Tayseer Hatem(1)*, Fayez Al Mekdad(1), K.Kamal deen(1), Khetam Edress(1), Yehya Sharaf (2), Safwan Abo Assaf(1), Reeman Shaleesh(1)

(1). Administration of Socio-economics Research General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria
(2). Extension Programs Division, Extension Department, Agricultural Extension Directorate, Swayda, Syria.
(Corresponding author: Dr.Tayseer Hatem. E-Mail: D-tayseerhatem@hotmail.com)

Received: 29/11/2021         Accepted:13/03/2022

Abstract: 

The research mainly aimed to characterize the weakness, strengths, opportunities and threats in the agricultural extension process through many viewpoints, starting with the farmers and passing through official levels that have a direct and indirect relationship with agricultural extension. Data were collected according to the written and oral descriptive methods, through Face to Face interviews, and the discussion groups. In addition to the directed questionnaire to the extension staff’s various categories working during 2020 -2021 to estimate the attitudes about the effectiveness of the agricultural extension on them and on farmers in Syria. The SWOT and the five-point Likert scale were conducted. The results identified four strategic factors that directly affect agricultural extension activities, which are, technological progress, the integrated relationship between establishments that related to agricultural extension, the application of the competition within an extension, and the participation of farmers in preparing and implementing extension activities. The effect of these factors together represented about72%. The study recommended to give the agricultural extension the main role as a as the main junction and complementary situation between all establishments that concern directly or indirectly with agricultural activities.
Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Camellia Halabi ^(1)* and Fouad Salman ⁽¹⁾

(1). Food science department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Camillia Halabi. E-Mail: camilliaha5@gmail.com)

Received 5/03/2022            Accepted 2/04/2022.

Abstract: 

The study was conducted on a number of heavy metals (Zinc, copper, and lead) in three different types of spices (red pepper, ginger, and coriander) available in the local market. The samples were collected and prepared using concentrated nitrogen acid and ultra-pure concentrated hydrochloric acid. The amount of these metals was estimated using the atomic absorption device the results showed rhat the highest percentage of zinc in red pepper was 2.64 ppm and the highest percentage of lead and copper in coriander was 1.69 and 0.72 ppm, respectively, and that the levels of heavy metals in these spices were acceptable within the standard limits approved by the organization World Health and Food and Agriculture Organization.

Keywords: spices, heavy metals, atomic absorption, local market.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rabab Saoud⁽¹⁾*,  Ramez Mohammad⁽¹⁾ and  Sanaa Sara⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture , Tishreen University, Lattakia. Syria

(2). Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , Tishreen University, Lattakia. Syria

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Rabab Saoud. E-Mail: rabab.s.saoud.2019@gmail.com)

Received 10/12/2021         Accepted 20/03/2022

Abstract: 

The aim of the research is to study the rheological properties of flour extracted from four varieties of Syrian wheat at extraction rate 70% after mixing them with each other as follows: /Sham₄ – Sham₈ – (Sham₄ and Sham₅) – (Sham₄ and Sham₇)- (Sham₈ and Sham₅) – (Sham₈ and Sham₇)/ Using the Mixlab device, the research was carried out in cooperation between the grain laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture at Tishreen University and the grain laboratory in the General Organization for Trade, Storage and Processing of Grains, Latakia Branch during the period 2020- 2021, The results showed an increase in C₂ values ​​in flour after adding 20% ​​of durum wheat to the mixtures, and the highest value was in the flour (Sham₄ and Sham₅) 0.46 N. M^-1, C₃ values ​​ranged between (1.59-1.82) N. M^-1, and the lowest value was in flour (Sham₄ and Sham₇) mixture, C₄ values ​​ranged between (1.5-1.87) N. M^-1 and the lowest values ​​were in Cham₈ and its mixtures, while C₅ values ​​ranged between (3.03-3.36) N. M^-1, The results also showed an increase in the stability of dough by adding durum wheat to the mixtures, and the values ​​ranged between 6 minutes in the flour of Cham₈ and 7.47 minutes in the flour of the mixture (Sham₄ and Sham₅), the water absorption values ​​ranged between (55-57.03)% and the development time between (3.33-4.16) minutes, The results of the research showed that the flour of the mixture (Sham₄ and Sham₅) was the strongest flour among the studied samples, and the flour of Cham₄ variety was superior to the flour of Cham₈ in terms of rheological properties.

Keywords: durum wheat flour, soft wheat flour, rheological properties of Syrian wheat flour, mixolab.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Enas AlMghawesh^(1)*, Samer Slik⁽²⁾ and Hussam Okkou⁽³⁾

(1). Food Tech Dept, General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research, Damas, Syria

(2). Food Sci Dept, Damas University, Damas, Syria

(3). Biodiversity Dept, National Commission for Biotechnology, Damas, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Enas Almghawesh, E-mail: brighteyes.sy@gmail.com.)

Received: 1/03/ 2022        Accepted: 30/03/ 2022

Abstract: 

This study was carried out to develop a new type of functional food in the line with the nutritional and health requirements of consumers. Research was performed in 2021 in the laboratories of food sciences department of the National Commission for Biotechnology. Three types of fruit flavored soy yoghurt were manufactured: soy yoghurt 100% as a control, soy yoghurt + 0.3% banana flavore, soy yoghurt +0.6% banana flavore. All samples stored at 4±1°C, then microbiological, chemical, and sensory properties were conducted for the manufactured samples.The results of microbial analysis indicated that adding banana flavor by 0.6% raised the vital force of the processed soy yoghurt to (6.156) cfu/g with a significant difference p≤0.05 compared to other samples, and this sample has the highest values of sensory assessment, and the highest ratios of total solids(12.14)%, and acidity (0.866)%. As for the control it has the lowest vital force of the starter culture enumeration,and the lowest values of sensory evaluation, while the average of fat was the highest (2.879)% among the manufactured samples.

Keywords: Functional foods, probiotics, soy-yoghurt, flavorings.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Ruba aldarf ^(1)*, Mohamad Nadaf ⁽¹⁾,  and Ali Sultaneh⁽¹⁾

(1). food sciences department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University Lattakia, Syria.

 (*Corresponding author: Ruba aldarf, E.mail rubaaldarf86@gmail.com)               

Received: 7/12/ 2021        Accepted: 17/02/ 2022

Abstract: 

The study included five types of bee honey, which are Citrus honey, Ajram honey, Anise honey, Thistle honey, and Nigella sativa honey. The experiments were conducted at Tishreen University – Faculty of Agricultural Engineering – Laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences, Laboratories of the Directorate of internal trade and consumer protection in Lattakia. Honey samples were collected by distributing beehives in the production areas of each of the mentioned types during  2020.   The content of Fructose, Glucose, and Sacarose from the mentioned types of honey was estimated. The results of the study showed that the content of Fructose sugar was the highest in Anise honey, with an average of 49.24% compared to the other types of honey studied, with a very high moral significance. Whereas, the average value of glucose sugar was 33.7% in Anise honey, and it was the highest among other types of honey with a high moral significance. As for the sugar of sucrose, it had the lowest percentage of it in the honey of Nigella, Thistle and Anise, in comparison with Ajram and Citrus honey with a very high moral significance. As for the diastase number, the content of Ajram was the highest (18), compared to the Thistles and Nigella honey, which reached (17), Anise honey (14), and Citrus honey (8). And all of them were in conformity with the Syrian Standard Specification No.412 for the year 2004, which specified the diastase number of no less than 8 units for all types of honey except Citrus, not less than 3 units. The color grade of the studied types of honey was also determined; the Citrus honey was white, Ajram honey has a yellow color, Anise honey was light yellow, and Thistle honey and Nigella were dark yellow in color. The research was conducted to clarify the different types of honey among themselves in terms of content of sugars, diastase number and color degree.

Keywords: Color Degree, Diastase Number, Fructose, Glucose, Honey, Sacarose.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Prabesh Koirala^*(1), Rajiv Raman Neupane⁽²⁾, Bishal Dura⁽²⁾, Puspa Raj Poudel⁽²⁾, and Rukmagat Pathak⁽²⁾

(1). Tribhuvan University, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Paklihawa Campus, Siddharthanagar 32900, Nepal

(2). Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Bharatpur 44209, Nepal

(^*Corresponding Author: Dr. Prabesh Koirala, Email: prabesh.koirala10@gmail.com)

Received: 20/04/2021       Accepted: 11/02/2022

Abstract: 

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Paklihawa, Rupandehi to study the effect of different chemicals and essential oils on the vase life of cut flowers of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflora cv. “American Beauty”). The experiment was based on a completely randomized design with eight treatments (sucrose 4%, sucrose 4% + ethanol 25 + salicylic acid (200 ppm), sucrose 4% + silver nitrate (200 ppm), sucrose 4% + citric acid (200 ppm), sucrose 4% + ethanol 25%, sucrose 4% + ethanol 25% + eucalyptus oil 1%, sucrose 4% + ethanol 25% + palmarosa oil 1% and distilled water) for each treatment unit. Silver nitrate (200 ppm) had a maximum beneficial effect on fresh weight retention, solution uptake, spike diameter, and floret wilting at the end of vase life which was closely followed by Citric acid (200 ppm). The citric acid (200 ppm) had maximum positive effects on bud opening and floret opening at the end of vase life which was closely followed by Silver nitrate (200 ppm). And, the effects of silver nitrate (200 ppm) and citric acid (200 ppm) were the same on the basal floret diameter on the ninth day. A strong positive correlation existed between the vase life of cut flowers and other parameters such as fresh spike weight, solution uptake, bud opening, floret opening, and basal floret diameter. The longest vase life (18.56 days) was observed in silver nitrate (200 ppm), which was closely followed by citric acid (200 ppm) i.e., 18.11 days, and the shortest vase life (9.89 days) was observed in eucalyptus oil 1% in comparison to control (15.56 days). A blend solution of citric acid (200 ppm) and sucrose 4% is recommended to use for prolonging the vase life of gladiolus cut flowers.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, Eco-friendly, Gladiolus, Vase-life.

Full paper in English: pdf

Shawqi EL-Ariqi ^(1)* and Rihann Al-Fa’aq⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen.

(*Corresponding author: Shawqi EL-Ariqi, E.mail dr.ariqi@yahoo.com)               

Received: 20/12/ 2021            Accepted: 8/03/ 2022

Abstract: 

This study aimed to detect the types of fungi contaminated for Za’aqa seeds (watermelon, sunflower and pumpkin seeds). The seeds were associated with 20 species of fungi belonging to 12 genera. However, the most dominant fungi were the species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, especially Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger species were the most frequent. Also, Fusarium, Mucor and Rhizopus were recovered in high or medium incidences on PDA medium. In conclusion, the seeds of watermelon, sunflower and pumpkin consumed at entertainment in Yemen Republic are highly, contaminated with toxigenic fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger species, which were found in this study.

Keywords:  Yemen, Za’aqa, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohammed, A. Fayyadh ^(1)* and  Ridha, S. Baqer ⁽¹⁾

(1). Plant protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah,

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammed, A. Fayyadh. E-Mail: muamer2010@yahoo.com).  

Received: 20/12/2021        Accepted:9/02/2022

Abstract: 

This experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture/ University of Basra for the period from 2020-2021 with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of aqueous extracts of oleander, henna, bitter melon,  wormwood, , pomegranate peels, carps and eucalyptus to control of Swiss chard leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora beticola. The results of the study showed that the aqueous extract of the cinnamon and carps achieved the highest percentage of inhibition of the growth of the pathogenic fungus, which amounted to 92.71 and 79.44%, respectively, while the lowest percentage of inhibition of fungus growth was recorded in the treatment of wormwood extract, which amounted to 61.99%. The results of the field experiment showed that spraying aqueous extracts of Cinnamon, Henna and Carps reduced the severity of infection with the fungus C.beticola on swiss chard to 20.24 and 20.27% compared to the control treatment, which amounted to 44.31%. The water extracts also reduced the area under the disease progress curve AUDPC from 1269.76 in the control treatment to 408.6 and 562.3 in the treatment of the pesticide Scour and the extract of the Cinnamon respectively.

Keyword: leaf spot ، plant extract ، C.beticola ، Chard.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Alisar Shaabow ^(1)*, Mohammad Ahmad⁽²⁾,   and Riad  Zidan ⁽³⁾

(1). General Commission Agriculture scientific Research , Lattakia, Syria

(2). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(3). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Alisar Shaabow. E-Mail: alisar.nadeem@yahoo.com)

Received: 20/12/2021        Accepted:8/03/2022

Abstract: 

The study was conducted during 2018, at Latakia center for rearing natural enemies, the study aimed to test three cultivars of climbing beans: Aya, Blue lake, and Zilioni gigant, to determine the most suitable cultivar for quantitative production of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henroit and its use in predator breeding programs, to control the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Results showed a divergence between the studied cultivars in terms of infestation with  T. urticae and reproduction speed of P. persimilis. It was found that Zilioni gigant is the most sensitive cultivar to the pest, and the most suitable for the increasing and culturing of predator compare to other two cultivars Aya and Blue lake. The average pest numbers – reached 2570 individuals/leaflet on Zilioni gigant cultivar, compared to 1740 and 1055 individuals/leaflet on Blue lake and Aya, respectively, and the average numbers of predators reached 300 individuals/leaflet on Zilioni gigant, compared to 240, 210 individuals/leaflet on Blue lake and Aya respectively.

Key words: Tetranychus urticae Koch, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henroit, Biological control, Bean, Cultivar.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Nsreen Dib^(1)*  Hany Ashour Badawy⁽²⁾ Ahmed Abdel Kader Ashour⁽²⁾  Tomader gomaa Abel rahman⁽³⁾

(1). Agricultural Scientific Research Center, Latakia.

(2). faculty of Agriculture , Cairo University, Egypt.

(3). plant pathology institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.

(*Corresponding author: Nsreen Did  . E-Mail: nsreendibsh@gmail.com)

Received: 4/01/2022          Accepted:13/03/2022

Abstract: 

This experiment was carried out at the laboratory of the plant diseases institute, agriculture scientific research center, Giza, Egypt in the season 2016-2017. And this study aimed to study the mycelium growth characteristics  leaf spot disease caused by A. alternata , early blight disease caused by A. solani and gray mold disease caused by B. cinereal on different culture medium. The bioassaying to the filtrate of the culture media which the tested isolates grow and identification of mycotoxins in the filtrate of the culture media. The results revealed that the radial growth test results significantly differed between the high and less aggressive isolates. The high aggressive isolates were grew faster than the less aggressive isolates on all tested media. The enzyme activity (PG and CX) of the high aggressive isolates were higher than that in the less aggressive isolates of tested fungi. Five toxins; Altenuene (ALT), Altertoxin (ATX), Alternariol (AOH), Alternariol methyl ether (AME) and Tenuazonic acid (TeA) were detected in the culture filtrate extracts of A. alternata and A. solani,  in addition to Alternaric acid, which was produced by A. solani. A total of 14 metabolites were detected in the culture filtrate of the high and less aggressive isolates of B. cinerea. Botcinolide was found only in the cultures of the aggressive isolates of B. cinerea; BcB-2, BcB-1 and BcI-2. The culture filtrate extracts of the high aggressive isolates of A. alternata, A. solani and B. cinerea had more phyto- and mycotoxins than the less aggressive isolates.

Key words: Alternaria alternata, Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, culture filtrate, fungal toxins.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf