Category Archives: crops

Using Gradual Drought Technique to Discriminate Moisture Stress Tolerance Capacity of Some Barley Genotypes

Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban(1) Abdullah Al-Youssef*(2) Naim Al-Hussein(2)

Yaman Jabbour(2) Saleh Saleh(2) and Hiba Al-Atrash(2)

(1). Dept. of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Aleppo Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Addullah Al-Youssef.  Email: dr.abdalyoussef@gmail.com).

Received: 03/11/2016                                 Accepted: 21/12/2016

Abstract

Gradual drought experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions at a Field of Crop Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Syria, during 2016 season to compare transpiration rate of eight barley genotypes. Relations between Normalized Transpiration Ratio (NTR) and Fraction of Transpirable Soil Water (FTSW) were determined using linear plateau models. Results showed that, there were differences in the curve of relation between NTR and FTSW for the studied genotypes. The lowest threshold values were 0.43 for Furat 5 genotype, while the highest value was 0.64 for Araby Aswad genotype. Also, Araby Aswad genotype had the minimum decreasing in wet biomass after gradual drought imposing, where the decreasing in biomass was (19.3%), followed by Furat 3 (31.5%). Whereas, decreasing ratio in other genotypes exceeded 65%, and ranged between 66.5% for Furat 2 genotype to 80.3% for T6669 genotype.

Key words: Gradual dehydration, Transpiration ratio, Water stress threshold, Barley.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Response of Some Spectral Vegetation Indices (Broad and Narrow Band) of Wheat Crop under Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Factors

Eyad Al-Khaled* (1) Yousef Nemr (2) and Iman Alhumaer(3)

(1). General Organization of Remote Sensing (GORS), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Crops Field Department, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(3). Planning and International Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform (MAAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Eyad Al-Khaled. E.Mail. dr.eyadalkhaled@gmail.com).

Received: 09/09/2016                                 Accepted: 16/10/2016

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at the General Organization of Remote Sensing (GORS), Damascus countryside, Syria, during 2013/2014 season, using some spectral indices i.e. NDVI, SRI, EVI, NDVI705, mSR705, mNDVI705, to determine the spectral response of wheat plant throughout its different developing stages under the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization, also using spectral indices in predicting yield, and study the correlation between the spectral indices, and some vegetative and productivity characteristics. The FieldSpecPro RS3 was used to record the radiometric characteristics, each 15 days, also some vegetation indices were recorded (Leaf Area Index LAI, fresh and dry weight, and chlorophyll content in leaves), starting from the beginning to the end of plant growth, besides the yield and yield components at harvest. It was noticed that the performance of all spectral indices was similar, they were low at the beginning of plant growth, then increased to reach their maximum values at the vegetative stage, then decreased again with the development of plant growth and harvest. Nitrogen fertilizer showed a significant effect on spectral indices at the first plant stages, N0 gave the lowest values, while N1, N2, and N3 gave a highest value. In terms of irrigation levels (I1, I2, and I3), a very low difference in spectral indices was noticed at the first plant stages, but the differences began to appear after 97 days from sowing, because of the addition of irrigation during tillering stage. The results showed high significant correlation between the different indices and LAI and fresh weight, it was positive with EVI, at 0.05% level of significance. It was noticed that all three spectral indices had a relation with water content, but the dry weight showed a positive correlation but not significant. It has been found a high significant correlation between the indices and grain yield at each radiometric measurement except after 62 and 208 days after sowing, which are accompany with the first and last stages of growth plant, respectively. It is also noticed that NDVI, recorded the highest correlation values after 145 days from sowing, but the other indices mNDVI705, mSR705, NDVI705, EVI, and SR recorded the highest correlation values after 165 days from sowing, which coincides with the maximum vegetation growth. With respect to yield prediction, it has been found that the best linear model was with the SRI index after 145 from sowing, besides the spectral indices SRI and mSR705 which also gave a good prediction linear model after 165 days from sowing.

Keys Words: Vegetation indices, Broad band, Narrow band, Yield Prediction, Wheat.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Using Simulation Model PGSGC to Predict the Productivity of Rainfed Wheat Genotypes at Different Zones in Aleppo

Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban*(1) Abdullah Al-Yousef(2) and Ahmad Haj Suliman(2)

(1). Department of Processing Data and Statistical Analysis, Center for Strategic Studies and Research, University of Aleppo. Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Aleppo Research Center, General Community for Scientific Agriculture Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding other: Dr. Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban. E-mail: Shaabany57@gmail.com).

Received: 21/09/2016                                 Accepted: 27/10/2016

Abstract

This study was conducted to predict evapo-transpiration and rainfed wheat production in Aleppo province, Syria, using PGSGC (Plant Growes Small Grain Crops) simulation model under different scenarios, which contains different zones: Zone A (Yhmoul), zone B (Zerbeh) and zone C (Sfireh), and three sowing dates: early (first half of Nov.), medium (second half of Nov.), and late (the first half of Dec.), and two different wheat genotypes, one was early, while the other was late in maturity. The simulation was conducted during 1998-2015 using daily minimum and maximum temperatures, solar radiation, and rainfall. The simulation outputs showed a clear variation in the curves of the development of cumulative evaporation, cumulative transpiration, and dry matter accumulation (biological, and grain yield). The beginning of water stress was determined in days, besides the period which had a low fraction of transpirable water (FTSW). The evapo-traspiration varied between 207.9-220.9 mm at Sfireh, whereas, they ranged between 231.1-248.9 mm at Zerbeh, and ranged between 279.4-296.1 mm at Yahmoul. Evaporarted water was determined as ratio of total rainfed quantities varied according to different scenarios. The estimated values ranged between 57-64% at Sfireh, 52-58% at Zirbeh, and 41-49% at Yahmoul. The Grain yield decreased when using early maturity genotype at early sowing date by 395, 393, and 538 kg/ha when sown at the medium date. Also, the grain yield decreased by 640, 656, and 927 kg/ha when sowing date delayed to late date at Sfireh, Zerbeh, and Yhmoul, respectively. The lowest loss in grain yield achieved (19%) by delaying sowing date, and using late maturity genotype at Yhmoul. This loss accounted about 48 kg/ha when delaying sowing date from early date to medium date. This loss accounted about 17.12 thousand tons for the cultivated areas of rainfed wheat at Izaz (Yhmoul) region during 2014/2015 season.

Key Words: Simulation Model PGSGC, Evapo-transpiration, Sowing dates, Stability zones, Rainfed wheat genotypes.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Yield Stability Parameters of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Cultivars in Iran

Saeed Sadeghzadeh Hemayati(1), Abazar Rajabi*(1), Mohammadreza Orazizadeh(1)

(1). Sugar Beet Seed Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran.

(* Corresponding author: Dr. Abazar Rajabi: E-Mail: rajabi@sbsi.ir).

Received: 18/04/2017                                 Accepted: 19/07/2017

Abstract

The present study focused on estimating yield stability of sugar beet cultivars in Iran. The data were collected from pilot studies on imported and domestic cultivars. Twenty-one cultivars of sugar beet were compared in 12 main spring growing regions of Iran in 2014, in randomized complete block design, with three replications. The effect of location and cultivar was significant (P≤0.05) on root yield. Among the cultivars, Pauletta and Fernando had the highest root yield (75.8-80.5 t/ha), followed by SBSI034 and BTS 335 (70 t/ha), whereas Canaria, Rasta, Torbat, Novodoro, Tucan, Morly, Aria, Pars, Antec, Nagano, Rosier, Iris, Flores, Boomrang, Sanetha, and Ekbatan had the lowest root yield (56.2-67.2 t/ha). The significance of location × cultivar interaction (P≤0.05) showed that cultivars did not have uniform performance at different locations. Estimation of different stability parameters revealed that Fernando, Pauletta, SBSI-034 and BTS-335 had high root yield and stability, while Boomrang, Iris, Isabella, Morly, Novodoro, Rasta, and Rosier were found to be cultivars with low yield and stability. Pars, Torbat, Iris, Flores, Morly, Ekbatan, BTS-335, Canaria, Antec, and Rosier displayed moderate stability. The estimation of the reliability of root yield for different cultivars at different levels of agriculture development indicated that Pauletta, Fernando, SBSI-034, TBS-335 and Aria had higher reliability than the other cultivars under both modern and subsistence farming conditions.

Keywords: Location × cultivar interaction, Sugar beet, Stability, Root yield.

Full paper in English: PDF

Efficacy of Betanal Expert Herbicide and Application Time of Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizers on the Productivity and Quality Traits of Sugar Beet

Abd Ul-Karim Al-Hmmad(1) Bahaa ALRahban*(2) and Isood Al-Mihaymeed(1)

 (1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Furat University , Der Ezzur, Syria.

(2). Plant Protection Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Bahaa AlRahban. E-Mail: bahaarahban@gmail.com).

Received: 28/07/2016                           Accepted: 31/08/2016

 Abstract

The experiment was conducted on sugar beet crop, using Cawyinterpoly new, a multigerm cultivar, during the fall season of 2013\2014 at Halta village in Der- Ezzur governorate. Betanal expert herbicide, (75g/L Phenmedipham+25 g/L Desmedipham+ 151g/L Ethofumesat) was used as post-emergence treatment with an average of 2 L/ha for one application, manual weeding control for three times and non-weeded as a check. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were added by two ways: (1st) whole quantities were added before planting; (2nd) the quantities were divided and added in three times: one third before planting, one third after thinning, and one third after a month from thinning, besides the check without fertilization .The experiment was laid according to split plot design with three replicates. Broad-leaved weeds were dominated. Results showed that manually weeded treatment effectiveness was (100%), sugar yield (6.53 ton/ha ) and root yield (46.72 ton/ha) while Betanal expert herbicide treatment effectiveness resulted (89.78%, 6.27 ton/ha and 44.39 ton/ha) respectively. The un-weeded treatment surpassed significantly Betanal expert and manual weeding treatments in root sugar contents (17.18%), whereas there were no significant differences between manual weeding and Betanal expert herbicide in this trait. Splitting the quantity of fertilizer into three increased root yield  (41.11 ton/ha) significantly as compared with adding the whole quantity before planting (38.56 ton/ha). However, there were no significant differences in sugar yield in terms of fertilizer methods. With respect of sugar content, adding whole quantity of fertilizer before planting gave higher root sugar content (16.67%) significantly compared with splitting the fertilizer to three (16.39%). The interaction between fertilization and weed control treatments affected only root sugar content significantly.

Key words: Sugar beet, Herbicide, Fertilization.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

The Combining Ability for Grain Yield and Some Secondary Traits of Some Maize Crosses under Water Stress Conditions

Majeda AL- Rwaily*(1) Ayman Shehada AL-Ouda(2) Samir AL-Ahmad(1) and Rshad ALobaid(1)

(1). Crops Research Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Majeda Al-Rwaily. E-Mail: r.majeda@gmail.com).

Received: 09/07/2016                       Accepted: 10/10/2016

Abstract                 

Half diallel cross among six inbred lines was conducted at the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Deir Ezzor, during the growing season 2010. The fifteen crosses and the two local checks Ghoota82 and Basel-1 were evaluated during the growing season 2011, after being exposed to water stress during flowering and grain filling stages, in order to study the genetic behavior through estimating the general and specific combining ability of some secondary traits determining the grain yield i.e., anthesis silking interval, number of ears and per plant, number of grains per ear, 100 grain weight and harvest index, and to determine the response of maize genotypes for water stress through flowering and grain filling stages. The trial was conducted according to randomized block design, with tree replications. Results showed that GCA and SCA mean square of both lines and crosses were highly significant for most of the investigated traits indicating that inbred lines had variation and genetic diversity. The ratio σ2 GCA /σ2 SCA indicated the importance of the non-additive gene action for grain yield under water stress conditions during flowering and grain filling stages, while the non-additive gene action dominated of all other traits under water stress during the grain filling stage and full irrigation. The two lines p3 (IL344T.C-2007) and p2 (IL1081T.C-2009) revealed the best GCA. The hybrids p2×p3 (IL1081-2009×IL344-2007), and p1×p3 (IL441-2009×IL344-2007) showed the best SGA for grain yield trait.

Keywords: Maize. Combining ability, Water stress, Grain yield, Half diallel cross.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

The Effect of Bolters Cutting in the Improvement of Morphological and Quality Traits of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Faddi Abbas(1) Mahmoud Sido(1) and Entessar Al-Jbawi*(2) and Mohammad Ali Ali(2)

 (1). Agricultural Research in Homs, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Homs, Syria.
(2). Crops Research Administration, GCSR, Damascus, Syria.
(*Corresponding author: Dr. Entessar Al Jbawi,  E-Mail:dr.entessara@gmail.com).

Received: 11/06/2016                           Accepted: 12/08/2016

Abstract:

Sugar beet bolting is considered one of the main obstacles of sugar beet growing in the middle area of Syria, because of low temperatures during autumn sowing. This phenomenon caused big economic losses neither for the factories and the farmers, because of high reduction in sugar content. Regarding the importance of the issue an experiment was conducted in Homs Agricultural Research Center during 2013/2014 season, to study the effect of cutting bolters to limit its negative effect on the morphological and quality traits of four sugar beet varieties, tow are monogerm varieties i.e. Inverstar and Parade, while the other are multigerm varieties i.e. DS9008 and Byblos. Split plot design was used, where the dated of cutting bolters allocated in the maim plots, while the varieties were randomly distributed in the sub plot, with three replicates. The results exhibited a high bolting percentage (P<0.05) in the variety DS9008 (67%), which is considered the most sensitive varieties to bolting, while bolting was 0% for the variety Parade, which can be defined as the most resistant variety to bolting. The percentage of early bolting, which is classified as the most dangerous type of bolting, achieved the highest value (45%) in the variety DS9008, then Parade (30.2%), followed by Inverstar (2.4%), and finally Byblos (0%). Early bolters cut led to an increase in root weight in an average of 10.7%, while the increment in root weight was 1% for the medium bolters cut. In terms of brix%, early bolters cut led to an increase in brix in an average of 16.9%, while the increment in brix was 5.5% for the medium bolters cut.

Keywords: Sugar beet varieties, Bolting percentage, Bloters cut.

Full paper in Arabic: The Effect of Bolters Cutting in the Improvement of Morphological and Quality Traits of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Determining Some Stability Adaptation Parameters for Sugar Beet Commercial Varieties in Summer Sowing

Entessar Al Jbawi*(1) Thamer Al Huniesh(1) Zuhair AL Jasem(2) Nahla Al Mahmoud(1) and Hussien Al Zubi(1)

(1). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.                                                                                                                                      (2). Der Ezzor Agricultural Research Center, GCSAR, Der Ezzor, Syria.                     (*Corresponding author: Dr. Entesssar AL Jbawi: dr.entessara@gmail.com).

Received: 22/04/2016                           Accepted: 15/05/2016

Abstract

The research was carried out to study the adaptation of 14 commercial monogerm cultivars of sugar beet in three successive years 2009-2011 at major sugar beet producing location in summer sowing time, Deir Ezzor, in Syria, and assess genotype by environment interaction, and to estimate the stability of the varieties performance according to the yield stability statistics (Ysi) for the studied traits of these varieties. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Data collected  from  each  experiment  were  subjected  to  simple  analysis  of  variance  and  after homogenization of error variance, combined analysis for four traits including Sucrose content% (SC), Purity % (P ), Root yield (RY ), and Sugar yield (SY ) were carried out. Combined analysis of variance over years, exhibited a significant differences (P≤0.05) between the varieties, indicating genetic differences. Results of yield stability statistics (Ysi) revealed that three of the monogerm sugar beet varieties (Rafal, Agora,  and Sherif) were judged as stable for all of the studied traits, during the last three seasons, which is recommended to be planted in summer time in Deir Ezzor region.

Key words: Genotype-Environment Interaction (GEI), Stability analysis, Sugar beet.

Full paper in English: Determining Some Stability Adaptation Parameters for Sugar Beet Commercial Varieties in Summer Sowing

The Effect of Bio-Fertilization With Azotobacter Spp and Different Rates of Urea Fertilizer on the Growth of Barely

Merfat T. Ben Mahmud*(1) and Eman A. Elferjani(1)

(1). Department of Soil and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Merfat T. Ben Mahmud. Email: dr.mbenmahmoud@yahoo.com).

Received: 03/01/ 2016                                     Accepted: 24/01/ 2016

Abstract

Pots experiment of grown Barely Hordeum, was inoculated with Azotobacter species, isolated from Wadi Elrabie soil (Tajura)/Libya, (loam sandy soil,  pH=8.6),  that live free in soil and it has a high ability to impact on the growth of barley plants. This experiment was carried out during the winter seasons of 2014, to evaluate the effect of Azotobacter species inoculums and four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) of nitrogen fertilizer (Urea 46% N), on barley growth and number of cell density bacterial in rhizosphere area (CFU). The results proved that bio-fertilization with Azotobacter had a positive role in increasing dry weight of shoot and root (g), and the growth of the number of cell density bacterial (CFU), which had a positive effect, with the addition of 100 kg N / ha of urea.

Key words: Azotobacter, Urea, Rhizosphere, Barely

Full paper in Arabic:

تأثير التسميد الحيوي ببكتريا Azotobacter  Spp ومعدلات مختلفة من سماد اليوريا في نمو نبات الشعير

Contribution of Awn in Grain Yield of Durum Wheat Under Drought Conditions

Abd Al Razzak Soud* (1) Mamoun Khaity (2) Sami Al Ghazali (1)  Fadi Abu-Rukba(3) and  Moead Almeselmani (4)

(1). Izraa Research Station, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR) , Izraa, Daraa, Syria.
(2). Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus  University, Syria.
(3). Daraa Research Center, (GCSAR) , Daraa, Syria.
(4). Department of biotechnology, (GCSAR), Damascus , Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng: Abd Al Razzak Soud, Izraa Research Station, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR) , Izraa, Daraa, Syria).

Received: 01/02/ 2015                                     Accepted: 04/04/ 2015

Abstract

Six durum wheat varieties (Horany, Sham3, Sham5, Bouhouth 7, Bouhouth 11, and Doma1) were used to study the contribution of awns in grain yield. The experiment was carried out in Izraa Research Station, General Commission For Scientific Agricultural Research (GSAR), Daraa, Syria, during (2010/2011). Split plot design was used with three replications. The results showed a significant difference between varieties in percentage of awns contribution in grain yield. The percentage of awns contribution in grain yield for the control ranged between 7.22 – 11.93 % and increased to 14.84 – 21.16 % under drought conditions. Correlation coefficient between awn length and grain yield was positive, and high. The values of correlation coefficients were (*0.521, *0.695) for control and treatment, respectively at level of probability 0.05.

Key words: Durum wheat, Awn length, Drought, Grain filling.

Full paper in Arabic:مساهمة السفا في الغلة الحبية للقمح القاسي تحت ظروف الجفاف