Mohammad Al-Shehabi^(1)*, Bassam Al-Oklah⁽²⁾, Hala Khaled⁽³⁾ and Nour Haj Masoud ⁽²⁾

(1). Food Technology Department, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(2). Department of Food and Industrial Technologies, General Authority for Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria.

(3). Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Hama, Hama, Syria.

(*Correspondent: Muhammad Al-Shehabi, Email: mohamadalshehabi@yahoo.com)

Received:   4/8/2024                       Accepted:  23/4/2025

Abstract

This research was conducted with the aim of estimating the nutritional value of fish burgers prepared from five types of marine fish (small Bogue, large Bogue (Boops boops), small Mullet, large Mullet (liza aurata) and Balmida (Engraulis sp). chemical composition was determined for the five burger samples and it concluded : percentage of moisture, percentage of ash, percentage of protein, percentage of fat, percentage of carbohydrates, percentage of fiber , metal nutrients and calories. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the burger made from large Bogue fish had the lowest percentage of moisture, 42.65%, and the highest percentage of ash, carbohydrates, and fiber, 7.43, 12.52, and 1.2%, respectively, while the burger prepared from large mullet fish recorded the highest percentage of fat, 19.5%, and the lowest percentage of protein. 17.2%. The results also showed that a large mullet burger recorded the highest level of moisture, 49.51%, and the lowest level of ash, carbohydrates, and fiber, 3.73 and 7.75, 0.11% respectively. The Belmeda fish burger was also superior in its protein content, 22.2%, while it was the lowest in terms of fat content, 14.3%. In terms of calories, the burger made from small mullet fish was the highest, at 28.3 kcal/100g, while the balmada fish burger was the lowest, at 25.5 kcal/100g. The results of the study indicate that the large Bogue fish burger was distinguished in its content of sodium, calcium and phosphorus, in addition to the balmeda fish burger, which recorded the highest concentration of potassium and iron.

Keywords: Burger, Fish, Nutrition Value, Chemical Composition, Metal Nutrients. 
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Najwa Bassam Ahmed*⁽¹⁾, Nour Mohamed Rashad Alqabbani⁽¹⁾, Luna Mohsen Ahmad⁽²⁾, and Safaa Fahed Najla⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Damascus, Syria.

(2). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(*Correspondent: Dr. Najwa Ahmed najwa.ahmed@damascusuniversity.edu , phone: 0966695318)

Received: 12/6/2024          Accepted: 28/7/2024

Abstract: 

The research was carried out at Abi Jerash Farm – Faculty of Agricultural, Damascus University, during the 2023-2024 season, to study the effect of foliar spraying with wood vinegar (10 ml/l), seaweed (10 g/l), and gibberellin (50 mg/l) on the growth of faba bean, some components of productivity and seed content of proteins and NPK. The experiment was designed according to completely randomized blocks, with 3 replicates per treatment. The results showed that foliar spraying with wood vinegar, seaweed and gibberellin at the aforementioned concentrations led to a significant increase in the studied vegetative growth indicators, which was reflected positively on the productivity indicators. These treatments significantly exceeded the productivity index of green pods (317.51, 331.79, and 296.46 kg/1000m², respectively) compared with the control treatment (212.79 kg/1000m²). The efficiency of the fertilizer was 32.98, 35.87, and 28.22%, respectively. Foliar spray treatments with wood vinegar, seaweed and gibberellin also contributed to a significant increase in the protein content of bean seeds (24.24, 24.37, and 23.89%, respectively), nitrogen (23.08, 23.61 and 22.63%, respectively), and phosphorus (1.54, 1.53 and 1.67%, respectively) compared to the control (22.38, 21.03 and 1.17, respectively). In conclusion, the positive effect of foliar spraying with both wood vinegar and seaweed as natural materials is clear in improving the growth and productivity of faba beans compared to the gibberellin, with the aim of preserving the environment and humans.

Keywords: wood vinegar, seaweed, beans, productivity, proteins.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Qamar sufan^(1)* and Ahmed Soufi⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

 (*Corresponding author: Dr. Qamar Sufan, email: 123qamar456@gmail.com, phone:00963994870211).

Received:   6/4/2024           Accepted:  29/7/2024

Abstract: 

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar spraying with salicylic acid on growth of flax plants under salt stress conditions in Burj Islam village, Latakia, Syria in 2023-2024. A factorial trial based on a randomized complete design (R.C.D.) with three replications was used.  The treatments consisted of three salinity levels (4, 6 and 8) ml/cm² and three salicylic acid concentrations (25, 50 and 75) mg/liter. Traits such as: morplological (plant height and number of branches), Biochemical (leaf content of chlorophyll, proline) and productivity (number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsules and weight of thousand seed) were measured. The results of the study showed that salinity levels and salicylate concentrations significantly affected (P<0.05) the studied indicators, and as salinity increased, the properties of all studied indicators decreased except for proline content which reached value (1.58) µM/g. Comparisons of averages indicated an improvement in the vegetative growth Characteristics (plant height 78 cm and number of branches 5.08 branch), biochemical indicators (leaf content of chlorophyll 225 µg/g), and studied plant productivity (number of capsules per plant 169 capsules, number of seeds per capsules 8 seeds and weight of thousand seed 5.96 seeds) when treated with salicylic acid, especially at a concentration of 25 mg/liter. The interaction between salinity and salicylic acid led to significant effects on the studied indicators. Low concentrations lead to a relative improvement in the studied morphological, biochemical and production characteristics, and the A₁S₁ treatment outperformed all treatments and the control.

Keywords: salicylic acid, salt stress, Flax, proline.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Feras AlKhzaim ⁽¹⁾, Aziza Ajouri⁽²⁾, and Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban^*(3)

⁽¹⁾ PhD Student, Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

 ⁽²⁾ Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

⁽³⁾ Department of Field Crop, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

(*Corresponding author: Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban. E-Mail: Shaabany57@gmail.com).

Received: 10/5/2024                       Accepted: 13/7/2024

Abstract

A field experiment was carried out in the village of Al-Maflisa in the eastern countryside of Aleppo, by planting durum wheat variety Douma 1. During the season 2019/2020 & 2020/2021, with the aim of studying the effect of concentrations of nano-zinc fertilizer, such as adding soil and foliar spray, on the soil content as well as the grain and straw content of zinc, and its reflection on some of productive characteristics of wheat. The experiment designed using completely randomized block design RCBD with three replicates. The treatments were soil application by (100, 150, 200, 250 ppm) and foliar application (50, 100, 150, 200 ppm), and control (without fertilizer). The results showed that the addition of nano-zinc achieved a significant increase in the concentration of Zn in grain and straw and an increase in yield component such as the number of grain per spike, TKW, and grain yield of wheat plant compared to the control. The effect of the addition method on the studied traits also varied from one season to other. The foliar spraying at a concentration of 150 ppm was superior for most of the studied characteristics, the grain yield reached 5437 kg/ha, and the average length of spikes exceeded 15 cm. the highest soil zinc content was observed in the same treatment for both seasons, reaching (1.13 mg Zn / kg soil) in the first season and (1.14 mg Zn / kg soil) in the second season.

Keywords: Soil Application, Foliar application, Zn, Wheat.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Waddah Muhammad Hamed⁽¹⁾, Nidal Soufan⁽²⁾ and Gheith Muhammad Nassour*⁽³⁾

(1). Ph.D. Student – Department of Orchards – Faculty of Agricultural Engineering – Homs University.

(2). Assistant Professor – Department of Orchards – Faculty of Agricultural Engineering –Homs University.

(3). Researcher – Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Latakia.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Gheith Muhammad Nassour, E-Mail: gheith.nassour@gmail.com mob.: 0932862661)

Received:   26/9/2024                     Accepted:  23/4/2025

Abstract: 

This research was conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering in Homs University and in Yahmour, Tartous Governorate during the (2023-2024) season. The study aimed to study the effect of foliar spraying of strawberry mother plants (festival variety) with different concentrations of Cycocel (0, 250, 500, 750 mg/L) and the effect of bud order on the runners to produce high-quality strawberry seedlings. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized block design in a factorial experiment that included two factors: Cycocel concentration and bud order. Each treatment had three replicates with 40 plants per replicate. Cycocel was sprayed three times starting from the second week of June, with a 15-day interval between each spray. Buds of the first and second nodes on the runners were selected at the beginning of July, and the seedlings were collected in mid-September. The results showed that the treating the mother plants with Cycocel improved the studied roots indicators of the resulted seedlings. The concentration of 500 mg/L resulted better root length (1.833 cm), wet weight (1.16 g), and dry weight (0.844 g). The seedlings resulted from the first node showed clear superiority in the number of roots (12.17 roots), root length (1.483 cm), and dry weight (0.623 g) compared to those resulted from the second node. Additionally, the results showed a decrease in the length of the seedling leaves (1.183, 1.000 cm), wet weight (0.411, 0.557 g), and dry weight (0.273, 0.270 g) with the increase of Cycocel concentration to 500 and 750 mg/L, respectively. Regarding the interaction effect, it was found that the seedlings resulted from the first node buds which their mothers sprayed with a concentration of 500 mg/L of Cycocel (treatment C2 N1) gave the best roots number (19.33 roots), roots length (1.967 cm), roots thickness (0.233 cm), and roots dry weight (0.890 g).

Keywords: strawberry, chlormequat chloride, cycocel, buds, strawberry seedlings, festival.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Alaa Mohamad Soubh * ⁽¹⁾, Ahmad Ahmad ⁽²⁾, and Mosab Abbod Ghanem⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technical Engineering, University of Tartous, Syria.

(3). Department of Machines and Equipments, Faculty of Technical Engineering, University of Tartous, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Alaa Mohamad Soubh. E-Mail: Alaasoubh@tartous-univ.edu.sy).

Received:21/4/2024                        Accepted: 11/7/2024

Abstract

Leachate landfills are defined as the aqueous effluent generated by rainwater percolation through wastes, biochemical processes in waste cells, and the inherent water content of wastes themselves. Leachates may contain large amounts of organic matter (biodegradable, but also refractory to biodegradation), They contain non-biodegradable organic matter and nitrogenous compounds. There are different methods for the treatment of composting leachate. Parameters dictating which method to choose include the leachate’s quantity and quality, required treatment amount, and economic issues. Therefore, posttreatment of composting leachate using ozonation was considered the main objective of this study. In the ozonation process, the amount of ozone for treating the leachate in optimum condition was determined to be 0.65 gr/h. In this process, a maximum color removal of 85% was attained after 60 minutes of ozonation at pH 9.

Keywords: Leachates, landfill, Ozone, Color removal.
 Full paper in English: PDF

Rana youness Hamdan*⁽¹⁾, Anton Sammaan Youssef⁽²⁾ and Ahmad Sammour Al-Ibrahim⁽³⁾

(1). Phd student, Department of Food engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Baath University

(2). Professor, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Baath University.

(3). Assistant Professor, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Baath University.

(Corresponding Author: Rana Hamdan, email: ranahamdan999@gmail.com, mob.: 0934591083)

Received:   17/2/2025         Accepted:  23/4/2025

Abstract

The effect of using ultraviolet rays to sterilize Lemon fruits, are studied in this research, and packaging them in aseptic conditions and storing them refrigerated, on the percentage of microbiological spoilage of the fruits and on the change in their chemical composition. For sterilization, ultraviolet rays were used in different times (1,5,10,15 min). For aseptic packaging, a locally manufactured device was used to carry out this work, and polyethylene bags were used to pack the fruits simultaneously with sterilization it. The results showed that using ultraviolet rays (power 30 W, wavelength 254 nm, for 10 min) gave positive results in terms of the possibility of using it according to this method for 6-month storage of Lemon. The fruits maintained good physical and chemical properties, with relatively minor changes in total sugars and acids, vitamin C, water content, and ethyl alcohol after 6 months of refrigerated storage. The fruits maintained their texture, as the texture value of the treated fruits reached 2.30 kg/cm², the color change (Chroma) was 46.79, the physiological spoilage rate was 1.5%, and the microbiological spoilage (fungi and yeasts) was 2%.

Key words: Lemon, Aseptic Ambience, Polyethelyne, Ultraviolet Radiation.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Hussam Baroudi*⁽¹⁾,  Atia Arab⁽¹⁾, Wael Mtwaj⁽¹⁾, Eiad Danoura⁽¹⁾, Safaa Sabouh⁽¹⁾, and Manal Saleh⁽¹⁾

(1). Researcher, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Latakia, Syria.

 (*Corresponding author: dr. Hussam Baroudi. Email: hussambaroudi@gmail.com).

Received:   11/5/2024         Accepted:  29/7/2024

Abstract: 

The research was carried out during the years 2022 and 2023 on 60 cultivated genotypes of three species of mulberry used in silkworm feeding (M. bombycis, M. indica, M. alba), in Latakia Governorate (Bouqa, Al-Hanadi, WadiQandil site) with the aim of characterizing these types. By relying on the morphological and chemical characteristics of the leaves, establishing their own taxonomic keys, and studying the genetic variations among them. Data on the leaves were collected in tables and used to calculate the degree of variation between the types, and a genetic dendrogram was created between them. The results showed clear differences between all the studied genotypes, whether belonging to the same geographical location or to the three locations. The results of the cluster analysis, based on the morphological and chemical specifications studied, showed that the studied types were distributed into two independent groups. The first group included the white and Japanese types of mulberries with a variance rate of 70%. It was observed that the white mulberry types were clustered within one group with a variance rate of 12%. The second group included the mulberry types of the Japanese species from Wadi Qandil with a variance of 20%, while under the third group it included the Japanese species from the Buqa site with a variance of 18%. As for all Indian type types, they were distributed in one group with a variation rate of 30%. The results obtained also demonstrate the importance of the morphological and chemical characteristics of the leaves in studying the genetic diversity among mulberry types designated for silkworm breeding and in creating a special database for them, to benefit from later in the processes of genetic improvement of mulberries.                                                                                                       

Keywords: Morus indica L., Morus bombycis L., Morus L., Genetic diversity, characterization.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Tawfiq Ali Nasser Al-Omari*⁽¹⁾, Abdulwahid Abdullah Saif⁽²⁾ and Ahmed Abdulhabib Malik⁽³⁾

(1). Regional Research Station for the Central Highlands, Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA), Dhamar, Republic of Yemen.

(*Corresponding author: Tawfiq Ali Nasser Al-Omari, email: alomretawfiq@gmail.com, Tel.: 00967773820632)

Received: 19/8/2025           Accepted:  9/12/2025

Abstract

To address agricultural production challenges and the need for adapted varieties, a long-term study was conducted at the Central Highlands Research Station in Dhamar, Yemen, to evaluate induced mutations in the naked barley variety “Buhuth 2002” over four generations (M2-M5) during the 2022-2025 cropping seasons. Radiation doses of 150 and 200 Gy of gamma rays (a cobalt-60 source) were used to induce genetic variations, with the aim of selecting mutants that combine early maturity and high yield. The results showed clear and consistent variability across generations. In the M5 generation, the mutants reached maturity 15 days earlier than the control, with the average number of days to maturity decreasing from 115 days (control) to 100 days (mutants), with highly significant differences. A significant increase in the number of lateral branches was also observed, with the average number increasing from 11.40 (control) to 15.60 (200 Gy dose), with a significant difference at (P < 0.05), a trait associated with increased grain yield. Despite the inhibitory effect of radiation on plant height, the overall results confirm the success of mutation breeding in generating beneficial genetic variations and provide a solid foundation for developing new and improved early-maturing barley varieties, contributing to enhanced food security and adaptation to climate change.

Keywords: Barley, Gamma rays, Mutation breeding, Early maturity, Yield components, Genetic variability.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mona Fathy El Saied El Boghdady^(1)*

(1). Agricultural Economics Research Center – Dokki – Arab Republic of Egypt.

(*Corresponding author: Dr.Mona Fathy El Saied El Boghdady dr.mona.elboghdady@gmail.com , Tel: 00201061686800).

Received  10/09 /2024                 Accepted  23/ 11/2024

Abstract: 

    Agricultural exports play a significant role in achieving national economic goals and are a major source of foreign exchange for the country. Therefore, there is growing interest in creating a better export climate that enables these exports to expand their reach into foreign markets, which can be achieved by increasing its competitiveness,which requires studying its competitive indicators to determine how to increase its share in foreign markets. The study shows that Egyptian tomato exports fluctuated between highs and lows during the study period, with the minimum exported quantity reaching approximately 1,745 tons in 2000, and the maximum was approximately 748,013 tons in 2013, reaching approximately 51,872 tons by the end of the period in 2022. The study also showed that the comparative advantage index for the tomato crop during the period (2010-2022) exceeded the correct average in all study years except for 2010 and 2011, which may be attributed to the challenges facing the Egyptian economy during that period. However, overall, the data confirm the existence of a comparative advantage for tomato exports to foreign markets. The average apparent comparative advantage index for tomato crops during the study period was approximately 1.6, indicating that this export crop is an important one that competes strongly in global markets, provided that export markets for this crop are maintained by meeting the required global market specifications and opening new markets to accommodate our exports in accordance with export standards.

Keywords: Tomato Crop, Clear relative advantage Agricultural Exports, Eygpt.
 Full paper in English: PDF