Hussam Hdaiwah^*(1) , Mazen Nassour⁽¹⁾  , and Issa Kbybo⁽²⁾

(1) Horticulture Department, Agriculture College, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2) Department of Soil Sciences, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Hussam Hdaiwah E-Mail: Hussam hdaiwah76@gmail.com).

Received: 22/9/2021                                    Accepted: 11/12/2021

Abstract

The study was carried out in Lattakia، in cooperation with the Department of Horticulture، and Department of soil and water sciences، Faculty of Agriculture، Tishreen University، during two seasons (2018-2019) and (2019-2020)، The aim of this research was to determine the role of organic fertilization and phosphpgypsum on vegetative growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum grandiflorum،cv.Euro Also investigates the ability of this organic fertilization and phosphogypsum to provide nutrients for the plant in order to reduce the mineral fertilization. phosphogypsum was used for 2kg/m² applied before planting for one month. The results showed that the use of phosphogypsum and organic fertilization (2kg/m²) had a positive impact on the development of vegetative parameters (plant height and average number of leaves per plant، plant length، leaves the area and proportion of dry matter، chlorophyll content، leaves content from some of the macro elements)، and some root parameters (size of roots، dry matter ratio)،so led to a positive impact significantly on flowering parameters (number of flowering stems ،flowers diameter، floral stem length، number of flowers on the plant). So organic fertilization and phosphogypsum( T4) produced higher results(12.78 flowering stems ، 7.68 cm، 61.91cm، 64.53 flowers on the plant).

Keywords: chrysanthemum، phosphogypsum ،organic fertilize

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Gilan Hosin^*(1), Sherif Abu Dan ⁽¹⁾, and Hammoud Sakir ⁽²⁾

(1) Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(2) College of Agriculture, Al Furat University, Syria

(*Corresponding author:. Gilan Hosin E-Mail: jilanhusent@gmail.com).

Received:4/09/2021                            Accepted: 11/12/2021

Abstract

The aim of the research is to study the effect of the quantity and type of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate washout in irrigated soils. Soil samples were taken from the surface layer 0-30 cm from Tal Brak and Dalawia soil. Three cylinders were prepared for each treatment (L1, L2, L3), and these cylinders were filled with soil similar to field soil according to depths (0-15 cm) in column L1 and (15-30 cm) in column L2 and (30-60 cm) in Column L3. The results showed that adding organic fertilizer at the beginning immediately before adding the mineral fertilizer led to a reduction in the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil. And the effect of soil texture on the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil, as the amount of metallic nitrogen percolated from the soil of Dalawia with a sandy clay-loam texture was greater than the amount leached from the soils of Tell Brak that had a clay texture. The type of nitrogen fertilizer used also affected the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil, as the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil in the case of using urea fertilizer was less than the leaching amount in the case of using ammonium nitrate fertilizer. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer added affected the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil, as the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil increased with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer added.

Key words: organic matter, total nitrogen, urea, ammonium nitrate.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ahmed Al-Ali Al-Khalaf ^(1)*, Muhammad Manhal Al-Zoubi ⁽²⁾,  and Thamer Al-Henish ⁽³⁾

 (1) Raqqa Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research,Syria.
(2) Natural Resources Research Department, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria.

(3) Crops Research Department, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Ahmed Al-Ali Al-Khalaf. E-Mail: dr.ahmadelkhalf@gmail.com).

Received:14/10/2021                                       Accepted: 30/11/2021

Abstrac

A field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Raqqa during the season 2020/2021, to study the effect of organic, and chemical fertilization and the interaction on some morphological and productive traits of certified varieties of durum (Triticum durum Desf) and bread (Trticum aestivum L.) wheat.  A split-plot design was used with three replications, where the first factor represented 4 fertilization treatments (organic, chemical, 50% organic + 50% chemical, 75% organic + 25% chemical), and the second factor 4 wheat varieties durum and bread (Sham 9, Buhouth 11, Sham 10, Buhouth 8).  Results showed that studied treatments gave early heading, except for the organic fertilization, which was delayed with the heading, and the Sham 10 variety was first with heading with chemical fertilization with an average of 107.7 days.  All treatments were superior in plant height except for the treatment of organic fertilization.  The variety Sham9 achieved superiority in plant height of 85 cm. The variety Sham 10 with fertilization treatment (75% organic + 25% chemical) recorded the highest spike length and 1000 grain weight with an average of 7.1 cm and 47.9 grams, respectively.  The chemical fertilization treatment achieved the highest grain yield with an average of 5.065 tons/ha, without significant differences from the fertilization treatment (50% organic and 50% chemical) with an average of 4.699 tons/ha.  The variety Bohouth 8, and chemical fertilization, achieved the highest grain yield ( 6.320 ton/ha).  The study concluded that the two wheat varieties  Buhouth 8 and Sham 10 were preferred in the study area and fertilized using half the rate of organic and chemical fertilization.

Keywords: Organic Fertilization, Chemical Fertilization, Grain Yield, Wheat.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hussain Abdul Wahid  ⁽¹⁾ and Mohammed M. Yassen ^{(1) *} 

(1) Department of Soil and Water Resources, Agriculture College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Mohammed M. Yassen, E-Mail:mohammedmalik875@gmail.com).

Received:11/07/2021          Accepted:25/11/2021

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in the n agriculture college researches station /Basrah University on silty clay soil for the planting of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was included the effect of different irrigation water salinity levels (2,4 and 8) ds m^-1, leaching requirement (0, 10, 20, and 30) % and tillage depth (0-25) and (0-50) cm.  and their interaction on electric conductivity (ECe) for both depth of sample collection (0-15) and (15-30) cm. also dry shoot matter weight, leave the content of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium and total grain production. The result showed statistical superiority of irrigation water salinity of 2 ds m^-1 over other treatments of 4 and 8 ds m^-1, 30% leaching requirement over the other portion, in addition, the tillage depth (0-50) cm. over (0-25) cm. Regarding dry matter leaving the content of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium, and total grain product, the result showed the same behavior as irrigation water salinity and tillage depth effect on soil salinity. While nitrogen and phosphor leave content with a 10% leaching requirement was statistically superior over the other, however, a 20% leaching requirement caused a statistical increase in dry matter weight, potassium leave content, and total grain product.

Keywords: Soil salinity, Irrigation water salinity, Leaching requirement, Tillage depth, Wheat.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohammad Noor  Al-Assaf ^(1)*, Khaleed kheder⁽²⁾, and Maryam Shawi⁽²⁾

(1) Aleppo Center for Scientific Agricultural Research, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(2) Field crops department, Faculty of Agriculture,  Aleppo University, Aleppo,  Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammad Noor Al-assaf E-Mail: assafnoor95@gmail.com).

Received:14/05/2021          Accepted:24/08/2021

Abstract

The study was carried out at the Humiema research station of the Agricultural Research Center in Aleppo during the growth season (2019/2020), estimating the Heritability, genetic advance, and correlation in hybrid families (F5) of bread wheat resulting from a cross of between some varieties by using half diallel method. The results showed that yield attributed characters of cultivated cultivars (Cham6، Cham8، Cham10) were improved. The family no. (217) introduced from the cross (Cham6 *Babacha) showed transgressive segregation for spike length (15 cm). As well as the number of families of the hybrid (Babacha *Cham8) excelled in 1000-grain weight and number of grain/spike characters, the better family of those was family (182) with weight (60.48gr), (2.79gr) respectively. The family no. (276) (Avocet yr5×Cham10) showed transgressive segregation for a number of grain/spike characters (104.49). The study showed d combination ion Broad sense heritability with the considerable genetic advances in these traits. Thus, to increase grain yield the selection should be having high grains number and weight of grains in the spike, the length of the spike, and the weight of 1,000 grains weight.

Keywords: Bread wheat, Heritability, genetic advance, correlation, transgressive segregation.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hala Mohammad ^(1)*

(1) Field crops department, Faculty of Agriculture,  Tishreen University, Lattakia,  Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Hala Mohammad. E-Mail: halamohammad445@gmail.com).

Received:23/09/2021          Accepted:30/11/2021

Abstract

The research was carried out in Lattakia Governorate – Jableh (Arab Al-Malik) region – for the agricultural season 2020-2021 to study the effect of spraying with bread yeast on the productive and qualitative characteristics of coriander plants, where four concentrations (0, 4, 8, 12) g/l were studied. In a random sector manner, yeast was sprayed three times (the beginning of branching, the beginning of flowering, and the beginning of the decade), the averages were recorded and the significant differences were calculated, where the results showed that the treatment of 12 g/l in all the studied traits was significantly superior to the control and to the other studied concentrations. It also achieved significant superiority in the trait (number of inflorescences, the weight of 1000 fruits, hectare productivity, and percentage of essential oil (0.4%), while there were no significant differences between the two concentrations (4.8 g/l) in the trait (number of leaves and number of inflorescences) on the plant. The percentage of essential oil

Keywords: Coriander, Bio-Fertilizer, Bread Yeast, Productive Qualities, Essential Oil.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Nour Shahin⁽¹⁾                   

(1) Water engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Damascus University, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Nour Shahin . E-Mail: Jolie.n.2019@gmail.com).

Received:7/03/2021            Accepted:25/04/2021

Abstract

Climate change and its heinous effect on agriculture are inevitably impacting the farmers’ livelihood. Climate change and farmers’ perception of it have increasingly been considered important among researchers and induce them to look for scientific discourse and strategy. This paper provides an analysis of existing scientific research contributions on farmers’ perceptions about climate change from 1999 to 2020. The bibliometric method was used for the analysis of 888 articles from the Scopus database. The results were analyzed with specific variables and represented through clusters of geographical networking maps by using VOS viewer (version 1.6.15). Among the top 10 countries on the basis of a higher number of research papers contributed, the United States is identified as the top country followed by Australia and the United Kingdom. The central axis of the research papers from these countries has been temperature, rainfall, traditional knowledge, smallholders, and adaptation strategies. Ghana, being the lowest contributing country, has been suffering from climate change-induced disasters. Interestingly, it has been statistically. Moreover, this correlation might have been influenced by other factors, which may be stuto ascertained that the higher the research-based based scientific publication, the lower (better) the climate change vulnerability index among the countries studied. However, it is also found that this correlation is not significant further.

Keywords: Agriculture, Climate change, Perception, Bibliometric analysis.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Leen Almukaddem*⁽¹⁾  Jamal Alali⁽²⁾, and Wael Habib⁽³⁾

(1) Tartus Center for Scientific Agricultural Research, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(2) Department of Agricultural Economy. Faculty of Agriculture, Albaath University, Homes, Syria.

(3) Latakia Center for Scientific Agricultural Research, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Leen Almukaddem. E-Mail: leeno1411@yahoo.com).

Received:6/01/2021            Accepted:29/11/2021

Abstract

Although agriculture is considered the dominant economic activity in rural areas, rural households participate in various other livelihood activities to improve their income and achieve food security. The study aimed to analyze the rural households’ livelihoods in the coastal area and their impact on food security status. The research relied on collected preliminary field data using a questionnaire form during the months of (October and November) of 2019, the research was conducted on a random sample of 382 farm households distributed between Lattakia and Tartous governorates based on their percentage of the total number of households. The impact of the Livelihood Diversity Index and other variables on the Food Security indicator (Food Expenditure Share FES) were studied, using descriptive analysis methods and a multi-linear regression model. The results showed that besides agriculture, 94% of households work in other activities, and the average contribution of non-agricultural activities to total household income was about 67.8%. The household food security indicator showed that about 53.6% of households were food insecure. The results showed a positive impact on the number of family members, the age of the head of household, and the dependency ratio, while the Livelihood diversification index, Income and the number of owned machines have had a negative impact on the food security indicator. The study recommended the necessity of improving farm income, and working to develop non-agricultural activities because of their importance in improving food security status of rural households, without adversely affecting agricultural production.

Keywords: Livelihoods, Food Security, Income Diversification, Income, Farm Households.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Shaza Turkmane  ⁽¹⁾, Iskandar Ismail ⁽²⁾, and Kena Kamal Al-deen*⁽³⁾

(1) Socio-Economic Studies Department, (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2) Department of Agricultural Economy, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Kinan kamal Al-deen, E-Mail: kenana76@gmail.com.)

Received:25/02/2021                   Accepted:27/05/2021

Abstract

The research was conducted in Swedaa governorate, Syria, and it based on a random sample of 186  non- irrigated Grapes farmers on the first – second stability zones. Data was collected using special questionnaire designed for this purpose. The research aimed to study effect farm size on costs and productivity non- irrigated Grapes crop and estimate the cost functions in order to reach economic sizes of production and farm. The sampled farms were divided into four classes based on size. The results showed that the production, return, net return and the net profit of 1 SYP/ Donnum were increased along with size of the farm .By using one way Anova, The analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences among the size of farms based on the above-mentioned measures. By estimating the cost function in the short and long runs, the results showed that the production minimizing cost increases as the farms size increases as it amounted to about 871.7 Kg/ Donnum,907.1 Kg/ Donnum,1069.1 Kg/ Donnum in first ,second ,and the third size classes respectively on the first stability zone. and that the production minimizing cost increases as the farms size increases as it amounted to about 755 Kg/ Donnum,814.4 Kg/ Donnum,914.1 Kg/ Donnum, in first ,second  ,and the third size classes respectively on the second stability zone n the other hand, the optimum size of scale amounted to about 42.5 Donnum wherein the optimum production is 1404.2 Kg/ Donnum on the first stability zone. and the optimum size of scale amounted to about 77.2Donnum wherein the optimum production is 1072.3 Kg/ Donnum on the second stability zone Therefore, cultivation of the non- irrigated Grapes in larger scales will result in the optimum production with minimized cost.  The study emphasized the need to aggregate holdings in order to reduce production costs and to achieve better returns to scale.

Keywords: Non- irrigated Grapes, Cost function, Economic scale.  

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Issam Bilal^(1)*,Ali Dib⁽¹⁾, and Fahd Sahyoni ⁽²⁾   

(1) Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(2) Second Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Issam Fadl Bilal. E-Mail: issamblal3@gmail.com)

Received:28/10/2021          Accepted:27/12/2021

Abstract

The study was carried out during the years 2019 and 2020 at Blouta village of Al-Haffa city in Lattakia governorate, in apple orchard (Starking Delicious), total area of 5 dunums, on trees 20 years old and planted with (5*5) m spacing and grafted on Malus domestica Borkh rootstock. aim of the research was to study the effect of foliar spray with boron and ascorbic acid On content of the leaves of total chlorophyll and mineral elements and the quality of the fruits of the Starking Delicious apple variety and to determine the compound that achieves the best results. The experiment was designed in complete randomized way, and included four treatments with five replications and one tree in each replication: (T0) control: Spray only with water, (T1) Spray with boron at a concentration of  170 ppm, (T2) Spray with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 0.5 g/L, (T3) Spray with boron at a concentration of  170 ppm and Spray with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 0.5 g/L. Foliar spraying with boron at a concentration of 170 ppm and ascorbic acid at a concentration of 0.5 g/L, alone or complex, improved the studied characteristics. The treatment of foliar spraying with boron at a concentration of 170 ppm and ascorbic acid at a concentration of 0.5 g/L together gave the best results, as it increased the content of leaves from chlorophyll (2.60) mg/l, nitrogen (2.09)%, phosphorous (0.22)%, potassium (0.56)%, and boron (44.9)ppm compared to the control (1.86 mg/g, 1.15%, 0.15%, 0.43%, 19.4ppm) respectively, and it gave the largest weight and increased size of the fruit (172.9 g, 185.8 cm³) compared to the control (143.8 g, 155.6 cm³), respectively, and the percentage of total soluble solids and total sugars (16.15%, 13.51%) compared to the control (13.51%, 11.38%), respectively.

Keywords: Apples, Starking Delicious, Foliar Spray, Ascorbic Acid, boron.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf