Jamil Abbas⁽¹⁾ Karim Al Hamwi⁽²⁾ and Dima Khalil^*(1)

(1). Forestry and Environment Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Al Aga Khan Institution for Development, Salamieh, Syria.

(3). Directorate of Crops, Agricultural Research Center in Salamieh, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Dima Khalil. E-Mail: Dimakhalil411@gmail.com).

Received: 02/09/2019                               Accepted: 23/12/2019

Abstract

The research was carried out at Salamieh District (Tal-AlDara, Watershed), during the year of 2012. The hydrologic study of the basin (rainfall, flow, evapotranspiration and storage) was executed to identify the water balance of the basin. Monthly and annually rainfall were studied for 18 hydrologic years. The results showed that the average of the annual rainfall of the studied years was (279 mm), and the flow was (45.3 mm), while ETP was (2247.1 mm) and ETR was (279.1 mm). The study of storage showed shortage in the annual water balance over studied years during the storage from November to April. The available stored water in the soil was (120 mm), and according to the income of water to the basin which reached (14.4 m.m³), the area that could be irrigated is about more than 66% out of the studied area of the basin at water requirement of 6000 m.m³.

Key words: Rainfall, Flow, Evapotranspiration, Water balance.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ahmed Ibrahim Khamaj⁽¹⁾ and Abdul Rahman Ahmed Alriyani*⁽²⁾

(1). Soil and Water Department, University of Tripoli, Libya.

(2). Advanced Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Authority of Natural Science Research and Technology, Tripoli, Libya.  

(*Corresponding Author e-mail: abdllrahman817@gmail.com ).

Received: 01/07/2020                               Accepted: 14/08/2020

Abstract

The Ordinary Kriging (OK) and the weighted inverse distance (IDW) methods were used to predict the spatial distribution of seawater contamination extent the shallow aquifer within Tripoli region, Libya. 42 water samples were analyzed to determine the Simpson ratio which was selected as an indicator of groundwater contamination by seawater. Ordinary Kriging method was aimed to be applied on the original and the logarithmic transformed data. The spatial structure was estimated using the spherical, exponential, and Gaussian models. The cross-validation technique was used to assess the interpolation process resulting from the use of the OK and IDW methods with an exponent value ranging from (1 to 5). The performance of the variogram models was evaluated using the determination coefficient (R²) and the sum squares of the residuals (RSS). The square root of mean square error (RMSE) and the relative mean error (MRE) were used to assess the accuracy of the results obtained from the cross-validation technique. The results showed that the performance of the variogram models before the logarithmic transformation was more accurate, than those obtained after the logarithmic transformation. The best performer is the Gaussian model before the logarithmic transformation with 0.463 and 4.30, for (R²) and (RSS), respectively. The cross-validation technique also showed that the method of (OK) by using the Gaussian model before the logarithmic transformation and the method of IDW with exponent of 1 gave the most accurate results, with the preference for the (OK) of calculating with values of 0.535, 0.246, 0.249 for RMSE, MRE, R², respectively. The map obtained from applying the (OK) method using the Gaussian model showed that, although 76.55% of the area of the study area classified its groundwater as being slightly contaminated by seawater, there is an increase in the risk of groundwater pollution in the southeastern and northwestern borders the region.

Keywords: Groundwater, Seawater intrusion, Simpson ratio, Geostatistics, Cross validation.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Alaa Abdel Halim Habib^*(1) and Issa Noor Aldeen Kabibou⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Alaa Abdel Halim Habib. Alaahabib963@gmail.com).

Received: 04/11/2019                               Accepted: 7/12/2019

Abstract

The research was carried out at Alqanjara village in Latakia governorate, during 2018/2019 in order to compare the effect of adding two locally isolated strains and a imported strain of rhizobium on lentil growth and productivity to select the most efficient strain in nitrogen fixation. The experiment was applied according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) in split plot arrangement with three replicates, nitrogen fertilization factor was assigned to the main plots and bacterial inoculation treatments were allotted to the subplots. The research included (15) treatments, in which the bacterial inoculation treatments were: without inoculation, inoculation of the first strain isolated from rosy nodes of faba bean plant roots, inoculation of the second strain isolated from rosy nodes of lentil roots, inoculation of mix of the first and second strains and inoculation of the third strain which is a commercial strain imported under the name of Okadin bio-fertilizer. Phosphate and potassium fertilizers were added to all treatments at a rate of 25 kg/d triple in the form of superphosphate 46%, 25 kg/d of potassium sulphate 50%. While the nitrogen fertilizer was added according to three levels: without addition and 5 kg/d and 10 kg/d (Urea 46%), to detect its effect on bacterial activity and its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The results showed that the bacterial inoculation with strain3 (Okadin bio-fertilizer) had a positive effect on plant growth and an increase in the number of nodules by 345% compared to the non-inoculated (control). Bacterial inoculation treatments of the third strain with the addition of nitrogen fertilizers at level two had shown a significant effect in improving crop quality. The increase in productivity was estimated at 446% compared to the control, and 92% and 231% compared to the two fertilization treatments alone, while the number of nodules was increased by 302% and 295%, dry shoots weight was increased by 194% and 369% compared to the two fertilization treatments alone. Inoculated treatments of the third strain exceeded those in the second sand the first strains, where the increase in productivity reached 13% compared with the second strain and 67% compared with the first strain. The total nitrogen content in the soil increased compared to the control treatment, and the PH value decreased slightly in inoculated treatments compared to pre-planting, with the increase of the available P concentration from 22 to 29 ppm and a slight decrease in electrical conductivity from 0.75 to 0.46 ds/m.

Key words: Rhizobium, Lentil, Bacterial inoculation, Nitrogen Fertilizer .

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Lina Maydaa⁽¹⁾ Alaa Khallouf*⁽¹⁾ Razan Karfoul⁽²⁾ Nisren Badour⁽²⁾ Mohammad Mayous⁽²⁾ and Haitham Eid⁽²⁾

(1). Natural Resources Research Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

 (2). Tartous Agricultural Research Center, GCSAR , Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Alaa Khallouf. E-Mail: alaakhallouf@gmail.com).

Received: 14/06/2019                               Accepted: 03/08/2019

Abstract

In order to study the effect of different levels of organic fertilizer (liquid biogas manure) and different levels of phosphorous fertilization in some soil fertility properties (OM%, N total%, Pav, K av), a field experiment was carried out at Zahid Research Station, Tartous Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research(GCSAR) during 2015 and 2016 seasons, including 12 treatments: 4 levels of liquid biogas manure (0-4-6-8 L. manure/m²) and two levels of phosphorous fertilizer (66.7% of P fertilizer recommendation, 100% of P fertilizer recommendation) with three replicates according to Randomized Complete Blocks Design. The results of the experiment demonstrated that the P2G3 treatment leaded to a significant increase in organic matter (2.772%), total nitrogen (0.1933%) and available phosphorus (13.667 mg/kg soil), and significant increase in the quantity of available potassium (313.7 mg/kg soil). In terms of production parameters, P2G3 showed a significant increase in vegetative production and yield of green pods (65.47 and 11.1 tons /ha), respectively, compared to the control, also of 100% fertilizer recommendation. The difference with P1G3 was not significant. Because of that the study concluded the addition of P1G3 to save 100 kg/ha of superphosphate fertilizers.

Key words: Phosphorous fertilizer, Soil fertility properties, Manure biogas, Peanut, Production traits.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ibtesam Mohamed Abedalrhman^*(1) and Zahra Ibrahim El-Gali⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, El-Beida, Libya.

 (2). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, El-Beida, Libya.

(*Corresponding author: Ibtesam Mohamed Abedalrhman. E-Mail: islam606721@gmail.com).

Received: 26/07/2020                               Accepted: 15/09/2020

Abstract

The study was conducted at the Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, El-Beida, Libya, in the year 2019 to test the effect of darkness and different color lights on pigment, linear growth and biomass of Fusarium oxysporum, with different color shades such as red, yellow, orange, blue, purple and white. The results showed that different effects of spectrum light were observed in color of pigments with different intensities. Incubation in total darkness increased the linear, growth percentage and fungal biomass. The linear growth resulted maximum in darkness (6.5cm) and minimum in white light (5.3cm). The maximum biomass production was also noticed in darkness (0.608g/l) and the minimum in white light (0.260g/l) of dry weight. 

Keywords: Spectrum light, Fusarium oxysporum, Linear growth, Biomass dry weight. 

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Aya Salhdar*⁽¹⁾ and Fadel Kaadeh⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Aya Salhdar. E-Mail:salhdar02@gmail.com).

Received: 29/08/2019                               Accepted: 06/11/2019

Abstract

The experiment was conducted in order to determine the efficacy of eucalyptus, chinaberry extracts and mint oil in repellent potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, under laboratory conditions, during the year 2018. Plant extracts were prepared with different concentrations i.e. 2.5%, 7%; and 10%. The results showed the efficacy of mint leaves oil in repellent the 2^nd instar larval where repellent percentage was 92% at a concentration of 10% and after 24 hours of treatment, but it was for eucalyptus leaves extract and chinaberry fruits extract 92%, 84% respectively, with the same concentration. The results also demonstrated that mint oil had an effect in repellent the adults of moth where the percentage was 100% after 24 hours of treatment, using 10% concentration, and at percentages of 100%, 84% when using eucalyptus and chinaberry extracts respectively, at the same concentration (10%). The results showed the possibility of controlling the potato tuber moth using mint oil and eucalyptus and chinaberry plant extracts.

Keyword: Plant extract, Mint oil, Phthorimaea operculella.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Bachar Aldakil^*(1)

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Bachar Aldakil. E-Mail: bashardakhel6@gmail.com).

Received: 11/12/2019                               Accepted: 21/01/2020

Abstract

Tomato plants are exposed to many fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, affecting their quality and quantity. Tomato wilt disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici is an important disease. The aim of the search was to study the effect of bacterial and fungal isolates, in  single and combination treatments, that belong to the genera of Basillus sp. (Isolation 1) and Pseudomonas sp. (Isolation 3) and Trichoderma sp. (Isolation 2), which was proven in vitro, by treating tomato seeds, a susceptible local variety before planting with bacterial suspensions at a concentration of 1 x 108 CFU/ml, or treatment of sterilized potted soil with a spore suspension of Trichoderma sp. (2) at a concentration of 1 x 107 spores/ml after planting the seedlings at the age of 3 real leaves directly. The soil was infested by adding a content of a 9 cm diameter Petri dish of a 10-days colony of pathogenic fungus (mycelium and spores) per treatment /4 pots, 6 days after the addition of Trichoderma sp. Isolate, and the results were taken at the beginning of flowering. The results showed that there were highly significant differences between the treatments when comparing the mean wet weight of the vegetative parts, as the combined treatment Pseudomonas sp. (3) Trichoderma sp. (2) significant differences with all other treatments, as the mean wet weight of the vegetative parts compared to the treatment of the infectious control which was 29 and 10.22 g, respectively. Likewise, the highest value of the average wet weight of the root total was recorded at the same treatment where the average wet weight of the root total was 66.72 and 22.82 g, respectively. The results of this study indicated the possibility of some isolates of bacterial and fungal organisms with opposite ability to reduce the damages of the fungus that causes tomato wilt disease by improving plant growth.

Keywords: F.oxysporum f.sp lycopersici, Tomato, Plant growth enhancement, Biocontrol.

Full paper in English: PDF

Husain Ali Mehdi^*(1) Alaa Sabeeh Jabbar⁽¹⁾ and Taha Y. Al-Edany⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq.

(* Corresponding author: Dr. Hussain Mehdi. E-Mail:protactionplan@gmail.com).

Received: 09/07/2020                               Accepted: 12/09/2020

Abstract

The research was conducted at Shatt al-Arab district, the fourth district of the island in Basra governorate during June, July and August in 2018 and 2019. A cooling system was established in one of the research apiaries using water to reduce the heat inside the apiary and determine its effect on the honey bee cells, which were distributed straightness at the apiary, and the other apiary had no cooling system for comparison. The results showed that in the cooled apiary the temperature decreased inside the beehives to 33.67 °c, at a time when the outside air temperature of the apiary was 49.33 °c. The highest temperature reduction inside the hive was 33.93% of the cooled cells and the cooled apiary, either less. The percentage of heat reduction was 14.57% of the cells of uncooled apiaries. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt mechanisms that reduce the temperature of the apiary and the beehives in hot months to continue the activity and life of bees.

Key words: Cooling system, Beehives, Honey bees.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ammar Jloud^*(1) Nawal Kakeh⁽²⁾ Nayef Alsalti⁽²⁾ and Mounir Alnabhan⁽³⁾

(1).Directorate of Agriculture in Hama, Center for Rearing Natural Enemies, Hama, Syria.a.jloud85@gmail.com.

(2). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(3).General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Hama, Hama, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ammar Jloud. E-Mail: a.jloud85@gmail.com).

Received: 05/11/2019                               Accepted: 19/12/2019

Abstract

This study was carried out at Hama Biological Control Center, during 2017 to study the effect of storage at low temperature on biology of Chrysoperla carnea. Predator stages were stored at low temperatures (6 and 10°C) under short day lengths (10:14 [L:D] h) for one month. The results showed significant effect to cold storage on survival rate for predator stages that decreased under long duration of storage. The lowest rates of survival were 3.5, 18.5% for eggs and 32.5, 38% for 1^st larval instar and 37, 41% for 2^nd larval instar, 40.5, 47.5% for 3^rd larval instar and 31, 38.5% for pupa, when storing at (6, 10ºC) respectively for one month. Reproductive attributes of C. carnea were negatively influenced with cold storage. When storage for one month, female fecundity was 170.05, 261.05 eggs/female at (6, 10ºC) respectively, comparing with control (25±2ºC, 60±5 % RH and 16:8 D/L) 383.05 eggs.

Key words: Chrysoperla carnea, Cold storage, Biology.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Murtadha Kareem Muhammed Al Lami⁽¹⁾  Asaad R. S. Al–Hilphy*⁽²⁾ and Majid H. Al-Asadi⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(2). Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Asaad Rehman Al-Hilphy. E-Mail: aalhilphy@yahoo.co.uk).

Received: 29/08/2020                               Accepted: 02/10/2020

Abstract

The study was conducted at the laboratories of the Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, started from 1/10/2019 until 12/1/2020 to investigate the effect of ultrasound on the color components of chicken breast using independent variables (power from 4.4-66 W, ultrasound treatment time from 10-30 minutes, storage period from 0-60 days). The response surface method was used to obtain optimal conditions for the independent variables and to optimize the dependent variables (L *, a *, b *, h and  ∆E). Quadratic polynomial regression models were used to predict color components. Optimization results were compared with the traditional method and fresh meat. The results showed that the optimum conditions were at 66 W, ultrasound treatment time of 24.07 minutes and storage period of 40 days. The values of L *, a * and ∆ E, of the ultrasound treated breast meat were higher by 16.46, 24.26 and 122.26, respectively, while the values of b * and h decreased by 7.79 and 20.63 degrees, respectively. Significant differences (p <0.05) appeared between ultrasound, conventional method and fresh breast meat in color components.

Key words: Ultrasound, Chicken breast meat, Color components, Optimization process.

Full paper in English: PDF