Rawa’a Salama ^(1)*,  and Ghassan Yaqoub⁽¹⁾  

(1) Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author Rawa Salama :Email rawaahsalameh1@gmail.com)

Received:   15/04/2021                  Accepted: 30/10/2021 

Abstract: 

The study aimed to measure the level of empowerment of rural women and determine the impact of small enterprises on socio-economic empowerment indicators. This study was conducted in the village of Hayalin, located within the Masyaf region of Hama Governorate / Syria in 2020. The study relied on preliminary data collected based on a comparative sample of 68 rural women distributed equally among a random sample of women who own or manage small enterprises in addition to a random sample of other women who do not have these enterprises. The study based on the methodology of descriptive comparative analysis. the results showed that small enterprises have an important moral role in empowering rural women in the study area, especially with regard to economic empowerment, as these enterprises were able to raise the percentage of economic empowerment from 42.6% to 50.4%, i.e. an increase of its amount. 7.8%. This effect involved most of the sub-indicators of economic empowerment, as these enterprises led to an increase in women’s empowerment to access loans by 5.4%, an increase in the percentage of women’s participation in owning assets by 8.9%, an increase in the percentage of women’s contribution to household income by 12.4%, and an increase in the percentage of women’s contribution in planning family economic activities by 11.9%. However, the impact of small enterprises on the overall indicator of social empowerment was not significant, but was confined to five sub-indicators, as these enterprises led to an increase in the percentage of financial education for rural women by 6.2%, an increase in family independence by 3.2%, and an increase in the percentage of women’s participation in decisions related to production by 6.8%, in addition to an increase in the percentage of their contribution to income and spending decisions by 6.9%, and an increase in the percentage of their contribution to education decisions by 7.8%. In general, small enterprises led to an increase in the overall empowerment indicator of rural women in the study sample by 4.4%. It should be noted that most of these enterprises are new enterprises, meaning that their impact is still in their early stages, and their effects are supposed to increase in the medium term. Hence, it must be pointed out the importance of other policies that contribute to the rural women empowerment, that play an additional and important role besides small enterprises.

Key words: women empowerment, women development, rural women, small enterprises.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ghufran Ali Hassan^*(1) and Somaya Khalaf Badawi ⁽¹⁾

(1) Food Sciences Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

(*Corresponding author: Ghufran Hassan Email: drem15712@yahoo.com)

Received: 16/06/2021                     Accepted: 16/02/2022

Abstract: 

The current study aimed to evaluate the use of flax gum and arabic gum obtained from the local markets of the province of mosul and to study the physical properties and the possibility of using them in the food industries, including ice cream. The results of the sensory evaluation of the produced ice cream showed the possibility of using Plant gums in the manufacture of milk ice cream, as the flax gum showed a desirable flavor to the consumer as it was similar to the flavor of walnut, while arabic gum did not appear in it for its crumbly ice texture. The percentage of yield for gum flax is 81%, which is a very good percentage compared to arabic gum, as it was 45%, which is a very low percentage, and it was found that it is some what unsuitable for its use in milky ice cream. The deflation rate in flax gum was 3.7%, and in arabic gum it was 0.33 because there is a direct relationship between rent and deflation. The rate of beating after the 15th minute was 80% in flax gum, and it decreased significantly in arabic gum, reaching 45%. The percentage of Fusibility in flax gum after 30 minutes was 33.3%, while the percentage increased in arabic gum by 71%, where the Fusibility is affected by several factors, including the amount of air combined during mixing and ice crysta

Key words: Flax Gum, Arabic Gum, Yield , Phenomenon Of Deflation, Ability To Whisk, Fusibility Property

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohanad M.Al-Talib^(1)*, and Moafak M.Ahmad ⁽¹⁾

(1).Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohanad M. Altalib,  Email: dr.mohanadaltalib@gmail.com)  

Received:   30/03/2022                  Accepted: 26/07/2022 

Abstract:

The study aimed to conduct a survey for the presence of fungi and mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and Deoxynivalenol in fifteen cultivars of the most commonly used,  Common wheat  (Triticum aestivum) and Durum wheat  (Triticum durum) cultivars in the city of Mosul (Iraq), and a study as well as the physical and chemical properties For these cultivars, the results of the study of physical and chemical tests for wheat cultivars showed differences in moisture content, protein and gluten ratios, water absorption and degree of hardness. The results of testing the total     of fungi and the percentages of fungi presence showed that the two cultivars Tal Afar 2 and Ibrahimia contained the highest total     of fungi and that the genera Aspergillus flavus and A ochraceus and Fusarium graminearum are the most common genera of fungi. The results also showed the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochra A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in the wheat cultivars, and that the two cultivars of Tal Afar 2 and Ibrahimia had the highest concentrations, where the concentration of afla B1 toxins was 66.57 and 69.34 ng/gm, and ochra A 12.81 and 13.81 ng/gm. For both cultivars, DON toxin was present in Al-Faris and Ibrahimia cultivars with the highest concentrations, as it contained 678.33 and 806.5 ng/gm, while the Abaa99 cultivar contained the lowest concentration of Afla B1 and DON, which contained 23.02 and 221.88 ng/gm, and Duma cultivar contained the lowest concentration. of ochra toxin A, which was 5.81 ng/g.

Keywords: wheat, fungi, mycotoxins, Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, Deoxynivalenol.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ghufran Ali Hassan^*(1) and Somaya Khalaf Badawi ⁽¹⁾

(1) Food Sciences Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

(*Corresponding author: Ghufran Hassan Email: drem15712@yahoo.com)

Received: 9/06/2021                     Accepted: 4/02/2022

Abstract: 

This study aimed to extract brown flaxseed gum obtained from the local markets of Mosul Governorate and study the physical, chemical and functional properties and the possibility of using them in the food industries, including ice cream . The results of the chemical analysis showed that (moisture, protein, fat, ash, total carbohydrates contents of flaxseed gum under study were 76.1, 8.0, 0.30, 10, and 5.6%respectively.The results of the mono saccharides content of flaxseed gum using HPLC technology showed on D-Galactose – D-Glucose – D-Xylose – D-Galacturonic acid – L-Rhaminose – L-Arabinose were 9.20,  8.12, 15.90, 12.45, 20.10 and % 13.82respectively.While the results of infrared (IR) spectroscopy of flaxseed gum showed the presence of amine groups (NH), hydroxyl groups (OH), carbonyl groups (C=O), aldehyde groups (CHO) and alkyl groups (CH3). While the study results of the showed functional and physical properties of flaxseed gum, where the pH was adjusted to 7), and the Arithmetic average of the viscosity of flaxseed gum was 1.087cpc, while the average of water holding capacity for flaxseed gum was 16.1.  Regarding to the physical properties, the highest value of hydrogels coefficient (bloating) for defatted flaxseed gum was 2.18, while the arithmetic mean was 2.09, while the minimum was 2.03.The results showed that, the value of the refractive index of defatted flaxseed gum as it reached the highest value 1.32, and the arithmetic mean of flaxseed gum was 1.25, while the minimum values were 1.23.                        

Key words: Flaxseed gum, viscosity, water holding capacity, refractive index, hydrogels coefficient.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Alaa Al-Khyrat⁽¹⁾, Abd-ulhakim Azizieh ⁽¹⁾, and Nessren Naksho⁽³⁾   

(1) Food Science Department, Agriculture Faculty, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria

(2) General Authority for Biotechnology, Ministry of Higher Education, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Alaa al-khyrat Email: ala2para@gmail.com)

Received: 4/07/2021                       Accepted: 11/11/2021

Abstract: 

This research aimed to study the most important chemical and microbial properties of some of the basic raw materials used in the manufacture of sausages (Beef meat, sheep fat, soybean paste In the ratio (dry matter: water) (1: 3) and spices), by defining the chemical composition of these raw materials (moisture, ash, fat, protein and carbohydrates) and their microbial content (General bacterial count, coliform, yeasts and Fungi). This research was carried out in the laboratories of the Public Authority for Biotechnology and the Department of Food Sciences at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering – University of Damascus in September of 2019. The results showed a high moisture content (53.7%) and fat percentage (16.6%) for beef meat compared with the Syrian standard (1300/1993), As for soy powder, its chemical composition did not match with MSG (586 / 1988) in terms of high moisture content (18%), high carbohydrate content (29.87%), while it matched in terms of protein content (33.40%), and low percentage Fat (15.6%), ash (2.8%) ,and did not agree  with the Syrian standard  of high coliform bacterial content (3.46 (log cfu / g)). Sheep fat properties corresponds to previous studies in terms of its moisture content and low protein (5.6%), (3.15%). Respectively, as well as its ash content (1%), while the proportion of fat (87%) and carbohydrates increased (17.78%). As for its microbial content, it was high compared to previous studies, where the general population of bacteria was (3.7 log cfu / g). , And its content of yeasts and fungi (3.11 log cfu / g) and coliform (3 log cfu / g), as well as the microbial content of spices in terms of the general population of bacteria (4.08 log cfu / g) and its content of yeasts and fungi (3.25 (log cfu / g)) And they are free from coliform bacteria, with the Syrian Standard No. 2179/2007.

Keywords: chemical composition, microbial content, sausages, beef meat, sheep fat, soybean paste.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Batool Ozone^(1)* , and Fatah Abdul-Alhli ⁽²⁾

(1) Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(2) Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Al Furat University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. B atool Ozone Email: Madrid198182@yahoo.com)

Received: 11/04/2021                     Accepted: 14/10/2021

Abstract: 

This study was conducted during February and March of 2021 in the labs of department of food sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, in order to study the effect of adding different percentages of potato starch on the physiochemical properties of boiled luncheon made from chicken thigh meat. The result,showed,the adding potato starch to luncheon , increased in the moisture and carbohydrates and decreased the  protein, fat and ash., in another hand, the hightest starch added was resulted a high percentage of moisture and carbohydrates significantly at a significant level (P <0.05) in the final product, and the proportion of the remaining components decreased significantly. The addition of starch in different proportions increased the product’s ability to bind water, reduced the volume water separated, and improved the consistency of the final product compared to the control. Adding starch led to a decrease in the loss during the boiling process, as the more starch added, the lower the loss in the boiling water. It was also observed that the addition of starch increased consumers’ acceptance of the final product, and the best organoleptic properties were at 1%.

Keywords: broiler thigh meat, potato starch, boiled Luncheon, chemical properties, physical properties.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Nsreen Dib^*(1), Alisar Shaabow⁽¹⁾, Raid Zidan⁽²⁾, Ammar Askarieh⁽¹⁾ , Amal Haj Hassan⁽¹⁾, and Lina Adraa⁽¹⁾

(1) Agriculture Research Center in Lattakia, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, (GCSAR), Lattakia, Syria.
(2) Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia- Syria
(*Corresponding author: Dr. Nsreen Dib. E-Mail: nsreendibsh@gmail.com)

Received: 11/08/2022              Accepted: 20/06/2022

Abstract:

The study was conducted at Alsonawbar station of the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Lattakia/ Syria on Maize (Zea mays L.) during 2021summer season, to estimate the efficacy of some insecticides and bio-pesticides in controlling corn stem bores sesamia sp and Chilo sp and its reflection on production. The experiment was laid out in eight treatments: (control, spraying with Oxamyl،Chlorpyrifos، Chromafenozide، Emamectin Benzoate, and bio-pesticides: Bacillus subtilis and two isolated of Beauveria Bassiana (b8, b10)). Results showed that all tested pesticides reduced the Infestation percentage even after two weeks of spraying. The highest effective pesticide was Chromafenozide 88% after two days of spraying. The tested pesticides varied in their effect on the production parameters. B. Bassiana b(8) treatment outperformed the rest of the treatments with an average production of 3.760 kg/plant, the number of the cobs also affected, where the highest number of cobs was recorded in Chlorpyrifos and B. Bassiana b(8) 19.33 and 18.00 cob/plant respectively. As for the length of the cob; B. Bassiana b(10) treatment outperformed the rest of the treatments and recorded 19.23 cm/cob.
Key words: Sesamia sp, Chilo sp, Maize, Efficacy, Insecticide, Bio pesticide, Production.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Khalid Al Hakimi^*(1), Mohammed Al Yafrosy⁽¹⁾, and Ashraf Al Romaisah⁽¹⁾

(1) Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Yemen.
(*Corresponding author: Khalid Al Hakimi, E-Mail: k_alhakimi@yahoo.com)

Received:28/02/2022        Accepted:26/06/2022

Abstract:

This study aimed to identify the effect of different concentrations of indole butyric acid IBA and Humic acid HA at rates (0, 200, 400, 600) and (0, 15, 30, 45) ppm, respectively, on the of sugar cane Saccharum officinarum L. In terms of rooting percentage, number of roots, length of roots, fresh and dry weight of roots, number of leaves/plant, number of stems/plant, plant height, fresh and dry weight of the vegetative growth. The experiment was carried out using randomized complete blocks (R.C.B.D) in three replications. The results of the experiment showed that soaking the cuttings in indole butyric acid IBA led to a significant increase in the rooting rate at a concentration of 200 ppm. The results also showed that the other of the studied traits were significantly affected, reaching the highest value with significant differences for the number of leaves, number of tillers, plant height, fresh and dry weight of the shoot system at concentration 400 ppm compared to the control, while the difference between the different concentrations of IBA did not reach the significant level. The results also showed that soaking the cuttings with humic acid led to a significant increase in all measures of root and vegetative growth studied, where the treatment of 30 ppm recorded the highest values with a significant superiority compared to the control.
Key words: Indole butyric acid IBA, humic acid HA, measures of root growth, measures of vegetative growth and sugar cane Saccharum officinarum L.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Aref Mohammed Ahmed Ali Al-hasani ^*(1)

(1) Department of Biology, College of Education Radfan, University of Aden, Khormaksar, Yemen.
(*Corresponding author: Dr. Aref Al-hasani. E-Mail: aref19402@gmail.com)

Received:9/10/2021             Accepted:23/1/2022

Abstract:

The study was conducted in the Department of Biology laboratory,Faculty of Education-Radfan – University of Aden, 2021 in order to test the aqueous extract (stalks) of the tobacco plant N. tabacuma at concentrations of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 1.0% with four replicates for each as a larvicide; For Cu. Pipiens L. The death rates calculated as %, after (2, 4, 8 and 24) hours, the results indicated that the used plant extract had good properties as a larvicide, and the results indicated significant differences at the 5% in the average killing rates for the first and fourth tested larvae, about 67.69% and 36.50%, respectively, the concentration of 1.0% achieved the highest values of 97.82% compared to 29.85% for the concentration of 0.1%. The results also showed that the average death rates % increase with increasing exposure time, reaching 69.50% over 24 hours and 36.63% over two hours. No death rates were recorded in the treatment of the witness control.
Keywords: Nicotiana tabacum L., powder, Culex pipiens L., aqueous extract

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Bahaa Alrahban^*(1), Magda Mofleh⁽¹⁾, Rafeek Abboud⁽²⁾, Nader Asaad⁽³⁾, Hanan Habak⁽²⁾, Raeed Sbaih⁽²⁾, and Mohamad Ahmad⁽⁴⁾

(1) Plant Protection Research Admin., General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria
(2) Agriculture Research Center in Lattakia, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, (GCSAR), Lattakia, Syria.
(3)Agriculture Research Center in Al-Gab, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, (GCSAR), Lattakia, Syria.
(4) Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Bahaa Alrahban, E-Mail bahaarahban@gmail.com).

Received: 11/07/2021           Accepted: 09/09/2021

Abstract:

The research was carried out at the Jeb Ramleh Station (Al-Ghab Research Center) in Hama province in a 1000 m2 square for the 2019 and 2020 seasons to evaluate the efficacy of the predator Serangium parcesetosum Sicard (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) for controlling the cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on eggplant in cages and in the open field. The S. parcesetosum was released in three times (29/7, 20/8 and 4/9/2019) for the 2019 season and on (16/7, 23/7, 29/7) for the 2020 season at a rate of 2 adults / plants in cages and 100 adult predators/ 1000 m2 per time. The data were recorded weekly, after the first release of the predator’s release, when the immature stages of the cotton whitefly (eggs, nymphs) were recorded on an area of 1 cm2 from the under the surface of the leaves, which were randomly selected from the top, middle and bottom of the plant. The mortality, parasitism, and emergence ratios of whitefly adults were also calculated within an area of 5 cm2 from the underside of leaves. The intensity of adult and immature stages of whitefly was significantly decreased after the sixth week of release in the two treatments of the predator S. parcesetosum compared with control without release either in the open field or in cages. The average death rate of nymphs of whitefly was more than eight times greater in treatments of the predator compared to the control. The results showed the ability of the predator to control the cotton whitefly population on the eggplant in Hama, Al-Ghab area.
Keywords: eggplant, Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, biological control, Serangium parcesetosum.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf