Category Archives: plant protection

Identification the Damage and Species Structure of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne spp. on Cucumber in Greenhouses

Mazen Y. Al Body*(1) Reem Yousef (2) and Hossam Saliba Malas(3)

(1). Latakia Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Baath University, Homs, Syria.

(3). Homs Research Center, GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mazen Youssef Al Body. E-Mail: mazenb14@hotmail.com).

Received: 23/04/2018                                Accepted: 05/08/2018

Abstract

A field survey was carried out in 34 greenhouses of cucumbers in the Syrian coast in 16 villages belonging to the governorates of Latakia and Tartous, in order to determine the incidence and severity of root-knot nematode, in addition to determinate the structure of the species in the adult female by perineal patterns morphology and taking  the  biometric measurements of the larvae at the second stage, since March until the end of June of the season 2014/2015. The results of the study on root samples showed that the incidence of root-knotted nematodes ranged between (20- 100%) with an average of 59%. The severity of the injury according to the scale (Bridge and Page, 1980) was 0.4- 4.2 with an average of 1.67. The results showed the presence of three main species belong to the species Meloidogyne:  M. incognita, M. javanica M. arenaria, and the percentage of the prevalence of 50.98%, 47.55%, 1.47% respectively. While M. hapla species was not recorded in the study area.

Keyword: Root- knot nematode, Severity of infection, Structure identification, Cucumber, Greenhouse.

Full Paper in Arabic: PDF

Influence of Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula Extract in Inhabitation of Chocolate Spot Disease (Botrytis fabae Sard) in the Fields of Beans in Syria

Munzer Tamouz*(1) Mahmoud Hasan(1) and Gamal Al-Ahmad(1)

(1). Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Munzer Tamouz. E-Mail: tmmouz.m@gmail.com).

Received: 24/07/2018                                Accepted: 19/11/2018

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the bacterial species Pseudomonas fluorescens by determining the efficacy of the water colony extract spraying in inhibiting Chocolate Spot Disease caused by Botrytis fabae on faba bean plant Vicia faba under normal infection conditions. Randomized Complete Block Design was used with three replications. The experiment included two factors the first was the sparing with colony extract, and the control which was sprayed with potato dextrose agar. The spraying was applied once before flowering, at the field of faba bean which was infected naturally in the governorate of Latakia, Syria, in spring of 2018. Results after 30 days of spraying showed good and significant efficacy of the P. fluorescens colony’s  extract in inhibiting the studied disease, where the disease severity of treatment sprayed with bacterial extract 43.8% compared to 85.4% in the control, so the efficacy of the bacteria studied extract to inhibit the disease after a month of treatment reached 48.8%, and this is a good efficiency led to the completion of research to confirm the ability of using extract of Pseudomonas fluorescens colonies to suppress the chocolate spot disease.

Key words: Syria, Faba bean, Chocolate Spot Disease, Botrytis fabae, Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Full Paper in Arabic: PDF

A comparison Between Artificial Medium and Potato Tubers for Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) Rearing Based on Life Table Parameters

Gassan Youssef*(1)

(1). General Organization of Seed production, Homs, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Gassan Youssef. E-Mail:ghassanyoussef@hotmail.com).

Received: 21/03/2019                                Accepted: 07/09/2019

Abstract

Life table studies for potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) were carried out to compare an artificial medium to potato tubers, Solanum tuberosum L. for rearing Ph. operculella larvae. The calculated biological parameters were: Net reproductive rate of increase (R0), Generation time (Gt), Intrinsic rate of increase (rm), Finite rate of increase (λ) and Population doubling time (Dt). The obtained results indicated that potato tubers proved to be more favorable for achieving the highest developmental and multiplication rates of Ph. operculella, than artificial diet. The natural mortality figures; Apparent Mortality (AM), Real Mortality (RM) and Indispensable Mortality (IM) for larvae reared on potato tubers were 46.77, 29 and 20.21%, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest mortality rates were 51.72, 30 and 19.29% when larvae were fed on artificial diet.  It is quite worth to mention out here that potato tubers are more attractive feeding source than artificial diet for rearing Ph. operculella for research purposes.

Keywords: Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, Life table, Artificial diet.

Full Paper in English: PDF

Chemical and Biological Control of Radish Leave Miner Insect Scaptomyza flava Fallen (Diptera:Drosophilidae) under the Conditions of Basrah Province

Hussain A. Mehdi*(1) Shurooq A. Najim(2) and Baidaa G. Aufi(3)

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq.

(2). Natural History Museum, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq.

(3). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq.

(* Corresponding author: Dr. Hussain Mehdi. E-Mail: protactionplan@gmail.com).

Received: 31/10/2019                                Accepted: 07/12/2019

Abstract

This study was conducted at the district of Shatt Al-Arab in Basra province in order to evaluate several pesticides and Beauveria bassiana fungi against radish leaves miner and to estimate the severity of the injury and damage to this insect. Results showed that the highest population density was in March 2016 (1.78 larva/leaf), where the highest infection rate was (76%), and the injury severity showed a significant differences among study intervals, where the injury locations recorded a significant differences among them represented by surpass of outer leaves on other locations (1.8%). All examined pesticides showed high affectivity in controlling the pest with a simple significant difference killing percentage performed by Super Saqr followed by Dragon and Sakhuy (92%, 85.6%, 82.2%) respectively where the lowest killing percentage was performed by biocontrol agent (54.4 %) after 72 h of treatment.

Keywords: Scaptomyoza flava, Radish leaf miner, Pesticides, Basrah, Iraq.

Full Paper in English: PDF

Bio-Efficacy of Plant Extracts against Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) on Rapeseed (Brassica campestris Linn.) under Field and Laboratory Conditions

Kailash Bhatta*(1) Laxmi Chaulagain(2) Kapil Kafle(3) and Jiban Shrestha(4)

(1). Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.

(2). Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Lamjung Campus, Lamjung, Nepal.

(3). Department of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Lamjung Campus, Lamjung, Nepal.

(4). Agriculture Botany Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.

(*Corresponding author: Kailash Bhatta. E-Mail: bhatta.iaas2072@gmail.com).

Received: 16/11/2019                                Accepted: 08/12/2019

Abstract

The bio-efficacy of eight plant aqueous extracts viz Neem (Azadiracta indica), Bakaino (Melia composite), Asuro (Adhatoda vasica), Titepati (Artimesia vulgaris), Khirro (Sapium insigne), Bojho (Acorus calamus), Tobacco (Nicotinia tabaccum) and Marigold (Tagetes erecta) were tested on Lumle tori-1 variety of rapeseed against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) during rabi season of 2018/19 under field and lab conditions at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Lamjung Campus, Lamjung, Nepal. The treatments were eight plant extracts, cypermethrin 10% EC (@1.5 mL/L), and water as control. Aphids were deliberately exposed to the treatments and then the numbers of alive and dead aphids were counted. The plant extracts showed highly significant effect on aphid mortality in both field and lab condition. In the lab, cypermethrin was found to be the most effective against aphid offering the highest aphid mortality (96%) followed by neem extract (88%) whereas the lowest aphid mortality (14.67%) was observed in control plot. Under field condition the highest percentage of aphid reduction was observed with use of cypermethrin followed by neem and tobacco leaf extracts whereas, control plot showed the lowest percentage of aphid reduction. Among all treatments, the highest grain yield of rapeseed (2104.44 kg/ha) was obtained from plot treated with cypermethrin followed by neem extract (2048.44 kg/ha) and tobacco extract (2020.22 kg/ha) whereas, control plot produced the lowest rapeseed yield (1133.67 kg/ha). All the treatments of plant leaf extracts showed better insecticidal activity. However, neem extract followed by tobacco extract reduced the aphid population to a great extent. Therefore, neem and tobacco extracts could be the best alternative for controlling aphids.

Keywords: Cypermethrin, Mustard aphid, Plant extracts, Rapeseed.

Full Paper in English: PDF

Net Profit Index Resulting from the Application of Agricultural Treatments Against Maize Stem Borers

Ebraheem Al-Jouri*(1)

(1). Insects Research Department, Plant Protection Research Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR).

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Abraheem Al-Jouri. E-Mail: e-jouri@gcsar.gov.sy).

Received: 11/03/2018                                Accepted: 12/05/2018

Abstract

This research aimed to study the impact of both; sowing date and variety in controlling maize stem-borers and its influence on the production as well as the total cost, revenue, and net profit of the cultivation of maize crop. This study was carried out at Al-Meriayah Research Station in Deir Ez-Zor governorate during 2010 and 2011. Maize varieties and hybrids i.e. Ghouta82, Ghouta1, Basel1 and Basel2 were cultivated in the intensive planting time, every ten days starting on the first of June. The results showed that the total costs increased with the delay of planting date with an average about 1149.2, 1473.04 and 1501.17 dollar/ha in the first, second and third sowing dates respectively in 2011. The maximum and minimum average of costs were about 1384.1 and 1183.41 dollar/ha for Basel1 hybrid and Ghouta82 variety, respectively in 2010. The total revenue was positively correlated with the date of sowing. The lowest total revenue was detected in Gouta82, but Bessel1 achieved the highest value. As a result, Basel1 hybrid achieved the highest net profit (542.97 dollar/ha) in 2010, as well as the third date of sowing (21st July) gave the highest net profit (679.4 dollar/ha) in 2011.

Key words: Net profit index, Agricultural practices, Maize Stem-Borers.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

A Survey of Wheat Rust Diseases in Al- Hassakeh Governorate

Alan Remo*(1)

(1). Al Qamishly Agriculture Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Alan Remo. E-mail: alanremo123@hotmail.com).

Received: 12/08/2018                                Accepted: 15/10/2018

Abstract

Field survey have been conducted on 120 fields in 2017 and 110 fields in 2018 in zone1 and zone2 in Al- Hassakeh governorate, to identification the distribution of three wheat rust diseases (stripe, leaf and stem rusts) which caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Puccinia triticina and Puccinia graminis. Diseased leaves samples were collected from farmers’ fields in Al- Hassakeh governorate. It was noticed the infection did not appear on durum wheat during 2017 and 2018, while all infections were recorded on soft wheat. The results of survey showed distributing of rust diseases (stripe, leaf and stem rusts) in a percent of 31.66%, 19.16% and 0% respectively in 2017. While the infected fields percentages were 14.54%, 10% and 7.27% respectively in 2018. The highest severity of stripe and leaf rusts were 70S and 50S respectively. Stem rust disease did not appear in 2017. While the highest severity of stripe, leaf and stem rusts were 40S, 20S and 40S respectively in 2018.

 Key words: Rust, Wheat, Survey, Al- Hassakeh, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

The Effect of Biological Control of Two Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch by Using the Predatory Mite Phytoseiulus Persimilis Athias-Henroit on Growth and Productivity of Some Climbing Beans Cultivars

Riad Zidan(1) Mohammad Ahmad(2) and Alisar Shaabow*(1)

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Alisar Shaabow. E-Mail: alisar.nadeem@yahoo.com).

Received: 19/11/2018                                Accepted: 19/12/2018

Abstract

The study was carried out in a greenhouse at Latakia center for rearing natural enemies during 2017 and 2018, in order to study the effect of  the biological control of the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) by using the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henroit (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on growth and production of five cultivars of climbing bean i.e. Kentucky wonder white, Blue lake, Fatima, Purple Queen, and Zilioni Gigant. The results showed that releasing the predatory mite increased the leal area to 10294 cm2 compared with that in the prey treatment 5983 cm2, and the net assimilation rate increased from 0.15 to 0.36 mg/cm2/day, while the production increased from  0.27 kg/m2 to 1.25 kg/m2, for both prey and predator treatments respectively. The results also showed that Kentucky wonder white cultivar of the predator treatment exceeded other cultivars in leaf area 9499 cm2 and production 1.18 kg/m2.

Key words: Climbing bean, Growth traits, Biological control, Tetranychus urticae Koch، Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henroit.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

The Development of Peacock Eye Disease Caused by Spilocaea oleagina on Khadairy Olive Variety in Latakia Governorate

Samer Ghanem*(1) Mohamed Tawil(1) and  Sabah Al-Maghribi(1)

(1). Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Samer Ghanem. E-Mail: samer.gh85@hotmail.com).

Received: 25/02/2018                                Accepted: 26/04/2018

Abstract

The development of peacock eye disease on olive trees of Khadairy variety was studied during 2016 and 2017 in five orchards, located at Baksa in Latakia governorate, in order to identify the disease development during these two years. The disease development was observed during spring and autumn compared to summer and winter. The disease incidence was during spring of 2016 (March, and May), also between 20.22 – 24.17% and ranged between 23.34 – 28.19% in 2017. The disease severity ranged between 12.76 and 17.80% in 2016 and ranged between 15.75 and 19.14% in 2017. In autumn, the disease incidence was medium, where it ranged between 13.23 – 20.13% in autumn 2016 (September, October and November) and between 11.09 – 22.72% in the autumn of 2017. While the disease severity was between 6.89 – 12.45% in autumn 2016, and between 5.17 – 14.69% in 2017. The disease incidence was low in summer and winter, where the incidence rate was only 11.19% in summer of 2016 and 10.25% in 2017. The severity did not exceed 5.13% in 2016 and 5.05% in 2017. The incidence did not exceed 16.35% in winter 2016 and 16.07% in 2017. The severity was not more than 7.64% in 2016 and 8.35% in 2017. It was also observed different development of the disease, when comparing the lower part (1-2 m) of the tree with the upper part (2-4 m). The incidence and severity were high at the lower parts, and it was low at the upper parts of the tree over all of the studied traits.

Key words: Khdairy variety of Olive, Peacock eye disease, Spilocaea oleagina, Latakia, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

 

Insects Associated with Sooty Mold Disease Alternaria alternata on Trees in Omer El-Mukhtar University Periphery, Libya

Zahra Ibrahim El-Gali*(1) Eman Gebreal Abdul-Raff(2) and Kamlla Abdel-Rahim  El-Wahsh(1)

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Omer AlMuhktar University, Libya.

(2). Faculty of Natural Sources and Ecological sciences, Omer AlMuhktar University, Libya.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Zahra Ibrahim El-Gali. E. mail: zahra.ibrahim@omu.edu.ly).

Received: 10/05/2019                                Accepted: 10/09/2019

Abstract

This study was conducted during the season 2017/2018 to evaluate the infection%, disease severity of sooty mold on fig, oleander and olive trees in Omer AlMukhtar University periphery, and identification of causal disease and associated insects with it, then confirmation of fungal growth on insect’s honeydew. Visits were weekly carried out from April until November during 2017/2018, and all samples were collected and checked under light microscope and stereomicroscope for insect’s observation, honeydew and fungal growth in laboratory. Also breeding of insect on tree seedlings from egg hatching until honeydew production for fungal culture on it. The results recorded that the highest infection with insects was noticed on olive trees (75.5%), followed by oleander (56.6%), then fig trees (30.3%), respectively, while, disease severity were reached to 69%, 53% and 13.5% on olive, fig and oleander respectively. The results of fungal isolation and insect’s identification showed to finding out Alternaria alternata on leaves and two suckers’ insects were correlated with sooty mold disease. Ceroplastes rusci on fig trees and Saissetia oleae on trees of olive and oleander. The fungus A. alternata had the ability for growth on honeydew on the leaf surface as mycelium and conidia without penetration their tissues.

Keywords:  Sooty mold, Alternaria alternata, Insect scale, Trees, Libya.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF