Hala Khaled^(1)* and Bassam Al-Oklah⁽²⁾

(1) Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus-Syria

(2) National Commission for Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria.

(* Corresponding author: dr. Hala Khaled E-mail: Halah.kha16@gmail.com).

Received: 27/06/2021                                   Accepted:1/09/2021

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the physical and chemical properties of persimmon fruits grown in Syria in 2018 and to determine the antioxidant activity of fresh fruits and some of their- prepared products (dried fruits, jam, and persimmonʹs vinegar). The percentage of the fruit’s moisture was 78.53%, total soluble solids 18.49%, the ash 0.9%, pH 5.75, total acidity 0.81%, and reducing sugar 7.31%. The results showed that the processing treatment caused a significant decrease in ascorbic acid and total phenolic content, also it was noticed a significant decrease in antioxidant activity by the DPPH  method is prepared products in comparison with fresh fruits.        

Keywords: Persimmon, dehydration, jam, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Nisreen Qurabie ⁽¹⁾, Abdulhakim Azizieh ⁽¹⁾  Abdul-Wahhab Merai ⁽¹⁾, and Nizar Issa⁽²⁾  

(1) Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(2) Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Damascus Unive­­rsity, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Nisreen Qurabie. E-mail: nisreenqurabie90@gmail.com.)

Received:  15/6/2021                                     Accept: 24/05/2022

Abstract

This study was carried out in laboratories of the food science department, faculty of agriculture and biology department, faculty of science, Damascus Unive­­rsity, between October 2020 and April 2021. The aim of this study is to the specific shelf life of the storage of chilled chicken breast meat by filling it with gelatin-sodium alginate edible films which contain lemon peels oil (LPO) at various final concentrations. Lemon peel oil was prepared by steam distilling, gelatin-sodium alginate edible films were prepared, and LPO was added by the following percentages (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 %). These groups were packaged in gelatin-sodium alginate edible films, then preserved at (4±1° C) for 18 days and examined after 0, 3, 7, 11, 14, and 18 days of refrigeration for microbial properties. Microbial analyses included determination of the total count of bacteria, Coliform, Salmonella spp., Yeasts and Fungi, Shigella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Clostridium botulinum, and Staphylococcus aureus. The samples treated by gelatin-sodium alginate edible films with (1.5, 2 %) LPO had the best microbial result after 14 days of storage where the total count of bacteria reached 4.9×10⁶, 3.6×10⁶ CFU/gr respectively, Coliform reached 2.8×10³, 2.3×10³ CFU/gr respectively, and Yeasts and Fungi reached to 2.6×10³, 2.4×10³ CFU/gr respectively, while no growth was observed of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Clostridium botulinum, and Staphylococcus aureus during the chilled storage period.

Keywords: lemon peels oil, gelatin, edible films, chicken breast, microbial properties, storage chilled.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Adnan Alkazah^(1)*, Abdulwahab Meri⁽¹⁾ and Bassam Aloklah⁽²⁾

(1) Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus-Syria

(2) National Commission for Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria.

(* Corresponding author: Eng. Adnan alkazah E-mail: adnankaza@hotmail.com).

Received: 11/9/2021                                     Accepted:30/11/2021

Abstract

This research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Science laboratories and National Commission for Biotechnology، Department of food and industrial biotechnology, Damascus, Syria. during 2020 and 2021 seasons. The current research aimed in optimization of the nutrients addition (yeast extract, dipotassium phosphate, manganese sulfate, magnesium sulfate) to the fermentation medium (cheese whey) for lactic acid production by Lactobacillus paracasei locally isolated from yoghurt, where this study based on the results of optimization conditions from former study, as following: fermentation temperature 37°C, pH 5.5, fermentation period 50 h. and shaking speed 150 round per minute, where the results thereby the production of 32.59 g/L of lactic acid. In the current study we based on advanced experiment design Response Surface Methodology using Minitap Optimization Method software to study each of the four factors separately and the effects of interactive factors between each other. The results revealed that the four interactive factors significantly affected in lactic acid production, and the relationship between these factors and lactic acid production take the shape of parabola, while the interaction relationship between all factors were not significant, and the coefficient of discrimination (R²) was = 0.86 (p>0.05). The results of nutrient optimization were as following: yeast extract 10 g/L, dipotassium phosphate 0.5 g/L, magnesium sulfate 0.2 g/L, manganese sulfate 0.04 g/L, and the results revealed production of 37.6 g/L of lactic acid. It can be noticed that the optimization of nutrient addition led to increase the lactic acid production by 5.01 g/L or 15.37%.

Keywords: Lactic acid, cheese whey, Lactobacillus paracasei, yeast extract

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rawaa Tlay * ⁽¹⁾

(1). Dept. Food Science, faculty of Agricultural, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

 (*Corresponding author:  Dr. Rawaa Tlay. E-Mail Email: rawaa751@gmail.com).

Received: 20/10 /2021       Accepted:14/ 12/2021

Abstract

This research was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University. This research was aimed at studying chemical indicators of different molasses samples (Date molasses, Grape molasses, Apple molasses), and manufacturing biscuit by replacing sugar with three different types of molasses at 100%, and studying the effect of that on sensory and chemical properties (total sugar, moisture, ash, total phenols, antioxidant activity) and color indices of functional biscuit samples. Grape molasses samples showed a significant increase in the moisture content (24.36%), while date molasses samples showed a significant increase in its total sugars and ash content (79.67 g/100 g dry weight, 7.93%), and apple molasses sample showed a significant increase in pH (2.63), TSS (83.3 Brix), and total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (116.12 mg / 100 g dry weight and 79.41%) respectively. Replacement sucrose with date molasses reduced the total sugar content (9.45g / 100g dry weight) and raised the moisture content to (4.75%) and ash (1.68%) in the date molasses biscuit samples. Grape molasses biscuit samples were marked a higher total phenolic content (166.94 mg/100g dry weight) compared with control samples (48.14 mg/100g dry weight) showed a significant increase in the values of color indices (BI, b, a, C) and a decrease in the values of (E, H, L) compared with control. While replacement sucrose with apple molasses led to a significant increase in the antioxidant activity (79.41%) and improvement the organoleptic properties of the biscuit significantly in taste, texture, and general acceptance, while the grape molasses had the largest significant effect on improving the aroma compared with control and other biscuit samples.

Keywords: Molasses, Sucrose, Functional Biscuit, Chemical Properties, Biologically Active Compounds.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Samar Bashir Taha ^{(1) *} and Mohamed Shaker Mansour ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, Tikrit, Iraq.

(*Corresponding Author Dr. Samar B Taha, E-mail address: albashasamar4@gmail.com)

Received: 12/03/2021                                 Accepted: 9/08/2021

Abstract

Nutritional and biochemical experiments were conducted on Apis mellifera L. honey bee colonies in the apiary of the College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit for the period from 1/12/2018 to 1/2/2019 to study the effect of some natural food supplements and pollen substitutes on the activity of honey bee colonies and the body content of workers’ from Basic chemical compounds The results of the treatment of feeding with pollen supplements showed the presence of significant differences between the treatments, and the treatment (pollen + honey + protein) was superior, and its value reached (73.00 , 359.67 ,36.00 and42.17) ang², respectively, and the treatment (pollen + honey) gave the lowest value. In the open and closed brood area, it reached (11.33 and 5.33) ng², respectively. The results also showed significant differences in the effect of pollen supplement feeding on the chemical composition of the insect’s body. The comparison treatment exceeded the moisture content, as well as carbohydrates and ash, reaching (69.10 ,41.26 and 5.24) % respectively, and it gave the treatment of (pollen + honey) and treatment (pollen grains). + Honey + protein (the highest percentage of protein in the body of the insect was) 54.16 and 54.19 % respectively. The treatment of (pollen + honey + palm pollen + protein) exceeded 10.04% and the proportion of chitin increased in the treatment (pollen + honey + protein) as it stood at 77.14%.

key words: Alternatives to pollen, Chemical components, Honey bees, Winter.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Muslim, A. Al-Etby^{٭ (1)}, Iyad, A. Abdel-Qader ⁽¹⁾ and Labeed, A. Al-Saad ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of plant protection, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah,Al- Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Muslim, A. Al-Etby, E-Mail moslemhony67@gmail.com)

Received: 25/01/2021                                 Accepted: 10/06/2021

Abstract

The study included a survey of six geographical locations in Basra province, Southern Iraq, which are the Shatt al-Arab, Al-Hartha, Abu Al-Khasib, Al-Zubeyr, Al-Faw, and Qurna regions for the period from 1/2/2018 to 1/11/2019. To study the presence of wild bees, the results of the taxonomic study showed of samples collected for the diagnosis of 7 species or morphospecies, traced to four genera its (Ceratina , Andrena , Megachile  and Icteranthidium ) and belonged to four tribes, three subfamily, and three families. It is less than was recorded in the old years.

Keywords: Taxonomy, Wild bees, Basrah. Southern Iraq.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mustafa Beda * ⁽¹⁾, Rami Kaba ⁽²⁾, Yasser Kert ⁽³⁾, Sherin Alfttah⁽¹⁾  , Daoud Daoud ⁽¹⁾  and Lubna almawali ⁽¹⁾  

(1). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Faculty Of Agriculture, University of the al-furat, Syria.

(3). Hasakeh Agricultural Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mustafa Beda. E-Mail: bedda.agri@hotmail.com).

Received: 14/05/2021                                 Accepted: 29/07/2021

Abstract

This research was conducted during 2018-2020 at the Scientific Agricultural Research Centre in Qamishli under the first agro-ecological zone in Hassakeh governorate, 10 km west of Qamishli’s city center towards Amuda, with the aim of evaluating the pH of precipitation, and air pollution level and quality in the study area. Seven observation points for collecting rainwater samples were selected, and rainwater samples were collected at 4 m high above ground level. The results indicated that the rainfall of the studied points for the season (2019-2020) is not within the acidic range, although the pH tends to be below seven at some points, and that the pH value differed by observation point; the lowest reading recorded for the lowest value and the highest value (1.4-1.3) was at the second observation point, respectively, and the highest reading for the highest value was at the fifth observation point (8.2). The values of studied indicators ​​differed by observation point and study month, where the EC highest value was at the fifth observation point (0.53) dS/m, and the lowest one was at the sixth and seventh observation points with a value of (0.04) dS/m. Therefore, we suggest continuing air pollution monitoring in the area and expand the study to cover other susceptible areas.

Keywords: Air pollution, Al-hasakeh, Acid Rain, Ph, Ca, So₄^–

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohammd Bilaal^{* (1)}, Walid Alsaid ⁽¹⁾and Imad aldeen Alkhalaf ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department. of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

 (*Corresponding author: Mohammd Bilaal. E-Mail: mohammd.r.bilaal@gmail.com).

Received: 20/03/2021                                 Accepted: 29/07/2021

Abstract

This research was conducted in the Research Labs of Plant Ecology, Pollution, Plant Genetics and Ecological Garden of the Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Aleppo, between August and January 2019/2020. The aim of this research is to study the effect of graded concentrations (50, 100, 200) mg/l of lead elemental on some morphological and biochemical parameters of two varieties (LOBNA and KARMA) F1 hybrids of capsicum plant.  The results showed a gradual decrease in all the morphological indicators of the treated plants for the two varieties compared to the control, as the length of the root decreased to (16.23 and 7) cm, the dry weight of the shoots was (1.72 and 0.193) g, and the dry weight of the roots were (0.461 and 0.034) g, and the leaf area decreased to (7.75 and 5.54) cm², In varieties LOBNA and KARMA respectively, at the concentration of 200 mg/l of lead. The total chlorophyll content decreased to (2.32 and 5.18) mg/g, and the proline content increased to (1.319 and 1.125) μmol/g in the varieties LOBNA and KARMA respectively, at the concentration of 200 mg/l of lead. The results also showed that the sweet pepper variety was affected by lead more than the hot pepper variety.

Keywords: Pepper, Capsicum annuum L., Lead stress, Morphological Parameters, Chlorophyll, Proline.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ghzoan saeed^{* (1)}, Nazih Rukeie ⁽¹⁾ and Issa Kbaybu ⁽²⁾

(1). Field crops department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2).  Soil and Water Sciences department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ghzoan saeed. E-Mail:  ghzwansyd018@gmail.com).

Received: 20/04/2021                                 Accepted: 29/07/2021

Abstract

The research was carried out at the Seed Multiplication Center in the Alsanubr Region (Syria/Latakia), during the season: (2018). The research aimed to study the effect of biological fertilizer and mineral fertilizer on some productive and qualitative characteristics of peanuts, The following treatments were used with three replications: Four treatments in which only mineral fertilizer (NPK) was used at rates: (25 – 50 – 75 – 100%) of the fertilizer recommendation recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, four treatments in which mineral fertilizer was used at rates: (25 – 50 – 75 – 100%) of the fertilizer recommendation with the addition of bio-fertilizer (EM1) at a rate (5 ml / m 2), one treatment in which the bio-fertilizer (EM1) was used at a rate of (5 ml / m 2) only without any addition of fertilizer. The experiment was designed according to the design of complete randomized plots, with three replications. The results showed that Adding mineral fertilizer with biological fertilizer(NPK) with an average of (65kg/ha superphosphate fertilizer- 160 kg/ha potassium sulfate- 43 kg/ha urea) with bio-fertilizer with an average of 5ml/m2  led to an increase in productivity and quality traits for all the studied traits, and the highest values ​​were recorded for the following traits: harvest index, seed yield weight, biological weight protein and oil percentage when adding biological fertilizer (5 ml/m²)  and reached Respectively (34.32%, 4345 kg/ha, 17652 kg/ha 26.13%, 42.81%).

Key words: Peanuts – Mineral Fertilizer – Biological Fertilizer EM1 – Productive Traits

Full paper in Arabic: pdf