is a natural enemy of thrips, aphids and whiteflies. Evaluation of the capabilities of the predator O. laevigatus as a biological control agent  The biological characteristics of the predator were studied when reared on the Mediterranean flour moth eggs Ephestia kuehniella and Geranium tuberosum at temperature 25 ± 1 ° C and relative humidity 60 ± 5% Lighting illumination 16 hours/day. The nutritional needs of the predator of E. kuehniella eggs were also studied. The total fertility of the female reached 85.15 ± 25 eggs, the egg hatching rate was 90%, and the incubation period of eggs was 3.1 ± 0.3 days on average. The survival rate of the nymph stage was 51%, the length of the egg laying period was 21.9 ± 1.48 days. The nutritional requirements of the nymphs’ ages, arranged on average, were 14.2 ± 1.67, 17.35 ± 1.13, 22.7 ± 1.78, 28.6 ± 1.27, 59.2 ± 3 eggs of the host E. kuehniella, while the shoots of the female and male were 369 ± 16 and 300 ± 17 eggs.

Keywords: predator Orius laevigatus, Ephestia kuehniella, biological characteristics, nutritional needs.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Razan Knag ⁽¹⁾* Badeeh Samra⁽¹⁾  and  Mohammad Ahmed⁽²⁾  

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Razan Knag. E-mail: Razanknag@gmail.com).

Accepted:17/05/2023                         17/02/2023   Received:

Abstract: 

This research was conducted in Miaar Shaker village (Tartous), during the agriculture season (2020-2021), to study the effect of spraying tomato leaves with salicylic and ascorbic acid on the growth of tomatoes and reducing the infection of Tuta absoluta under greenhouse conditions.  The results showed a significant increase in growth indicators when spraying with salicylic and ascorbic acids compared with control, the use of a mixture of salicylic and ascorbic acids at concentration of 400ppm each led to a significant increase in plant height, number of leaves and leaf area, which reached to 197cm, 28.50 leaf/plant,17078cm², respectively, with an increase of 25.27%, 28.94%, respectively compared to the control. The content leaves of N, K, P ,Fe, Zn and Ca increased to 0.59mg/kg, 1.11%, 2.95%, 656.7mg/kg, 49.89mg/kg, 0.51%, respectively. The results also showed a positive effect of using salicylic and ascorbic acids in reducing the damage caused by Tuta absoluta  infection by reducing the percentage of infected leaves and fruits on tomato which reached to 9.67, 3.24%, respectively, when using mixture of salicylic and ascorbic acids at concentration of 400ppm each, while it was 90.99, 39.04% in control.

Keywords: Tomato, Salicylic acid , Ascorbic acid ,Plant Growth, Tuta absoluta Meyrick, green house.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Batoul Ahmad^(1)*, Sawsan suleiman⁽¹⁾ and Mohammed Ahmad⁽¹⁾ 

(1). Faculty of Agriculture Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Batoul Ahmad, Email: batoulandjanalma@gmail.com)

Received: 3/02/2023            Accepted: 2/05/2023

Abstract: 

The effect of foliar application of (4 years) lemon trees Santa Teresa in Tartous suburb, Beit Zeina village with Chitosan (200-300-400 ppm) on catalase antioxidant activity, Leaves content of salicylic acid, calcium, and leaf morphometric characteristics and their influence on citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis   citrella biology:  Pupa^’s length and eggs number, under the conditions of field were investigated. The results showed that treatments with Chitosan (300-400) reduced the catalase activity 0.273-0.239 mmol min^-1 g^-1 FW and the content of H₂O₂ in leaves 1.230 -2.516 nmol g^-1 FW. Chitosan 300 increased the content of salicylic acid in leaves to (20.505 μg/mg), Chitosan 400 enhanced leaf calcium content by 7.1% and leaf thickness 2.033 mm, and reduced damaged leaf area by up to 15.69%, both treatments reduced pupa’s length 2.1 mm comparing to control 2.77mm. Chitosan 200 reduced eggs^’ number to 7 eggs compared to control 18 eggs and increased leaf area to about 44.49 cm². 

Keywords: Chitosan , Lemon Santa Teresa,  Antioxidant enzyme,  Salicylic acid, Calcium, morphometric characteristics of leaves,  Citrus leaf miner.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Mohamed Ali Abead ⁽¹⁾ and Al-Sadek Mohamed Ghazala⁽²⁾*

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, , University of Tripoli, Tripoli-Libya

(*Corresponding author: Al-Sadek Mohamed Ghazala, Email:  Elsadek1969@yahoo.com).

Received: 25/10/2023               Accepted:  27/03/2024

Abstract: 

Biological control agents Trichoderma   harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptomyces canescens.are known as effective biocontrol agents for several soil-borne fungal plant pathogens including  Macrophomina  phaseolina and Colletotricum fragariae. The present work was carried out in the suburbs of Tripoli, Libya, during the spring of 2009 to illustrate the antagonistic effect and mode of actions of these three bioagents against Macrophomina phaseolina and Colletotrichum fragariae isolated from strawberry plants.The antagonistic effects of the different bioagents against pathogens as well as the interactions between them were evaluated in-vitro in dual culture and illustrated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology.  B. subtilis (B1), S. canescens and T.harzianum showed antagonistic effect when used against C. fragariae and gave 73.7, 72.5, and 65.0 % of inhibition, respectively. SEM showed that T. harzianum act through several mechanisms such as hyperparasitism causing destruction the mycelium of the pathogens. Also a malformation and lysis of hyphae were observed in the mycelium of M. phaseolina and C. fragariae due to different antibiotics and enzymes produced by B. subtilis and S. canescens.

Keywords  : Antagonistic effect ,Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces canescens, Macrophomina phaseolina, Colletotrichum fragariae, Scanning electron microscope.

Full paper in English: pdf

Walaa Tahhan ^*(1), Safaa Al Kilane ⁽¹⁾, Salah Kawas ⁽¹⁾, and  Mahmood Abbas⁽²⁾  

(1). Dept. of Renewable Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(4).Climate and Meteorological, Directorate of Climate and Meteorology, Damascus.

(*Corresponding author. Walaa Tahhan.  E Mail: walaatahhan49@gmail.com).

Received:17/01/2023                         Accepted:30/ 04/2023

Abstract: 

This study aims to study the current state of temperature at Latakia station and the changes that occurred and the correlation with carbon dioxide concentration. Data collected from NASA and General Directorate of Meteorology and analyzed using the SPSS Statistical Analysis Program. Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Atmosphere near Earth surface has increased significantly and has been very significant over time, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. There has been a clear and significant increase in the average annual temperature and the average monthly temperature in April through October, and the biggest rise has been in summer months (June, July, and August), there has been a significant correlation between the average temperature concentration (R = 0.78), in addition its association with carbon dioxide concentration has been very significant (R = 0.80), High temperature in Latakia is due to the increase in the average of annual maximum temperature, mainly the increase in the average monthly maximum temperature in summer months. The correlation coefficient between average annual maximum temperature and time was significant (R = 0.85), in addition its association with carbon dioxide concentration has been very significant (R = 0.87). There has been also a rise in the average of minimum temperature, but at a lower rate than in the average of maximum temperature, the correlation coefficient with time (R = 0.60) and the correlation coefficient with carbon dioxide (R = 0.61). and accordingly future climate changes will add more environmental and economic pressures in Syria, particularly the agricultural production sectors, water resources, energy consumption, etc., which requires the development of policies and strategies for adaptation to climate change.

Keywords: Climate, Temperature, Concentration of carbon dioxide, Coefficient of correlation, Linear regression.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Norma Alshemali^(1)*, Mohamead Abd ElAziz⁽²⁾and Ammar Wafik Zayoud⁽³⁾

 (1). Syrian General Trading Organization , Aleppo, Syria

 (2). Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria. 

 (3). Al Ghab Research Center,General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author. Norma Alshemali.  E-Mail:nalshemali5@gmail.com).

Received:1/02/2023                         Accepted:30/ 04/2023

Abstract: 

The research was carried out during the seasons 2021-2022 at Al-Ghab plain northwest of Hamah Governorate, to study the effect of watering periods (10-15-20-25) days on some growth characteristics and yield components of Pimpinella anisum and determination the ideal irrigation periods under the conditions of the Al-Ghab area. The experiment was designed by randomized complete block design RCBD with three replications, the results showed a significant superiority of irrigation treatment (10) days in the number of seeds in the inflorescence and in the plant, it also gave the highest productivity (1628) kg/h , and the highest percentage of carbohydrates (11.72%) , the irrigation period of (20) days was the best in protein percentage (25.38%), irrigation periods (10-15) days   significants  in the characteristics of plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, and number of inflorescences per plant

Keywords: pimpinella anisum- irrigation periods- carbohydrates percentage-protein percentage- productivity.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Marwan Rahman Al-Jobury^*(1)and Waleed Khalid Al-Juheishy⁽¹⁾

(1). Dept. of Field Crop College of Agric. & Forestry Mosul, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Marwan  Al-jobury, Email: marwan.22agp32@student.uomosul.edu.iq.)

Received: 9/03/2024           Accepted: 28/04/2024

Abstract: 

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 2022 and 2023 in Al-Abbasiya village, located approximately 12 kilometers north of Mosul city center in northern Iraq. The objective was to study the effect of two levels of fertilization (conventional NPK fertilizer and nano-fertilizer) on the growth, yield, and quality of five Safflower genotypes (Gilla, MUJ-36, MUJ-38, MUJ-7, MUJ-2). The experiment was laid out using a split-plot design with three replications according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D). The results revealed significant differences between fertilizer levels, with conventional NPK fertilizer outperforming in branch number, while nano-fertilizer excelled in chlorophyll content (76.15 SPAD), number of disks per plant (35.88 disks/plant), disk diameter (2.41 cm), number of seeds per disk (35.74 seeds/disk), 1000-seed weight (38.05 g), seed yield (280.02 g/m2), and oil percentage in seeds (38.05%). Fertilizer levels did not significantly affect plant height. Significant differences were observed among genotypes, with MUJ-2 genotype significantly excelling in leaf chlorophyll content (92.63 SPAD), and MUJ-36 and MUJ-7 genotypes excelling in branch number (25.29 and 25.37 branches/plant, respectively). Gilla genotype excelled in the remaining studied traits. There was a significant interaction between fertilization and genotypes in all studied traits, and the highest seed and oil yield (370.96 g/m2 and 43.68%, respectively) were obtained from the interaction of nano-fertilizer with Gilla genotype.

Keywords: Nano-fertilization, NPK, Safflower Genotypes, Yield, Safflower.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf