Ali Khalil Deeb ⁽¹⁾, Fahed Sahiony ⁽²⁾, and Ammar Nasir* ⁽¹⁾

(1) horticulture department, faculty of agriculture, Tishreen university, Lattakia, Syria.

(2) professor, horticulture department, Second faculty of agriculture Idleb, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ammar Nasir; E-Mail: ammarnaser129@gmail.com).

Received:13/06/2021                            Accepted: 18/10/2021

Abstract: 

This research was conducted in 2019 in Bahlolia village, in Lattakia province, to study the effect of gibberellic acid and zinc sulphat sprays on the improvement of production quality and quantity of Plum cultivar ” Jubileum” age of trees is (12) years,  the distance between trees is (4*4 m), trees were grafted on Prunus cerasia blanche, Four treatments were applied with 5 replications per treatment T₀:control,T₁:spraying with Gibberellic acid (40 PPM),T₂: spraying with zinc sulfate, T₃:spraying with Gibberellic acid and Zinc sulfate together. The results showed that spraying trees with Zinc sulfate and Gibberellic acid together led to an increase in the firmness of the fruits (5,96kg\cm²)  and reduce the fruit drop for (6,1%), as well as increasing total production (39.31kg) and  the ratio of total soluble solids and percentage of vitamin C in fruits, as it led to an increase in the percentage of Chlorophyll a,b in the leaves.

Key word: Plum, Gibberellic acid, Zinc sulfate, Chlorophyll a,b.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ali  Izzo^(1)*, Hassan Khojah ⁽¹⁾, Abdel Mouhsen Marie⁽²⁾

(2) Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.             

(2) General commission for scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ali Izzo; E-Mail: izzo198899@gmail. Com).

Received:29/08/2021                            Accepted: 19/10/2021

Abstract: 

The study was conducted in Al-Jamasah station, Tartous agricultural research center, Syria, during 2019 and 2020 seasons. Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Generation mean analysis method was used to study the type of gene action using some genetic indices of the six population of two individual hybrids of tomato (T2×T8) and (T8×T16). Single plant yield, number of days to first flowering, number of fruits per cluster, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of locules per fruit were studied. Average and close phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation values were detected for most of the studied traits. This indicates a high contribution of the genetic component in trait expression. Heterosis compared to the better parent in the first filial (F1) was accompanied by genetic Inbreeding depression in the second filial (F2). Most of the traits had average estimates of the degree of heritability in their narrow sense, which indicates that the additive and non-additive gene actions controlled their inheritance. The analysis of the average generations showed that the additive and dominance gene actions were significant for most of the studied traits, with superiority of the dominance gene action values. Epistasis gene action from the additive × additive and dominance × dominance types contributed in the inheritance of most of the studies traits.  The contrast between the two signs of the dominance and the epistasis gene actions from the type (dominance × dominance) in most of the traits indicated that it was from the duplicate type in majority of the studied traits and consequently selection could be conducted in later filials. while gene action was from the Complementary type for number of days to flowering in the second hybrid and number of locules per fruit in the first hybrid, so those traits could be improved by taking advantage of heterosis.

Key words: Tomato, yield, gene action, heritability, Genetic advance, Potence ratio.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hussam Baroudi^*(1),Georgous Makhoul ⁽¹⁾,Waffaa choumane ⁽²⁾,and Khaldoun Tipa⁽³⁾  

(1) Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

(2) Biotechnology center, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(3) General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Hussam Baroudi. Email: hussambaroudi@gmail.com).

Received:9/07/2021                            Accepted: 4/11/2021

Abstract: 

This study was conducted during the seasons 2019 and2020 in Hadar, Al- Qunitera government. Thirty trees of Al- shami mulberry were sprayed with three growth regulators: Ethephon, IAA, and NAA, with three concentrations (50- 100- 200 ppm), and the control treatment, in order to study  the spray of leaves and branches with growth regulators on increasing the percentage of female catkins, number of fruits. The first spray was performed before the leaves fall  and the second before the buds swelling The results showed that the Ethephon  100 ppm was surpassed over the other treatments and over the control with sex ratio reached 12.49 female: 1 male and the percentage was reached to 92.58% for female catkins and 7.41% for male, followed by the NAA 100 ppm, whereas the sex ratio was 4.38 female: 1 male. The obtained results proved the effect of growth regulators on the length of the catkins. The IAA 100 ppm surpassed the other treatments with an average of 3.55 cm, followed by the IAA 200 ppm 1.71 cm. The IAA 100 ppm surpassed TE1, TE2 with an average of fruit length reached 3.65 cm and the treatment of IAA 50 ppm surpassed the control and the Ethephon treatments with an average of 2.04 cm. Regarding the fruit width, the Ethephon 200 ppm surpassed over the other concentrations reached to 1.69 cm. The fruits shape index was ranged from 0.52 with ethrel 200 ppm to 0.74 with NAA 50 ppm. The highest average of fruit weight was 6.52 g with IAA 50 ppm. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the positive effect of Ethephon and NAA on increasing the percentage of female catkins.

Keywords: Al-Shami mulberry, Growth regulators, Ethephon, NAA, IAA, Sex expression.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hassan Khojah*⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agruicltre,   Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Hassan Khojah, E-Mail: Dr.hassan.khojah@gmail.com.).

Received:4/07/2021                            Accepted: 4/11/2021

Abstract: 

The research was conducted at Al-Jammasah Research Station in Tartous in 2019 to study the effect of pruning and spraying with some organic extracts on the productivity and quality of fruits and marketable seeds of L2 tomato line. Factorial experiments using randomized complete block design with three replications were implemented. Results indicated that the combinatorial treatments two stems pruning with Amalgerol spraying, followed by two stems pruning with Volomene spraying significantly outperformed all the other treatments in the productivity trait. Results also showed the superiority of the one stem pruning with Amalgerol spraying treatment over all of the other treatments in the average fruit weight, number of marketable seeds and weight of a thousand seeds. The two stems pruning without spraying treatment was significantly superior to the number of fruits per plant. The treatment of spraying with Amalgerol was significantly superior to the Volomene spraying and Control treatments in all the studied traits, except for the number of fruits per plant, where the control treatment outperformed the two extracts spraying treatments. The pruned plants on one stem showed significant superiority over the two stems in average fruit weight, number of marketable seeds and 1000 seeds weight. The pruned plants on two stems were significantly superior in the plant productivity and number of fruits per plant.

Keywords: Tomato, organic extracts, stem pruning, productivity, seed quality.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hanan jnad ^*(1), Georges makhoul ⁽¹⁾, Abd-Alaziz boeissa ⁽¹⁾, and    Dr.Ali Elkhateeb⁽²⁾

(1) Tishreen University, Agriculture College, Lattakia ,Syria.

(2) General Commission Agriculture Scientific Research, Lattakia,

(*Corresponding author: Hanan jnad.Email: hgalaxy7@gmail.com)

Received:   9/04/2021                  Accepted: 20/10/2021

Abstract: 

The research was carried out in two successive seasons (2020-2021) on Valencia trees grafted on sour orange were planted in calcareous soil in Al-Rafia village in Al-Bahloulia sub-district,to evaluate different sources of organic matter on yield and some qualitative and quantitative characteristics of fruit. The trees were 17 years old and were planted 5x5m apart. The following treatments were used: mineral fertilizer as control, Compost(organic fertilizer of plant origin) Poultry manure and Cow manure(organic fertilizer of animal origin),Humic compounds. The added quantities were determined on the basis of the standardization of the effective nitrogen ratio(1000 g/effective N/tree).Spraying with Citric acid at a concentration of (1g/L) was used. The results showed the superiority of the mineral fertilizer treatment and organic fertilizer with poultry manure in production as average for the two seasons(150.2-148.6)kg, respectively, and for the specifications of fruit, the treatment of mineral fertilization in terms of fruit weight was superior over the rest of the studied treatments (243.2)g while the poultry manure treatment in the percentage of juice by weight(46.13)% and Vitamin C (57.39)mg/100ml juice and Total soluble solids (11.28)% as an average for both seasons on the studied treatments.

Key words: Valencia, Citric acid, Cow manure, poultry manure, Compost, Humic compounds.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rawa’a Salama ^(1)*,  and Ghassan Yaqoub⁽¹⁾  

(1) Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author Rawa Salama :Email rawaahsalameh1@gmail.com)

Received:   15/04/2021                  Accepted: 30/10/2021 

Abstract: 

The study aimed to measure the level of empowerment of rural women and determine the impact of small enterprises on socio-economic empowerment indicators. This study was conducted in the village of Hayalin, located within the Masyaf region of Hama Governorate / Syria in 2020. The study relied on preliminary data collected based on a comparative sample of 68 rural women distributed equally among a random sample of women who own or manage small enterprises in addition to a random sample of other women who do not have these enterprises. The study based on the methodology of descriptive comparative analysis. the results showed that small enterprises have an important moral role in empowering rural women in the study area, especially with regard to economic empowerment, as these enterprises were able to raise the percentage of economic empowerment from 42.6% to 50.4%, i.e. an increase of its amount. 7.8%. This effect involved most of the sub-indicators of economic empowerment, as these enterprises led to an increase in women’s empowerment to access loans by 5.4%, an increase in the percentage of women’s participation in owning assets by 8.9%, an increase in the percentage of women’s contribution to household income by 12.4%, and an increase in the percentage of women’s contribution in planning family economic activities by 11.9%. However, the impact of small enterprises on the overall indicator of social empowerment was not significant, but was confined to five sub-indicators, as these enterprises led to an increase in the percentage of financial education for rural women by 6.2%, an increase in family independence by 3.2%, and an increase in the percentage of women’s participation in decisions related to production by 6.8%, in addition to an increase in the percentage of their contribution to income and spending decisions by 6.9%, and an increase in the percentage of their contribution to education decisions by 7.8%. In general, small enterprises led to an increase in the overall empowerment indicator of rural women in the study sample by 4.4%. It should be noted that most of these enterprises are new enterprises, meaning that their impact is still in their early stages, and their effects are supposed to increase in the medium term. Hence, it must be pointed out the importance of other policies that contribute to the rural women empowerment, that play an additional and important role besides small enterprises.

Key words: women empowerment, women development, rural women, small enterprises.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ghufran Ali Hassan^*(1) and Somaya Khalaf Badawi ⁽¹⁾

(1) Food Sciences Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

(*Corresponding author: Ghufran Hassan Email: drem15712@yahoo.com)

Received: 16/06/2021                     Accepted: 16/02/2022

Abstract: 

The current study aimed to evaluate the use of flax gum and arabic gum obtained from the local markets of the province of mosul and to study the physical properties and the possibility of using them in the food industries, including ice cream. The results of the sensory evaluation of the produced ice cream showed the possibility of using Plant gums in the manufacture of milk ice cream, as the flax gum showed a desirable flavor to the consumer as it was similar to the flavor of walnut, while arabic gum did not appear in it for its crumbly ice texture. The percentage of yield for gum flax is 81%, which is a very good percentage compared to arabic gum, as it was 45%, which is a very low percentage, and it was found that it is some what unsuitable for its use in milky ice cream. The deflation rate in flax gum was 3.7%, and in arabic gum it was 0.33 because there is a direct relationship between rent and deflation. The rate of beating after the 15th minute was 80% in flax gum, and it decreased significantly in arabic gum, reaching 45%. The percentage of Fusibility in flax gum after 30 minutes was 33.3%, while the percentage increased in arabic gum by 71%, where the Fusibility is affected by several factors, including the amount of air combined during mixing and ice crysta

Key words: Flax Gum, Arabic Gum, Yield , Phenomenon Of Deflation, Ability To Whisk, Fusibility Property

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohanad M.Al-Talib^(1)*, and Moafak M.Ahmad ⁽¹⁾

(1).Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohanad M. Altalib,  Email: dr.mohanadaltalib@gmail.com)  

Received:   30/03/2022                  Accepted: 26/07/2022 

Abstract:

The study aimed to conduct a survey for the presence of fungi and mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and Deoxynivalenol in fifteen cultivars of the most commonly used,  Common wheat  (Triticum aestivum) and Durum wheat  (Triticum durum) cultivars in the city of Mosul (Iraq), and a study as well as the physical and chemical properties For these cultivars, the results of the study of physical and chemical tests for wheat cultivars showed differences in moisture content, protein and gluten ratios, water absorption and degree of hardness. The results of testing the total     of fungi and the percentages of fungi presence showed that the two cultivars Tal Afar 2 and Ibrahimia contained the highest total     of fungi and that the genera Aspergillus flavus and A ochraceus and Fusarium graminearum are the most common genera of fungi. The results also showed the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochra A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in the wheat cultivars, and that the two cultivars of Tal Afar 2 and Ibrahimia had the highest concentrations, where the concentration of afla B1 toxins was 66.57 and 69.34 ng/gm, and ochra A 12.81 and 13.81 ng/gm. For both cultivars, DON toxin was present in Al-Faris and Ibrahimia cultivars with the highest concentrations, as it contained 678.33 and 806.5 ng/gm, while the Abaa99 cultivar contained the lowest concentration of Afla B1 and DON, which contained 23.02 and 221.88 ng/gm, and Duma cultivar contained the lowest concentration. of ochra toxin A, which was 5.81 ng/g.

Keywords: wheat, fungi, mycotoxins, Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, Deoxynivalenol.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ghufran Ali Hassan^*(1) and Somaya Khalaf Badawi ⁽¹⁾

(1) Food Sciences Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

(*Corresponding author: Ghufran Hassan Email: drem15712@yahoo.com)

Received: 9/06/2021                     Accepted: 4/02/2022

Abstract: 

This study aimed to extract brown flaxseed gum obtained from the local markets of Mosul Governorate and study the physical, chemical and functional properties and the possibility of using them in the food industries, including ice cream . The results of the chemical analysis showed that (moisture, protein, fat, ash, total carbohydrates contents of flaxseed gum under study were 76.1, 8.0, 0.30, 10, and 5.6%respectively.The results of the mono saccharides content of flaxseed gum using HPLC technology showed on D-Galactose – D-Glucose – D-Xylose – D-Galacturonic acid – L-Rhaminose – L-Arabinose were 9.20,  8.12, 15.90, 12.45, 20.10 and % 13.82respectively.While the results of infrared (IR) spectroscopy of flaxseed gum showed the presence of amine groups (NH), hydroxyl groups (OH), carbonyl groups (C=O), aldehyde groups (CHO) and alkyl groups (CH3). While the study results of the showed functional and physical properties of flaxseed gum, where the pH was adjusted to 7), and the Arithmetic average of the viscosity of flaxseed gum was 1.087cpc, while the average of water holding capacity for flaxseed gum was 16.1.  Regarding to the physical properties, the highest value of hydrogels coefficient (bloating) for defatted flaxseed gum was 2.18, while the arithmetic mean was 2.09, while the minimum was 2.03.The results showed that, the value of the refractive index of defatted flaxseed gum as it reached the highest value 1.32, and the arithmetic mean of flaxseed gum was 1.25, while the minimum values were 1.23.                        

Key words: Flaxseed gum, viscosity, water holding capacity, refractive index, hydrogels coefficient.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Alaa Al-Khyrat⁽¹⁾, Abd-ulhakim Azizieh ⁽¹⁾, and Nessren Naksho⁽³⁾   

(1) Food Science Department, Agriculture Faculty, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria

(2) General Authority for Biotechnology, Ministry of Higher Education, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Alaa al-khyrat Email: ala2para@gmail.com)

Received: 4/07/2021                       Accepted: 11/11/2021

Abstract: 

This research aimed to study the most important chemical and microbial properties of some of the basic raw materials used in the manufacture of sausages (Beef meat, sheep fat, soybean paste In the ratio (dry matter: water) (1: 3) and spices), by defining the chemical composition of these raw materials (moisture, ash, fat, protein and carbohydrates) and their microbial content (General bacterial count, coliform, yeasts and Fungi). This research was carried out in the laboratories of the Public Authority for Biotechnology and the Department of Food Sciences at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering – University of Damascus in September of 2019. The results showed a high moisture content (53.7%) and fat percentage (16.6%) for beef meat compared with the Syrian standard (1300/1993), As for soy powder, its chemical composition did not match with MSG (586 / 1988) in terms of high moisture content (18%), high carbohydrate content (29.87%), while it matched in terms of protein content (33.40%), and low percentage Fat (15.6%), ash (2.8%) ,and did not agree  with the Syrian standard  of high coliform bacterial content (3.46 (log cfu / g)). Sheep fat properties corresponds to previous studies in terms of its moisture content and low protein (5.6%), (3.15%). Respectively, as well as its ash content (1%), while the proportion of fat (87%) and carbohydrates increased (17.78%). As for its microbial content, it was high compared to previous studies, where the general population of bacteria was (3.7 log cfu / g). , And its content of yeasts and fungi (3.11 log cfu / g) and coliform (3 log cfu / g), as well as the microbial content of spices in terms of the general population of bacteria (4.08 log cfu / g) and its content of yeasts and fungi (3.25 (log cfu / g)) And they are free from coliform bacteria, with the Syrian Standard No. 2179/2007.

Keywords: chemical composition, microbial content, sausages, beef meat, sheep fat, soybean paste.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf