Effect of Different Flour and Milk Additives from Soybean in Improvement of Chemical and Quality Characteristics of Bread

Mashhour Nawaf Ghanem^*(1)

(1). Swieda Agriculture Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Sweida, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mashhour Nawaf Ghanem. E-Mail: mashhourghanem@gmail.com).

Received: 21/10/2017 Accepted: 14/11/2017

Abstract

Bread is the widest product of food produces. In order to improve the chemical and quality of bread contents. This study was carried at As’swida Research Center and Directorate of Supply and Internal Trade laboratories in 2015. soy milk was added and soy flour at replacement levels of 10-20-30% to the wheat flour. The chemical analyses showed that the highest content of protein was in the 30% soy milk treatment. The 30% soy flour sample was superior in phosphor, potassium, calcium, and magnesium contents (31%- 0.36%- 0.07%- 0.09%) respectively. in comparison to control ‘wheat bread’ (0.18%-0.24%- 0.04%-0.07%) respectively. The highest content in nitrogen 3.34% was in the 30% soy milk treatment compared to 2.24% in control. Sodium was increased directly by increasing soy flour. The ash also increased with the increment of soy flour (2.9% compared to 1.9 in control). The quality characters were appropriated for all the treatments regarding to the non-adhesion of two pieces of loaf of bread, white brown color and maturity, with the superiority of taste and smell desired to the treatment 30% soy milk.

Keywords: Bread, Soybean, Soy milk, Soy flour.

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Variance, Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation of Some Phenological, Morphological and Productivity Traits in Some **Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Genotypes**

Mohammad Nael Khattab^*(1)

(1). Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammad Nael Khattab. E-Mail:

Received: 11/03/2018 Accepted: 06/10/2018

Abstract

In this study some of the phenological, morphological and productivity characteristics of six safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes (local, Thick orange 480 ،Acar 6، Syrian-1, Gila and Son 11), were assessed using some genetic indicators (genetic and phenotypic variances, genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients, broad- sense heritability and genetic advance between seeds yield and its components) at Dmsrkho site in Latakia governorate, during two seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016). Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with three replicates, to detect the genetic potentiality to be exploited to a maximum extent therefor, to determine the appropriate selectorial indices to improve safflower crop. Analysis of variance indicated that the genotypes differed significantly (P<0.05) for all studied characters, moreover, years effect and genotype by years interaction were significant for all studied traits. The values of mean and range revealed that there is wide variability among genotypes for most of the characters. The biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant, number of seeds per capitulum, number of capitulum per plant, number of branches per plant and harvest index exhibited wide range and high PCV and GCV giving an opportunity for improvement through election. Besides, these characters also had narrow differences between the values of PCV and GCV showing least influence of environment. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance observed for seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, 100 seed weight, plant height and number of seeds per capitulum indicated that these traits are governed by additive gene action. Hence, there are good chances of improvement of these traits through direct selection. The highest phenotypic correlations were observed between seed yield with some traits such as: biological yield/plant and No. of capitula/plant, thus these traits, may be used for selecting high yielding genotypes.

Keywords: Safflower, Heritability, Genetic advance, Genetic variance, Phenotypic variance, Correlation coefficient.

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Variance, Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation Coefficient of Some Phenological, Morphological and Productivity Traits **in Some Lentils (Lens culinaris M.) Genotypes**

Mohammad Nael Khattab^*(1)

(1). Crops Field Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammad Nael Khattab. E-Mail: aboalabd876@gmail.com).

Received: 20/09/2017 Accepted: 08/11/2017

Abstract
The phenological, morphological and productivity characteristics of six lentil genotypes (Idlib 1, Idlib 2, Idlib 3, Idlib 4, Balade and Kurdi) were assessed, using some genetic indicators (genetic and phenotypic variance, genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients, broad- sense heritability, and the genetic advance between seeds yield and its components at Dmsrkho area, in Latakia during two seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016). Randomized complete block design with three replicates was used, in order to investigate as much as possible, the genetic power of the genotypes to exploit them to the fullest extent and determine the appropriate selectorial evidence to improve lentils crop. Analysis of variance indicated that the genotypes differ significantly (P<0.05) for all studied characters. Moreover, years, genotype and years by genotypes interaction were significant for all studied traits. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was slightly higher than genetic coefficient of variation, and heritability values were high for most traits, this indicates the dominance of genetic factors and the low impact of environmental factors. Seed yield/plant (g) had a significant, positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation on number of pods/plant (r_g=0.905^** and r_ph=0.907^**), while hundred seed weight (r_g=0.294^** and r_ph=0.294^**) and biological yield (r_g=0.76^** and r_ph=0.78^**). Biological yield had significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with hundred seed weight (r_g=0.62^* and r_ph=0.59^*) and seed yield (r_g=0.93^* and r_ph=0.95^**). This indicates the possibility of selection for the biological yield through the selection of hundred seed weight and seed yield.

Keywords: Lentil, Heritability, Genetic advance, Genetic variance, Phenotypic variance, Correlation coefficient.

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Productivity Evaluation of Three Introduced Quinoa Varieties under Central Highlands Conditions in Yemen

Mohammed Yaha Daws^*(1) and Ahmed AL-Moallem⁽²⁾

(1). Central Highlands Regional Agricultural Research Station, Yemen.

(2). Northern Highlands Agricultural Research Station. Yemen.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Mohammed Dows. Email: mmydows1975@yahoo.com).

Received: 13/11/2017 Accepted: 25/12/2017

Abstract

The experiment was conducted at the Research Station of Middle Heights, during 2014 and 2015 seasons. Three varieties of Quinoa were used i.e. Ames 13762, NSL 106398 and Ames 137, which were introduced from International Center for Bio Saline Agriculture (ICBA), and they were selected out of five varieties that were grown as observation lines in 2013, to get one variety, high forage and grain yields, also suitable for the local conditions. RCBD design with four replications was used. The traits that were studied were: Earliness, plant height, flowering at 50%, green forage, grain and dry matter yields. Results indicated that there were highly significant (p≤0.01) differences between seasons and varieties in respect to plant height, green forage, dry matter and grain yields. While, no significant effect for the interaction between varieties and seasons overall growth performances. Results indicated that seasons have significant effects on the green forage, grain and dry matter yields at p≤0.01 and p≤0.05. Ames 137 variety produced significantly higher green forage yield (58.88 t/ha) compared with NSL 106398 (37.13 t/ha) and Ames 13762 (50.38 t/ha) and has superiority in dry matter yield (23.75 t/ha) on same varieties, which recorded 15.13 and 19.50 t/ha respectively, and followed by NSL 106398. Results also showed high significant effect of the seasons on plant height, green forage, grain and dry matter yields. Season 2014 was the best, which recorded (151 cm), (52.33 t/ha), (1.6t/ha) and (20.83 t/ha) respectively, compared with 2015 season. Ames 137 variety has gained the highest degrees for animal receptiveness and farmer’s evaluation. The study recommended to use Ames 13762 for grain production, and Ames 137 for forage production.

Key words: Productivity traits, Quinoa varieties, Yemen.

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**Genetic Behavior of Some Quantitative Traits of Yellow Maize (Zea mays L.) Single Crosses**

Ali Wannows^*(1) Samir AL Ahmad⁽²⁾Ghassan AL Lahham⁽¹⁾ Razan AL Najjar⁽¹⁾Elias Aweel⁽¹⁾ and Reem AL Mansour⁽¹⁾

(1). Maize Research Department, Crops Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Agricultural Research Center of Tartous, GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Ali Wannows. E-Mail: aliwannows@yahoo.com).

Received: 11/02/2017 Accepted: 27/03/2017

Abstract

Half diallel set of crosses between six inbred lines of maize were executed at Maize Research Department, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria, during 2010 and 2011 seasons to study heterosis, general and specific combining ability components for grain yield (ton/ha), ear height, length and diameter (cm), and silking date (day) compared with control varieties Basel-1 and the hybrid Spirou S-4-985 to identify the best hybrid in terms of yield. Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) was used with three replicates. General (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability mean squares of the inbred lines, and crosses were significant for all traits, except SCA mean square for ear height. This showed the contribution of additive and non-additive gene action in those traits. The ratio of σ²_GCA/σ²_SCAshowed the dominance of additive gene action for ear height and length, but non-additive gene action for grain yield, and silking date. On the other hand, it indicated additive and non-additive gene action for ear diameter. Heterosis of all hybrids for all traits was significant compared with mid and better parents. The results confirmed that the lines IL.766-06, and IL.792-06 had a good GCA for grain yield, while four hybrids had a good SCA, which means the necessity to be included in yield trails, specifically the hybrid (IL.459-06 × IL.292-06) for grain yield.

Key words: Maize, Half diallel cross, GCA, SCA, Heterosis.

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Effect of Seed Rate, Spray with Sorghum Water Extracts and Weeding on Wheat Yield **(Triticum durum L.)**

Sami Al-Rajjo^*(1)Ahmad Mouhanna⁽¹⁾ and Fadi Abbas⁽²⁾

(1). Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Baath University, Homs, Syria.

(2). Scientific Agriculture Research Center of Homs, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Sami Al-Rajjo. E-Mail: sami.rajjo@yahoo.com).

Received: 20/01/2017 Accepted: 20/03/2017

Abstract

This research was conducted at Tal Shnan village, located at the eastern of Homs city, Syria during 2012/2013 growing season, using hard local wheat cultivar, Sham 5, to study the effect of seed rates (120, 150, 180, 210 kg/ha), spray with different parts of sorghum water extracts using different, and weeding on wheat yield and weeds accompany with the crop. Results showed that seed rate (180 kg/ha) achieved the highest biological yield and grain yield. Harvest index was increased with increasing seed rate. While, dry weight and number of weeds in 1m² were decreased with increasing seed rate. Spray with sorghum water extracts (1:10) by 5 L/ha after 60-80 days of sowing caused an increment in biological and grain yields. Also, a decrement in dry weight and number of weeds in 1m². Water extract of the stems achieved the highest values, followed by (stems+roots), then (stems+leaves) extracts, while (leaves+roots) attained the lowest values. This study concluded that sorghum water extract of the stems achieved a significant increment in wheat yield.

Key words: Seed rate, Sorghum water extracts, Weeding, Wheat.

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Using Gradual Drought Technique to Discriminate Moisture Stress Tolerance Capacity of Some Barley Genotypes

Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban⁽¹⁾ Abdullah Al-Youssef*⁽²⁾ Naim Al-Hussein⁽²⁾

Yaman Jabbour⁽²⁾ Saleh Saleh⁽²⁾ and Hiba Al-Atrash⁽²⁾

(1). Dept. of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Aleppo Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Addullah Al-Youssef. Email: dr.abdalyoussef@gmail.com).

Received: 03/11/2016 Accepted: 21/12/2016

Abstract

Gradual drought experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions at a Field of Crop Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Syria, during 2016 season to compare transpiration rate of eight barley genotypes. Relations between Normalized Transpiration Ratio (NTR) and Fraction of Transpirable Soil Water (FTSW) were determined using linear plateau models. Results showed that, there were differences in the curve of relation between NTR and FTSW for the studied genotypes. The lowest threshold values were 0.43 for Furat 5 genotype, while the highest value was 0.64 for Araby Aswad genotype. Also, Araby Aswad genotype had the minimum decreasing in wet biomass after gradual drought imposing, where the decreasing in biomass was (19.3%), followed by Furat 3 (31.5%). Whereas, decreasing ratio in other genotypes exceeded 65%, and ranged between 66.5% for Furat 2 genotype to 80.3% for T6669 genotype.

Key words: Gradual dehydration, Transpiration ratio, Water stress threshold, Barley.

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Response of Some Spectral Vegetation Indices (Broad and Narrow Band) of Wheat Crop under Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Factors

Eyad Al-Khaled* ⁽¹⁾ Yousef Nemr ⁽²⁾ and Iman Alhumaer⁽³⁾

(1). General Organization of Remote Sensing (GORS), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Crops Field Department, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(3). Planning and International Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform (MAAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Eyad Al-Khaled. E.Mail. dr.eyadalkhaled@gmail.com).

Received: 09/09/2016 Accepted: 16/10/2016

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at the General Organization of Remote Sensing (GORS), Damascus countryside, Syria, during 2013/2014 season, using some spectral indices i.e. NDVI, SRI, EVI, NDVI₇₀₅, mSR₇₀₅, mNDVI₇₀₅, to determine the spectral response of wheat plant throughout its different developing stages under the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization, also using spectral indices in predicting yield, and study the correlation between the spectral indices, and some vegetative and productivity characteristics. The FieldSpecPro RS3 was used to record the radiometric characteristics, each 15 days, also some vegetation indices were recorded (Leaf Area Index LAI, fresh and dry weight, and chlorophyll content in leaves), starting from the beginning to the end of plant growth, besides the yield and yield components at harvest. It was noticed that the performance of all spectral indices was similar, they were low at the beginning of plant growth, then increased to reach their maximum values at the vegetative stage, then decreased again with the development of plant growth and harvest. Nitrogen fertilizer showed a significant effect on spectral indices at the first plant stages, N₀ gave the lowest values, while N₁, N₂, and N₃ gave a highest value. In terms of irrigation levels (I₁, I₂, and I₃), a very low difference in spectral indices was noticed at the first plant stages, but the differences began to appear after 97 days from sowing, because of the addition of irrigation during tillering stage. The results showed high significant correlation between the different indices and LAI and fresh weight, it was positive with EVI, at 0.05% level of significance. It was noticed that all three spectral indices had a relation with water content, but the dry weight showed a positive correlation but not significant. It has been found a high significant correlation between the indices and grain yield at each radiometric measurement except after 62 and 208 days after sowing, which are accompany with the first and last stages of growth plant, respectively. It is also noticed that NDVI, recorded the highest correlation values after 145 days from sowing, but the other indices mNDVI₇₀₅, mSR₇₀₅, NDVI₇₀₅, EVI, and SR recorded the highest correlation values after 165 days from sowing, which coincides with the maximum vegetation growth. With respect to yield prediction, it has been found that the best linear model was with the SRI index after 145 from sowing, besides the spectral indices SRI and mSR705 which also gave a good prediction linear model after 165 days from sowing.

Keys Words: Vegetation indices, Broad band, Narrow band, Yield Prediction, Wheat.

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Using Simulation Model PGSGC to Predict the Productivity of Rainfed Wheat Genotypes at Different Zones in Aleppo

Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban*⁽¹⁾ Abdullah Al-Yousef⁽²⁾ and Ahmad Haj Suliman⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Processing Data and Statistical Analysis, Center for Strategic Studies and Research, University of Aleppo. Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Aleppo Research Center, General Community for Scientific Agriculture Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding other: Dr. Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban. E-mail: Shaabany57@gmail.com).

Received: 21/09/2016 Accepted: 27/10/2016

Abstract

This study was conducted to predict evapo-transpiration and rainfed wheat production in Aleppo province, Syria, using PGSGC (Plant Growes Small Grain Crops) simulation model under different scenarios, which contains different zones: Zone A (Yhmoul), zone B (Zerbeh) and zone C (Sfireh), and three sowing dates: early (first half of Nov.), medium (second half of Nov.), and late (the first half of Dec.), and two different wheat genotypes, one was early, while the other was late in maturity. The simulation was conducted during 1998-2015 using daily minimum and maximum temperatures, solar radiation, and rainfall. The simulation outputs showed a clear variation in the curves of the development of cumulative evaporation, cumulative transpiration, and dry matter accumulation (biological, and grain yield). The beginning of water stress was determined in days, besides the period which had a low fraction of transpirable water (FTSW). The evapo-traspiration varied between 207.9-220.9 mm at Sfireh, whereas, they ranged between 231.1-248.9 mm at Zerbeh, and ranged between 279.4-296.1 mm at Yahmoul. Evaporarted water was determined as ratio of total rainfed quantities varied according to different scenarios. The estimated values ranged between 57-64% at Sfireh, 52-58% at Zirbeh, and 41-49% at Yahmoul. The Grain yield decreased when using early maturity genotype at early sowing date by 395, 393, and 538 kg/ha when sown at the medium date. Also, the grain yield decreased by 640, 656, and 927 kg/ha when sowing date delayed to late date at Sfireh, Zerbeh, and Yhmoul, respectively. The lowest loss in grain yield achieved (19%) by delaying sowing date, and using late maturity genotype at Yhmoul. This loss accounted about 48 kg/ha when delaying sowing date from early date to medium date. This loss accounted about 17.12 thousand tons for the cultivated areas of rainfed wheat at Izaz (Yhmoul) region during 2014/2015 season.

Key Words: Simulation Model PGSGC, Evapo-transpiration, Sowing dates, Stability zones, Rainfed wheat genotypes.

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**Yield Stability Parameters of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Cultivars in Iran**

Saeed Sadeghzadeh Hemayati⁽¹⁾, Abazar Rajabi^*(1), Mohammadreza Orazizadeh⁽¹⁾

(1). Sugar Beet Seed Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran.

(* Corresponding author: Dr. Abazar Rajabi: E-Mail: rajabi@sbsi.ir).

Received: 18/04/2017 Accepted: 19/07/2017

Abstract

The present study focused on estimating yield stability of sugar beet cultivars in Iran. The data were collected from pilot studies on imported and domestic cultivars. Twenty-one cultivars of sugar beet were compared in 12 main spring growing regions of Iran in 2014, in randomized complete block design, with three replications. The effect of location and cultivar was significant (P≤0.05) on root yield. Among the cultivars, Pauletta and Fernando had the highest root yield (75.8-80.5 t/ha), followed by SBSI034 and BTS 335 (70 t/ha), whereas Canaria, Rasta, Torbat, Novodoro, Tucan, Morly, Aria, Pars, Antec, Nagano, Rosier, Iris, Flores, Boomrang, Sanetha, and Ekbatan had the lowest root yield (56.2-67.2 t/ha). The significance of location × cultivar interaction (P≤0.05) showed that cultivars did not have uniform performance at different locations. Estimation of different stability parameters revealed that Fernando, Pauletta, SBSI-034 and BTS-335 had high root yield and stability, while Boomrang, Iris, Isabella, Morly, Novodoro, Rasta, and Rosier were found to be cultivars with low yield and stability. Pars, Torbat, Iris, Flores, Morly, Ekbatan, BTS-335, Canaria, Antec, and Rosier displayed moderate stability. The estimation of the reliability of root yield for different cultivars at different levels of agriculture development indicated that Pauletta, Fernando, SBSI-034, TBS-335 and Aria had higher reliability than the other cultivars under both modern and subsistence farming conditions.

Keywords: Location × cultivar interaction, Sugar beet, Stability, Root yield.

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