Lama Ehssan* ⁽¹⁾ Ilene Mahfoud  ⁽¹⁾  Wael Ali  ⁽¹⁾ , and Ahmed Saidi  ⁽²⁾

(1) Ecology and Forestry department, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia-Syria.

(2) Algerian space agency, Space Technology Center, Arzew- Algeria.

(*Corresponding author Lama Ehssan. E-Mail: ehssan.lama@gmail.com)

Received: 30/09/2021                          Accepted: 9/12/2021

Abstract

This research aimed to study the fire behavior of two Pinus brutia forests in Lattakia Alshorttah and Alfollk forest, These forests were affected by fires during the summer of 2016. Depending on the Fire Spread Index (FSI) and the Fire Spread Time (FST) as the main outputs of the fire simulation model, which was designed by ArcGIS 10.3 software, based on the following parameters: Wind Speed (WS), Wind Direction (WD), Index of Combustibility (IC), Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) and in addition to the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Slope (S), and Aspect (AS). The results showed that the fire behavior was affected by the degree of fire spread danger at the ignition point, also showed an increase in fire spread rate with the change of the west aspect to the south one at the same degree of slope. It was also noted, that the Fire Spread Index danger was increased due to the Moisture Content Index danger increasing on the edges of the forest near the agricultural lands. We conclude from this study the efficiency of designed model for studying fire behavior and determinate the spread rate in the studied forests.

Keywords: Fire Behavior, Pinus brutia, Fire Simulation Model, Fire Spread Index, GIS.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ali Thabeet⁽¹⁾, Kamel Khalil ⁽²⁾* and Diana Hamad⁽²⁾

(1) Department of Renewable Natural Resources and Ecology- Faculty of Agriculture – Aleppo University.

 (2) Department of Environmental prevention- Higher Institute for Environmental Researches, Tishreen University
(*Corresponding author: Dr. Kamel Khalil. E-mail: d.kamelkhalil@tishreen.edu.sy)

Received: 10/09/2021                          Accepted: 28/11/2021

Abstract

The aim of this research is to estimate the relationship between the thickness of the annual growth rings of the Pinus brutia and the climatic elements using dendroclimatology techniques. The study was carried in two sites Al–Daraykiyah and  Mehwarti (Baniyas) during 2018-2019. Five samples were selected from each site. In each sample, 10 trees were identified from which three cores were obtained from each tree. The cores were subjected to sanding operations for ease of reading, then CROSS-DATING was done to determine the exact year of formation for each ring, then the thickness of the rings was measured using Photoshop, and then the standardization process was carried out to calibrate the initial values of the annual growth rings to eliminate the effect of age and obtain the growth index. The multi-correlation relationship between growth index and climatic elements of precipitation and temperature was studied during the period between 1971-2018. The results of the study showed that the average thickness of the annual growth rings ranged between 2.24-3.36 mm/year. Some pseudo-rings were observed in both sites, while some missing rings were recorded in the Mehwarti site only. No significant effect of precipitation, maximum or minimum temperatures on the thickness of the growth rings was recorded for the Al–Daraykiyah site. As for the Mehwarti site, precipitation recorded a positive significant effect on the thickness of the growth rings during the months of November, December, January, March, April and June. The maximum temperatures also recorded a significant negative effect on the thickness of the growth rings of one sample only during the months of March and April. Whereas, the minimum temperatures did not have any significant effect on the thickness of the growth rings in Mehwarti site.

Keywords: Pinus brutia Ten., Dendroclimatology, Tree rings, climatic elements, Baniyas.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Falak Shirm ^{(1) *}

(1). Horticulture department, Faculty of agriculture, university of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Falak Shirm . E-Mail: falakshirm@gmail.com).

Received: 8/04/2021                          Accepted: 22/12/2021

Abstract

The research was carried out in Tal Arn (countryside of Aleppo) on pomegranate at the age of 10 years where fertilizing with mineral fertilizers and organic fertilizers  (com and goat dung  and vegetable compost) . The effect of these fertilizers on morphological  characteristics was detailed (average length of branches and number of leaves and flowers ). The phonological characteristics at the beginning and the end of flowering and maturity , the characteristics of the fruits , weight of the fruits and the small fruits,  the juiciness ratio , acidity and the percentage of soluble solids and sugars in addition to the tree productivity.The results indicated that fertilization  with mineral and organic. Fertilizers surpassed the control  with significant differences in most  tree characteristics .Fertilizer treatment with vegetable compost showed the highest  productivity of the pomegranate tree which amounted to  42.a kg , with the highest values of the fruit characteristics ( weight of fruits was 554.3 g  , juiciness  ratio was 71.3%  , weight was 204.3 ml , ratio of soluble solids was 16.7%  , sugar ratio was 6.1% ) compared to the control where it was respectively . Also the mineral fertilization treatment outperformed the rate  of the length increasing of the branches 41.3 cm , the number of leaves were 38.2 compared to rest of transactions and control .While there were no significant differences between fertilizing with cow and goat dung and mineral fertilization in most of results .

Keywords: Pomegranate, organic fertilizer ,cow and goat dung ,and vegetable compost.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Fatema Abdul Rahman *⁽¹⁾ Mustafa Mazen Otri ⁽¹⁾ Abdullah Alyusef ⁽¹⁾ Badr Alden Jalab ⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Natural Resources,Aleppo Research Center, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Fatema Abdul Rahman. E-Mail: heviardam5@gmail.com)

Received: 18/10/2021                          Accepted: 11/12/2021

Abstract

The experiment was carried out during the two seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 at the Hamima Research Station, east of Aleppo Governorate, with the aim of determining the best need for nitrogen in the growth and productivity of irrigated wheat (Doma1), The transactions in the following form where the treatment of the recommendation: (N0: without addition, N1: 70, N2: 105, N3: 140, N4: 175, N5: 210 and N6: 245) kg N/he. Two treatments were were less than the recommendation with a rate of (25, 50)%, and three treatments were higher than the treatment of the recommendation with percentages (25, 50, 75)%, in addition to the treatment of the control (N0). The experiment was carried out by designing randomized complete sectors with three replications. The results showed a direct increase in the values of morphological traits with an increase in the rate of urea fertilizer added to the soil compared with the control, and the treatment N5 outperformed the rest of the treatment for the productive traits in both seasons.

Keywords: Urea, Wheat (Doma 1), Morphological and Production traits.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hanan Abdo^(1)*and Michael Skaf⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of forestry and environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Hanan Abdo. E-Mail: hanan.ha90.hh@gmail.com)

Received: 7/07/2021                          Accepted: 22/12/2021

 Abstract

 Evapotranspiration is a major component of the water cycle and plays a key role in surface energy balance and has a significant agricultural and ecological implication. To evaluate temporal characteristic potential evapotranspiration, at annual and seasonal time scales in Alraqa station during the period 1975-2005, the enman-Monteith equation was applied to calculate monthly potential evapotranspiration (ETP) using meteorological data which include meaning maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, winds speed, and sunlight duration. Trends with Mann – the Kendall test and point change analysis were used to detect significant changes in annual and seasonal ETP. The results showed a significant decreasing tendency in annual  ETP related to decreasing ETP in all seasons, especially in summer. Annual values of ETP were Shifted during two periods: 1984-1985 and 1990-1991. This  decreasing trend in ETP resulted  from westerly  wind direction   especially in warm months,  which promotes increasing relative humidity  in this region, owing to the location of Al Asad lake near this region

Keywords: Potential evapotranspiration, Climate change, Penman, Monteith, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hussam Hdaiwah^*(1) , Mazen Nassour⁽¹⁾  , and Issa Kbybo⁽²⁾

(1) Horticulture Department, Agriculture College, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2) Department of Soil Sciences, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Hussam Hdaiwah E-Mail: Hussam hdaiwah76@gmail.com).

Received: 22/9/2021                                    Accepted: 11/12/2021

Abstract

The study was carried out in Lattakia، in cooperation with the Department of Horticulture، and Department of soil and water sciences، Faculty of Agriculture، Tishreen University، during two seasons (2018-2019) and (2019-2020)، The aim of this research was to determine the role of organic fertilization and phosphpgypsum on vegetative growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum grandiflorum،cv.Euro Also investigates the ability of this organic fertilization and phosphogypsum to provide nutrients for the plant in order to reduce the mineral fertilization. phosphogypsum was used for 2kg/m² applied before planting for one month. The results showed that the use of phosphogypsum and organic fertilization (2kg/m²) had a positive impact on the development of vegetative parameters (plant height and average number of leaves per plant، plant length، leaves the area and proportion of dry matter، chlorophyll content، leaves content from some of the macro elements)، and some root parameters (size of roots، dry matter ratio)،so led to a positive impact significantly on flowering parameters (number of flowering stems ،flowers diameter، floral stem length، number of flowers on the plant). So organic fertilization and phosphogypsum( T4) produced higher results(12.78 flowering stems ، 7.68 cm، 61.91cm، 64.53 flowers on the plant).

Keywords: chrysanthemum، phosphogypsum ،organic fertilize

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Gilan Hosin^*(1), Sherif Abu Dan ⁽¹⁾, and Hammoud Sakir ⁽²⁾

(1) Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(2) College of Agriculture, Al Furat University, Syria

(*Corresponding author:. Gilan Hosin E-Mail: jilanhusent@gmail.com).

Received:4/09/2021                            Accepted: 11/12/2021

Abstract

The aim of the research is to study the effect of the quantity and type of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate washout in irrigated soils. Soil samples were taken from the surface layer 0-30 cm from Tal Brak and Dalawia soil. Three cylinders were prepared for each treatment (L1, L2, L3), and these cylinders were filled with soil similar to field soil according to depths (0-15 cm) in column L1 and (15-30 cm) in column L2 and (30-60 cm) in Column L3. The results showed that adding organic fertilizer at the beginning immediately before adding the mineral fertilizer led to a reduction in the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil. And the effect of soil texture on the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil, as the amount of metallic nitrogen percolated from the soil of Dalawia with a sandy clay-loam texture was greater than the amount leached from the soils of Tell Brak that had a clay texture. The type of nitrogen fertilizer used also affected the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil, as the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil in the case of using urea fertilizer was less than the leaching amount in the case of using ammonium nitrate fertilizer. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer added affected the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil, as the amount of mineral nitrogen leached from the soil increased with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer added.

Key words: organic matter, total nitrogen, urea, ammonium nitrate.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ahmed Al-Ali Al-Khalaf ^(1)*, Muhammad Manhal Al-Zoubi ⁽²⁾,  and Thamer Al-Henish ⁽³⁾

 (1) Raqqa Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research,Syria.
(2) Natural Resources Research Department, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria.

(3) Crops Research Department, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Ahmed Al-Ali Al-Khalaf. E-Mail: dr.ahmadelkhalf@gmail.com).

Received:14/10/2021                                       Accepted: 30/11/2021

Abstrac

A field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Raqqa during the season 2020/2021, to study the effect of organic, and chemical fertilization and the interaction on some morphological and productive traits of certified varieties of durum (Triticum durum Desf) and bread (Trticum aestivum L.) wheat.  A split-plot design was used with three replications, where the first factor represented 4 fertilization treatments (organic, chemical, 50% organic + 50% chemical, 75% organic + 25% chemical), and the second factor 4 wheat varieties durum and bread (Sham 9, Buhouth 11, Sham 10, Buhouth 8).  Results showed that studied treatments gave early heading, except for the organic fertilization, which was delayed with the heading, and the Sham 10 variety was first with heading with chemical fertilization with an average of 107.7 days.  All treatments were superior in plant height except for the treatment of organic fertilization.  The variety Sham9 achieved superiority in plant height of 85 cm. The variety Sham 10 with fertilization treatment (75% organic + 25% chemical) recorded the highest spike length and 1000 grain weight with an average of 7.1 cm and 47.9 grams, respectively.  The chemical fertilization treatment achieved the highest grain yield with an average of 5.065 tons/ha, without significant differences from the fertilization treatment (50% organic and 50% chemical) with an average of 4.699 tons/ha.  The variety Bohouth 8, and chemical fertilization, achieved the highest grain yield ( 6.320 ton/ha).  The study concluded that the two wheat varieties  Buhouth 8 and Sham 10 were preferred in the study area and fertilized using half the rate of organic and chemical fertilization.

Keywords: Organic Fertilization, Chemical Fertilization, Grain Yield, Wheat.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hussain Abdul Wahid  ⁽¹⁾ and Mohammed M. Yassen ^{(1) *} 

(1) Department of Soil and Water Resources, Agriculture College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Mohammed M. Yassen, E-Mail:mohammedmalik875@gmail.com).

Received:11/07/2021          Accepted:25/11/2021

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in the n agriculture college researches station /Basrah University on silty clay soil for the planting of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was included the effect of different irrigation water salinity levels (2,4 and 8) ds m^-1, leaching requirement (0, 10, 20, and 30) % and tillage depth (0-25) and (0-50) cm.  and their interaction on electric conductivity (ECe) for both depth of sample collection (0-15) and (15-30) cm. also dry shoot matter weight, leave the content of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium and total grain production. The result showed statistical superiority of irrigation water salinity of 2 ds m^-1 over other treatments of 4 and 8 ds m^-1, 30% leaching requirement over the other portion, in addition, the tillage depth (0-50) cm. over (0-25) cm. Regarding dry matter leaving the content of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium, and total grain product, the result showed the same behavior as irrigation water salinity and tillage depth effect on soil salinity. While nitrogen and phosphor leave content with a 10% leaching requirement was statistically superior over the other, however, a 20% leaching requirement caused a statistical increase in dry matter weight, potassium leave content, and total grain product.

Keywords: Soil salinity, Irrigation water salinity, Leaching requirement, Tillage depth, Wheat.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohammad Noor  Al-Assaf ^(1)*, Khaleed kheder⁽²⁾, and Maryam Shawi⁽²⁾

(1) Aleppo Center for Scientific Agricultural Research, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(2) Field crops department, Faculty of Agriculture,  Aleppo University, Aleppo,  Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammad Noor Al-assaf E-Mail: assafnoor95@gmail.com).

Received:14/05/2021          Accepted:24/08/2021

Abstract

The study was carried out at the Humiema research station of the Agricultural Research Center in Aleppo during the growth season (2019/2020), estimating the Heritability, genetic advance, and correlation in hybrid families (F5) of bread wheat resulting from a cross of between some varieties by using half diallel method. The results showed that yield attributed characters of cultivated cultivars (Cham6، Cham8، Cham10) were improved. The family no. (217) introduced from the cross (Cham6 *Babacha) showed transgressive segregation for spike length (15 cm). As well as the number of families of the hybrid (Babacha *Cham8) excelled in 1000-grain weight and number of grain/spike characters, the better family of those was family (182) with weight (60.48gr), (2.79gr) respectively. The family no. (276) (Avocet yr5×Cham10) showed transgressive segregation for a number of grain/spike characters (104.49). The study showed d combination ion Broad sense heritability with the considerable genetic advances in these traits. Thus, to increase grain yield the selection should be having high grains number and weight of grains in the spike, the length of the spike, and the weight of 1,000 grains weight.

Keywords: Bread wheat, Heritability, genetic advance, correlation, transgressive segregation.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf