Samarah Hmd* ⁽¹⁾, Sawsan Haifa ⁽²⁾ and Haitham Ismail ⁽³⁾

(1). Horticulure Department, Facutly of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Soil and Water Sience Department, Facutly of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:   Samarah Hmd. E-Mail: sayahmdd@gmail.com)

Received:  8/05/2022         Accepted:8/09/202

Abstract: 

This research was conducted during (2020-2021) in laboratories of Agriculture faculty of Tishreen University and in Ain Shiqaq area Lattakia. The study focused on the seeds germination and growth of Apricot plant (Cv Klaby) under different salt concentration in irrigation water (1, 1.5, 2, 4) Mm /cm add to control (tap water). According to completely Random Block Design (CRBD) with three replications. The results showed that seeds germination negatively affected by the different levels of salinity. The studied type showed variable ratios of germination and the control treatment germinated better than other studied levels (100%), while level 4 Mm /cm germinated less than others (46.6%). The embryos of studied tybe did not germinate in hight level of salinity 4 Mm/cm. The study showed as well the superiority of level A (1 Mm /cm) over other during the different levels of salinity. The level A (1 Mm /cm) gave better growth parameters like (Stem hight – Leaf area).

Keywords: Salinity, Apricot, CV Klaby, Germination seeds, Germination embryos, Growth of plant.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rana Kasem^{* (1)}, Mazen Nassour⁽²⁾ and Sawsan Haifa^{(3 )}

(1). Directorate of Technical Services, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(3). Department of soil and water science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author. Rana Samih Kasem . E-Mail: ranakasem1@gmail.com)

Received:9/05/2022            Accepted: 1/09/2022

Abstract: 

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of adding treated organic residues (olive mill wastewater- OMW, sewage sludge -SS and biochar- B) on growth, flowering, corm and essential oil production of (Freesia hybrida. cv. yellow freesia old fashion) and grown in calcareous soil, in Lattakia, during the seasons 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The experiment was laid out in a complete random blocks design (C.B.D) included 9 treatments with 3 replications: (T1: Control, T2: mineral and organic fertilization of: (30:20:20) g\m² NPK + 2 Kg\m²  of cow manure, T3: adding 7 l\ m² of olive mill wastewater, T4: adding sewage sludge 2.5 kg\m², T5: adding 2 kg\m²  of Biochar:, T6: adding (3.5 l\m² of olive mill wastewater + 1.25 kg\ m² of sewage sludge), T7: adding ( 2 kg\ m² of Biochar + 1.25 kg\ m² of sewage sludge), T8: adding ( 2 kg\ m² of Biochar+ 3.5 l\ m² of olive mill wastewater), T9:  adding (2 kg\ m² of biochar+ 3.5 l\ m² of olive mill wastewater+ 1.25 kg\ m² of sewage sludge). Results showed that most fertilization treatments (T2, T3, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9) were significantly superior to both control (T1) and Biochar (T5) treatments which recorded the lowest values of EO_S quantity (0.0274 and 0.0299 %) in order. Results also showed differences in the essential oil composition due to the type of organic addition. The highest ratio for linalool compound, which is the main compound in Freesia’s essential oil, was recorded in sewage sludge treatment (T4) (39.85%) and mineral and organic treatment (T2) (39.23 %) with no significant differences between these two and both were significantly superior to all other studied treatments. Significantly good results were recorded in (T9: Biochar+ Olive mill wastewater+ sewage sludge) for linalool and other essential oil components. Treatment T6 (Olive mill wastewater+ sewage sludge Fertilization) led to an increase of the proportion of phenolic compound (Phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) -4-ethyl). Whereas the proportion of carboxylic acid (n-Hexadecanoic acid) increased to (18.41%) in olive mill wastewater treatment (T3). Biochar addition (T5) achieved close results to control (T1) for both yield and quality of essential oil.

Keywords: Freesia, Organic fertilization, Olive mill wastewater, Sewage sludge, Biochar, Essential oil, Linalool.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ramia Shreba * ⁽¹⁾ Badr Al Ali ⁽¹⁾ Hussam Eddin Laika ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Marine Biology at High Institute of Marine Research, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Marine Chemistry at High Institute of Marine Research, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Ramia Ahmad Shreba. E-Mail: shrebaramia@yahoo.com)

Received:24/07/2022          Accepted: 2/09/2022

Abstract: 

This research aimed in evaluating of bacterial and heavy metals contamination in marine sediments at three sites on the beach of Lattakia city during summer 2021 and winter 2022 by determining the concentrations of (lead and cadmium) as well as indicators of microbial contamination (Total Bacterial count (TB) and Fecal Coliform (FC) and Fecal Streptococcus (FS)), and the source of contamination was determined based on the ratio of Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococci (FC/FS). The results showed high values ​​of microbial contamination indicators and heavy metal concentrations in the study sites during winter and summer, respectively, where TB values ​​ranged between (1.3–3.75) × 10⁵ CFU/100g and CFU/100g (1.55–6.3) × 10⁵ and FC between (2.5–3.75) ×10³ CFU/100g and FS between (2–2.9) x 10³ CFU/100g, while lead concentrations were between (37.15–41.69) mg/kg and cadmium concentrations were between (1.67–3.14) mg/kg. The results showed also temporal and spatial changes in the indicators of the study between the different sites depending on the change in human activities, as it was noted that most study sites are polluted and not recommended for human use, while the source of pollution in the summer and winter was of mixed origin FC/FS: 0.7-4 or from an animal source (>0.7).

Keywords: marine sediments, heavy metals, bacterial pollution, FC/FS, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Raafat Albahloul* ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾ , Riad Baladiah ⁽²⁾ and Rabei Zeineh⁽¹⁾

(1). Lattakia Scientific Agricultural Research Centre, General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria

(2).Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Raafat Albahloul. E-Mail Raafat albahloul1982@gmail.com).

Received: 2/04/2022           Accepted: 1/09/2022

Abstract: 

The study was conducted under the 1^st agro-ecological zone conditions at Kassab Research Station in Lattakia, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research for the three seasons 2018-2019-2020. It aims to study the effect of conservation agriculture and supplemental irrigation on calcium (Ca) content apple fruits and their Firmness (Sd). Random block design with three replicates was used. Two major treatments (N, T): traditional agriculture and conservation agriculture, and two secondary treatments (R, S): rainfed agriculture and supplemental irrigation were used, respectively.The results showed that the treatment (NS): conservation agriculture and supplemental irrigation) was more significant at level 5% than other treatments in terms of (Ca) and (Sd), and their highest values ​​were 0.081% and 10.8 (kg/cm²), respectively. This is due to the role of conservation agriculture in improving humic acids, reducing calcium leaching, maintaining soil moisture and raising water use efficiency, as well as the role of supplemental irrigation water in reducing water stress during critical stages, thus increasing uptake of nutrients and calcium as a result of the availability of an appropriate moisture content.

Keywords: conservation agriculture, supplement irrigation, apples, consistency.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rabe’a ALhayek ^*(1), Ihab Jnad ⁽¹⁾, Muhammad Manhal Al-Zuobi ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Rural Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Damascus University, Syria.

(2). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Rabe’a ALhayek, E. mail: rabearose1976@gmail.com.)

Received:8/05/2022                         Accepted: 4/09/2022

Abstract: 

The research was conducted at Salamiah Scientific Agricultural Research Center in the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons to study the effect of green manure with Sesbania on soil properties as a phytoremediator plant when using treated wastewater to irrigate barley crop (Furat 6 variety), and its effect on reducing the accumulation of heavy metals in it. The experiment included two types of treatments: first one was the type of water quality (fresh water F and treated wastewater T) and the second one was the fertilization treatment: green manure with Sesbania (G), and mineral manure (N_G) according to Randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results concluded that green manure significantly increased mineral nitrogen content in the soil by 22.5% compared with mineral fertilization, and contributed with treated wastewater use to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, the concentration of lead was 11.92 mg.kg^-1, chromium 14.46 mg.kg^-1 and cadmium 0.379 mg.kg^-1; Compared with 12.46 mg.kg^-1, 15.98 mg.kg^-1, 0.531 mg.kg^-1 when using treated water and mineral fertilization, all concentrations were much less than the maximum permissible limits in the soil. Therefore, it can cultivate Sesbania as phytoemediator plant when using treated wastewater in irrigation, and need to monitor it periodically to prevent soil contamination when used for long time.

Key Words: Green Manure, Treated Wastewater, Mineral Nitrogen, Heavy Metals, Sesbania.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Dawood Salim Fathullah Al Saqal^(1)*  and Waheeda Ali Ahmed Al- Badrani⁽²⁾

(1). Nineveh Directorate of Agriculture Laboratories and Applied Studies Ministry of Agriculture.

(2). Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources Department of College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dawood ALsaqal, Email: Dawood.agp51@student.uomosul.edu.iq).

Received:22/03/2022                       Accepted: 14/08/2022

Abstract: 

For the agricultural season (2021-2020), an experiment was conducted in two soils in Nineveh Governorate, the first in Al-Hawi soil and the second in Al-Rashidiyah soil, to find out the effect of adding levels of sulfur and phosphorous, and their interaction, on the growth and quantitative and qualitative production of the bean plant. Three levels of sulfur (0, 2, 4 tons ha^-1) and three levels of phosphorous (0, 80, 160 kg P. ha^-1) was given to the experiment. The results indicated that the increased additions of sulfur and phosphate fertilizers at all levels added, whether individually or in combination, led to positive effects in improving most growth characteristics and quantitative and qualitative yield by increasing plant height cm, number of branches. plant^-1, number of pods. plant^-1 and number of seeds. plant^-1 The seed yield (gm. plant^-1), fertilization efficiency%, and protein content (mg. plant^-1). The results showed that the interaction effects of both factors were higher to every element’s effect alone, as the plants receiving the greatest levels of both elements (sulfur 4 tons. ha^-1 and phosphorous 160 kg. ha^-1) improved in most of the parameters evaluated and in both soils. Al-Hawi soil showed a high response to the addition of sulfur and phosphorous at all levels, whether singly or overlapping in the studied traits compared to Al-Rashidiyah soil.

Keywords: Phosphate fertilizer, sulfur. The legume plant.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Bashar Tobo^*(1) , Hikmat Abass⁽¹⁾ , Wael Ali^{(1 )}, Ahmad Mahmoud⁽²⁾ and Wael Habib⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Ecology and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia , Syria.

(2). General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Bashar Tobo  Email: bashar.tobo33@gmail.com).

Received:11/04/2022                       Accepted: 29/07/2022

Abstract: 

The aim of the research is to assess the economic and social effects of the fir and rice reserve from the local community’ point of view of, and then evaluate the determinants of the population’s satisfaction with this reserve using discrimintal analysis, while satisfaction was measured using the five-point Likert scale. The research was based on preliminary data for a random sample of families living in the vicinity of the reserve in 2021. The size of this sample was 100 families. The focus was on interviewing the household hid to obtain the required information through the study questionnaire.The results showed that the overall evaluation of the reserve from the point of view of the sample members according to the Likert scale tends in favor of the acceptance categories (positive) with an average of 3.5 points, which indicates the positive role of the reserve at the level of the local community. While the negative evaluation was monitored for only three items, which relate to the role of the reserve in developing professions based on the local heritage of the region, its role in increasing the total income of the region, and its role in limiting the migration of young people. As for the level of discriminatory analysis, it was found that there are many factors that distinguish the category of high satisfaction from low satisfaction. The first category was characterized by an increase in the average level of education, age of the head of the household, household size, percentage of income from agriculture, income level and agricultural area, while the second category was distinguished An increase in the average unemployment rate in the household and the extent of utilization of medicinal plants. Using the method of stepwise analysis, these factors were reduced to only three factors, namely, the unemployment rate in the household, which negatively affects the assessment of satisfaction with the reserve, and the percentage of agricultural income and the size of the cattle herd, which positively affect hosusehold satisfaction. This directly reflects the extent of integration between the reserve and the sources of agricultural income, especially cattle breeding.

Keywords: Cedar and Fir Reserve, discrimintal analysis, satisfaction measure, Economic and social effects.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Bikram Bhattaa* ⁽¹⁾, Kabita Subedi ⁽²⁾ , Chandeshwar Prasad Shriwastava ⁽²⁾, Babu Ram Khanala ⁽²⁾, Santosh Marahattaa ⁽²⁾

(1). Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan 44209, Nepal.

(2). Department of Agriculture, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal.

(*Corresponding author: Bikram Bhattaa, E-mail: agriculturistbhatta@gmail.com).

Received: 17/10/2022         Accepted: 27/02/2023

Abstract: 

A field survey was conducted in former Shardanagar Village Development Committee (VDC), Nepal from November 2018 to June 2019 with the purpose to set the soil fertility map and to assess the land suitability for Cole crops cultivation using the integrating geographical information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) via analytical hierarchy process (AHP).  To achieve the study goals, grid soil sampling method was used where, 70 individual soil samples were collected by using bucket auger from nine wards of Shardanagar VDC and analyzed for the soil fertility mapping. Existing geo-database from national land use project (NLUP) was used for the suitability evaluation of Cole crops with the aid of GIS and MCE.  The (FAO) framework of land suitability (1976) was used for suitability classification. The terrain of the studied area have been characterized in terms of soil drainage, soil depth, organic matter, texture, pH, total nitrogen,  available phosphorous, and  available potassium. Fertility maps were generated by using the inverse distance weight (IDW) interpolation technique. The interpolated results of soil fertility mapping showed that 69.08% of studied land is medium in soil organic matter content and 60.77% are slightly acidic. The areas (87.24% and 84.24%) of research field were medium in nitrogen and potassium content respectively, whereas 59.80 % of areas are high in available phosphorous content. The suitability analysis of Cole crops results showed that 22% of lands are highly suitable and 5.44% of area is moderately suitable that means the more potentiality of Cole crops cultivation in the former Shardanagar VDC area. Therefore, the integration of GIS and MCE using AHP could provide a superior database and guide map for decision- makers to set alternative plans crop cultivation to obtain better agricultural production.

Key words: Geographical information System; Land suitability analysis; Multi-criteria evaluation; Soil Fertility mapping.

Full paper in English: pdf

Mohammad Ranjous^(1)*, Aziza Ajouri⁽¹⁾ and Areej AlKheder⁽²⁾

(1). Dept . of Soil Science and Land Reclamation. Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). General Community for Scientific Agriculture Research, Aleppo Research Center, Damascus, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Mohammad Ranjous E-Mail: mohamedran993@gmail.com).

Received: 23/06/2022         Accepted: 11/09/2022

Abstract: 

A field experiment was conducted out at Shabaa Research station, General Agricultural research community, Damascus to study fertilizer application methods and doses of Zn (soil application: 4 & 8 kg Zn/ha, and foliar application: 2 & 4 mg Zn/l) on some properties of the physical, chemical and fertility soil, as well as the cropping characteristics of the yellow corn variety Ghouta 82, such as the length of the ear, the number of rows in the ear, the number of grains in the row, the number of grains in the corn, the weight of a hundred grains and the grain yield. The results showed no significant differences in most soil characteristics at flowering stage, but significant differences were found at maturity stage. Zn concentration in plant tissue significantly increased when added Zn by all types and doses comparing with control. High doses of fertilizer treatments had superiority over control and had highest values for crop traits, yield components and grain yield. The foliar application was better than soil application in production traits, and the foliar application treatment by (4 mg Zn/l) had highest Zn concentration in plant tissue (59.76 ppm, plant high (177.0 cm), weight of 100 kernel (25.9 gr) and grain yield (556.3 kg/ha).

Keywords: Zn, Soil Fertilizer, Foliar Application, Soil Characteristics, Maize.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Majd Darwish ^(1)* Olla Kajo⁽¹⁾ and Ahmad Darwish⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Field Crops. Faculty of Agriculture. Tishreen University. Lattakia. Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Majd  Darwish. E-Mail: majds26@yahoo.com).

Received: 12/04/2022         Accepted: 28/07/2022

Abstract: 

The research was carried out in one of the lands of Ras Al-Ain village (Jableh, Lattakia) during the 2021, the aim of studying the growth and productivity of sweet corn (Dina hybrid) under the influence of foliar spraying with gradient concentrations of gibberellic acid (50, 100, 150, 200) ppm. The results showed a significant response to the treatments of gibberellic acid spraying compared with the control, where the spraying treatment with concentrations (100 and 150) ppm improved the growth and development of corn plants through the noticeable increase in the characteristics of each of the plant height (cm) and the total leaf area (cm²) and the leaf area index And the net rate of photosynthesis (g/cm²/day), which was positively reflected on the studied yield indicators (number of ears on the plant, number of rows in grouse, number of grains in a row, and percentage of netting %) compared to other studied treatments, as for concentration spray. 200 ppm, a significant increase was observed in the yield of green ears and the refining percentage %.

Keywords: Sweet corn, Gibberellin acid, Hybrid (Dyna).

Full paper in Arabic: pdf