Demand Functions Estimation of Syrian Potatoes in the Jordanian and United Arab Emirates Markets

Mohammed Maary^(1)* Maher Yousef⁽¹⁾ Mustafa Haj Hmaidi⁽¹⁾ and Bashar Nenneh⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Mohammed Maary. E-Mail: blackdream.m1991@gmail.com).

Received: 18/09/2018 Accepted: 17/10/2018

Abstract

The aim of the study was to identify the possibilities of developing Syrian potato exports and maintain market share in foreign markets by analyzing the current structure of Syrian potato exports and determining the most important factors influencing its demand in the main export markets of the Syrian potato. To achieve the objectives of the research, data were collected from secondary sources. Standard economic analysis methods represented in the estimation of some simple linear, multiple and nonlinear regression models, regression method and the correlation coefficients matrix were used to estimate the external demand functions of the Syrian potato. The results showed that the Arab countries were the most important importing markets for the Syrian potato during the period (2000-2015), and the most important markets were Jordan and the UAE, and the study of some variables affecting the Syrian potato crop in the Jordanian and UAE markets during the period (2000-2015), it was found that when the per capita income in Jordan led to the increase in the quantity required of the Syrian potato and the value of the elasticity of the demand for income was (-1.3), and the value of elasticity of demand price was (7.48), this means that the demand for Syrian potatoes is flexible. While price elasticity in the UAE market showed that the demand for Syrian potatoes is also flexible with the value of the elasticity of demand (-11.4). The price of Syrian potatoes for the prices of the competitive countries is one of the most competitive determinants of the potato product.

Keywords: Potato, Demand function, Price elasticity, Income elasticity.

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Export Constraints of Egyptian Potatoes Crop

Moataz Eliw Mostafa Ahmed*^(1,3)Osman Ali Ismail⁽¹⁾and Mohammed El Din Osman⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics, faculty of agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt.

(2). Department of Agricultural Economics, faculty of agriculture, Minia University, Egypt.

(3). College of Economics and Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, China.

(*Corresponding author: Moataz Eliwi Mostafa Ahmad. E-Mail: moatazeliw@gmail.com).

Received: 11/05/2019 Accepted: 04/06/2019

Abstract

The current research was aimed to analyze the various constraints facing Egyptian potatoes crop exports, and thus the possibility of overcoming these constraints, and developing proposals that could lead to further export development of that important crop. The results showed that there were many problems facing Egyptian exports of potatoes crop for export harvesting, which affect the efficiency of the export process. The survey showed that these problems represented about 18.23% of the concerns of exporters followed by the problem of financing export insurance which had the same proportion (18.23%) of exporters ‘ concerns, and the problem of sorting and grading stations was ranked third and represented about 15.16% of the concerns of exporters, followed in the fourth rank the problem of actions taken by the government towards exporters, which affects export efficiency for potatoes harvest, where these problems represented about 11.91% of the concerns of exporters, followed in the fifth rank to the eighth rank, the problems of inland transport, storage and refrigeration, problems related to the importing countries, and finally marketing information by about 11.37%, 8.66%, 8.30%, and 8.12% respectively.

Key words: Potatoes crop, Export constraints, Variance analysis, Kai Square.

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**Studies on Antioxidants and Antibacterial Activity of Anthocyanin Extract from the Red Cabbage) Brassica oleracea var. capitata)**

Khalid Hassak Abdulhasan^*(1)

(1). Department of food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basra. Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Khalid Hassak Abdulhasan. E-Mail: hasakkhalid@gmail.com).

Received: 11/03/2019 Accepted: 26/05/2019

Abstract

The study included the extraction anthocyanin pigment from the red cabbage using 70% ethyl alcohol, which is 1% hydrochloric acid. The research was conducted at Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basra, Iraq. The active compounds were detected in these extracts i.e., phenolic, flavonoids, glycosides and carbohydrates, which all gave a positive result while negative results were given to alkaloids and saponins .The dye was characterized by the infrared spectrum (FTIR), which showed the most important peeks and bands of active functional groups and measured Antioxidant Activity for linoleic acid oxidation , also evaluated the Activity of Chelating ferrous Ion, Scavenging of hydrogen peroxide and scavenge the radical of the active oxygen in different concentrations ranged(5-25)mg\ml, and were compared with some standard compound , which gave the antioxidant activity reached 86.9% , 88.22% , 86.46% and 84.31% respectively at concentration 25mg\ml. The microbiological tests were estimated for different concentrations of pigment extracts and different isolates from the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aereus .The highest inhibitory zones effect was 21 and 15 mm in dimeter respectively at concentration.100 ml/ml.

Key Words: red cabbage, anthocyanin pigment, Antioxidant activity, Microbiological tests.

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Glycemic Index Determination of Some Traditional Yemeni Bread Types

Adnan Abdo Mohammed Al-kubati⁽¹⁾ Abdulmageed Bagash Abdullah^*(1) and Abduljalil Ghaleb⁽²⁾

(1). Dept. Food Sci. & Tech., Faculty of Agric. Sana’a University. Yemen.

(2). Dept. Medical Nutrition Therapy, Faculty of Medical science. Al-Razy University. Yemen.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Abdulmageed Bagash Abdullah. E-Mail: mageed867@gmail.com).

Received: 19/02/2019 Accepted: 11/05/2019

Abstract

The present study aimed to estimate the Glycemic Index (GI) of some conventional Yemeni bread. 6 (3 males, 3 females) volunteers, whose ages ranged between 23-24 years, and the Body Mass Index (BMI) was 19-21 kg/m². Each volunteer was subjected at the beginning of the measurement to the Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT), after that taking 50g of the carbohydrates of the tested foods after fasting for 12 hours. Samples of blood were taken by finger-prick capillary and blood glucose response was estimated after zero time 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min. The results of calculating GI showed the existence of significant differences between the five types of bread, namely bread (Khass) from white wheat flour, loaves (Rooty) from white wheat flour, bread (Malog) from total grain wheat flour, bread (khops) from whole wheat flour, and loaves (kodam) from total grain wheat flour with the successive values of 87, 59.2 , 50.5, 50.8, and 66.4 by using glucose as a standard food. It can be concluded that the bread made from total grain flour, whether Malog or Tannor bread, had a low glycemic index, and therefore could be used for the nutrition of type 2 diabetes.

Keyword: Glycemic index (GI), Bread, Diabetes.

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Detection of Microbial and Heavy Metals Contamination in Cooked Poultry Meat and Displayed in Local Markets in Basrah Governorate, Iraq

Ghaidda Ali Makka^*(1)

(1). Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basra. Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Ghaidda Ali Makka. E-Mail: iraq7100@yahoo.com).

Received: 30/12/2018 Accepted: 01/06/2019

Abstract

The study aimed to study the chemical properties which included (pH, peroxide, percentage of free fatty acids), microbial contamination which included the total bacteria, total colon bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Psychrophile, and heavy metal elements contamination which included zinc, lead, cadmium and copper). The samples were taken from the restaurants during summer, where they were placed in poly Ethelene sterilized sac, and closed firmly. The study was executed at the microbiology and biochemistry labs, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences, Basrah University, Iraq. The results showed that the lowest values of peroxide number and percentage of free fatty acids were 0.63 ml eq/kg, and 0.18% respectively in AlGamhourya area. The total bacteria number and Staphylococcus aureus increased significantly in Algeria area (160 × 410 and 287 × 410) cuf, respectively compared to the other studied areas. The highest percentage of heavy metal elements in Algeria area with zinc and copper, which reached (92.69 and 4.22) respectively compared to the other studied areas, which was higher than the limit.

Key words: Microbial contamination, Poultry meat, Heavy metal elements.

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Extraction and Identification of Carnosine from Goose Breast Meat Using Different Techniques

Lena Samir Mohammed^*(1) Aum-El-Bashar Hamid AL-Mousawi⁽¹⁾ and Rawdha Mahmoud Ali⁽¹⁾

(1). Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Lena Samir Mohammed. E-Mail: linasamer234@gmail.com).

Received: 21/03/2019 Accepted: 30/05/2019

Abstract

Carnosine was extracted from goose breast meat by using separation, Carnosine were identificated in several ways including spectroscopy identification using UV-visible and Fourier Transform infrared spectrophotometer technology and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), spectral diagnostics using Ultraviolet-visible (UV) carnosines single peak showed at 215 nm wavelength, ,and at diagnosis High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) retention time stood for goose breast alcohol carnosines 2.675 and author carnosines separated from 2.651minutes water carnosines, So the infrared spectrophotometer technology They are many peaks have been shown to represent the effective groups of the compound, after undetecting the detection of toxicity assay of carnosines prepared on human blood serum and there have been no changes in its shape and appearance.

Key words: Goose breast meat, Carnosines, SIUV-visible, HPLC, FTIR.

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**Genetic Behaviour and Heterosis of Grain Yield of Single Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Under Different Salinity Levels**

Ahmad Elali Elkhalf*⁽¹⁾ Ahmed El-Shaih Kador⁽²⁾ Mohammad Jamal Hamandouch⁽²⁾ and Abed El Karim El Gasem⁽³⁾

(1). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Raqqa Research Center

(2). Dept. of Field Crops Science Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo

(3). Cereal Marketing and Store Association, Raqqa, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Ahmad Elali Elkhalf. E-Mail: dr.ahmadelkhalf@gmail.com).

Received: 18/01/2018 Accepted: 07/03/2018

Abstract

This study was carried out at the Scientific Research Center in Raqqah, arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), during the growing seasons 2012-2013-2014, to study of genetic behaviour of 29 genotypes (21 maize hybrids, 7 inbred lines and basel-1was control) under 4 levels of salinity (0, 4, 8, and 12) m moss, to determine mid-parents heterosis (%), and heritability for 100 kernel weight (g) and grain yield (ton/ha). Significant differences were noticed between hybrids in different levels of salinity and the effect of interaction between two factors, salinity and genotype. All hybrids were influenced at 8, and 12 m moss level of salinity, but with different degrees. Seven hybrids had exceeded the control at the level of 8 m moss, and P4XP7 recorded the best value in grain yield (7.633 t/ha) and heterosis value (59.5**) at the same level of salinity. Also, nine hybrids had exceeded the control, and P2XP3 showed the best value in grain yield (5.642 t/ha) and heterosis value (45.8**) at 12 m moss level of salinity.

Key words: Maize, Genetic Behaviour, Heterosis, Salinity.

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Estimation of Potence Ratio and Heterosis for Some Quantitative Traits in Single Hybrids of Yellow MaizeEstimation of Potence Ratio and Heterosis for Some Quantitative Traits in Single Hybrids of Yellow Maize **(Zea Mays L.)**

Reem Saleem Ali^*(1) Samir AL-Ahmad⁽²⁾ Bolous Khoury⁽³⁾

(1). Agricultural Research Center of Latakia, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Agricultural Research Center of Tartous, GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(3). Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(* Corresponding author: Eng. Reem Ali. E-Mail: m.reem.s.ali@gmail.com).

Received: 22/07/2018 Accepted: 08/10/2018

Abstract

The present research was conducted at the Agriculture Scientific Research Center in Latakia to estimate heterosis and potence ratio for plant height, ear height, ear length, number of rows per ear, 100 seeds weight, and grain yield. Thirty hybrids produced using Line × Tester method (10 × 3) in 2015 season which were evaluated during 2016 season. Results indicated that most of hybrids revealed desirable heterosis values compared with mid and better parents for all of studied traits. The hybrids (IL.21×IL.155), (IL.21× IL.358) and (IL.21× IL.1) showed highly significant and positive heterosis values relative to mid and better parent in grain yield. Results of potence ratio indicated that inheritance of grain yield, plant height, ear length and number of rows per ear, were controlled by over dominance for all of hybrids, while inheritance of ear height and 100 seeds weight were controlled by over dominance for most of hybrids and partial dominance for some of hybrid’s behavior.

Key words: Maize, Heterosis, Potence ratio, Grain yield.

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**Study of Genetic Variability and Traits Correlations in Some Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes under Wet and Dry Conditions in Syria**

Abdullatef Ahmad Al-Assaf^*(¹⁾ Mohammad Shafik Hakim⁽²⁾ Mohammad Fadi Basmaji⁽¹⁾ and Stefania Grando⁽³⁾

(1). Aleppo Agricultural Research Center, General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(3) . International Center of Agricultural Research in Dry Area (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Abdullatef Ahmad Al-Assaf. E-Mail: a.alassaf74@gmail.com).

Received: 14/10/2018 Accepted: 29/11/2018

Abstract

The experiment was conducted at Tal Hadya and Houmeimeh Agricultural Stations in Aleppo Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Researche (GCSAR) during 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons. Forty-three barley genotypes were used with three replications under RCBD design. The aim of the research was to study the phenotypic, genetic and environmental variability, heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations. Genotypes were evaluated for plant height, spike length, grain number per spike, thousand grains weight and grain yield, besides some root traits. The results showed a large variability within studied traits. The genetic and phenotypic variances were larger than environmental variance for most traits. The highest value of heritability was 91.12% for plant high. Under dry conditions, plant growth was significantly decreased as measured by all characters. The percentages of reduction, ranged from 66.96 % to 1.90 % for grain yield and grain weight, respectively. The injury index ranged from 2,03 to 0.02 for grain yield and grain weight, respectively. The correlation coefficients among characters were nearly the same in the wet and dry locations. Positive and highly significant correlation (r=0.95**) was found between the percentage of reduction and injury index. Using GGE Biplot the genotypes were arranged in three groups that varied in their tolerance to drought stress. The genotypes 4, 17, 16, 18, and 28 were tolerant to drought stress.

Key words: Barley, Genotypic variation, Genotypic correlation, Injury index, Drought tolerance.

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Using Carbon Isotope Discrimination Technique as a Selection Tool for High Water Use Efficiency Genotypes in Wheat

Abdulwahid Abdullah Saif*⁽¹⁾ Hazem Hezam Alashwal⁽¹⁾ Aref Abdulbaqi Alshamiri⁽¹⁾ and Ammar Wahbi⁽²⁾

(1). Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA), Yemen.

(2). Seibersdorf Laboratories, Vienna, Austria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Abdulwahid Abdullah Saif. E-mail: amozaid@yahoo.com).

Received: 21/01/2019 Accepted: 24/03/2019

Abstract

A factorial experiment was carried at the Research Farm of the Northern Highlands Regional Research Station during spring seasons 2014 and 2015 to evaluate six local durum wheat genotypes for water use efficiency and the effect of water stress on grain productivity using carbon isotope discrimination technique. Four irrigation treatments were used as main treatments with the following mode of adding water irrigation. T1: 70 mm. 10 days interval (farmers practices as a control), T2: 55 mm. 10 days interval, T3: 55 mm14 days interval and 55 mm. 18 days interval. Split plot design was used for experimentation with three replications. Results showed a variation was detected among genotypes to water stress treatments and this was reflected on growth parameters and grain productivity. The advanced line No.29 * local var. Alass25 (Shara No.154) and advanced line No. 35 were surpassed in most growth indicators and grain productivity than the other genotypes including the Arabi variety which attained the lowest values. The advanced line No.29 * local var. Alass25 (Shara No.154) attained a higher water use efficiency at the irrigation treatment T3 (55 mm every 14 days) with no significant difference in grain productivity of the treatment T1 (70 mm every 10 days) saving irrigation water of about 29.9% with decrease in grain productivity by 13.64%. In general, T2V2, T1V2, T2V3 treatments attained the highest means in grain yield over the two seasons. A positive correlation was found between Δ_grain, Δl_eave, grain yield and some growth indicators of genotypes. There were significant differences between the studied genotypes in terms of content of carbon isotope discrimination Δ13C in grain and leaves. This indicator was reflected in the differences in a variation of water use efficiency and grain yield. With regards of the averages of genotypes, the advanced line models No.29 * local var. Alass25 (Shara No.154) and advanced line No. 35 surpassed the other in grain yield and gave averages of 1543 and 1430 kg/ha, respectively. However, T1 and T2 treatments were significantly increased the other treatments. T1 attained the highest values of 1481, 1373 and 1427 kg/ha in 2014 and 2015 seasons and the average of the two seasons, respectively, according to the water use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination indicators for the studied genotypes it can be concluded that the advanced line models No.29 * local var. Alass25 (Shara No.154) and advanced line No. 35 were the best under T1 and T2 irrigation treatments.

Key words: Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Wheat genotypes, Water use efficiency.

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