Mohamad Galiya1 , Ali Mansour2 and Razan Balloul3*

1Zoolgy Department, Faculty of Science, Latakia University, Latakia, Syria.
2Instructor, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Latakia University, Latakia, Syria.
3Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Latakia University, Latakia, Syria.
(*Corresponding author: Dr.Razan Balloul, Email: razanballoul@gmail.com , razanhasanballoul@latakia-unv.edu.sy , mob.: 093233973).

Received: 8/01 /2026      Accepted: 9/02 /2026

Abstract: 

The research was conducted between November 2022 and November 2024 in aim of studying environment of birds found in Wadi Alayoun area (Hama Governorate) and identifying specific composition, classifying them, and showing their spatial and temporal distribution. Data of birds were collected by observation and taking remote photos for them. It was recorded 3462 individuals in total in sites of the research (Al-Bireh Dam, Didaban Forest, Al-Bireh plain). During the research, it was recorded five species belong to five genera (Muscicapidae) which are: Oenanthe hispanica melanoleuca, Erithacus rubecula, Ficedula albicollis, Saxicola rubicola, Monticola saxatilis. Results showed that the species Erithacus rubecula is the widest spread species in Wadi al-Ayon area followed by Monticola saxatilis while the narrowest spread species was Saxicola rubicola.

Keywords: Muscicapidae, Bird Ecology, Wadi Alayoun, Erithacus rubecula.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Hasan y Husain1*

1Faculty of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Tartous University, Syria.
(*Corresponding author: Hassan Hussein, Email:hasan.husain.628@gmail.com, Phone: 0934555312).

Received: 11/12 / 2025    Accepted: 24/02 / 2026

Abstract: 

The study was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Lattakia University. Clove buds were obtained commercially, ground, and stored until use. Four clove bud extracts were used: methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and an aqueous extract at concentrations of 50 microliters. Their effects on two types of bacteria causing infectious diseases in poultry were studied: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Sensitivity tests were conducted on the studied bacteria using the previous extracts, and the study showed that Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were sensitive to the four extracts used. The use of the ethanolic extract with a concentration of 50 microliters gave the highest value in the average diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition ring. The average diameter of bacterial growth inhibition for the ethanolic extract was recorded at 14.25 mm for E. coli and 17.21 mm for S. aureus bacteria, followed by the methanolic extract, where the average diameter of bacterial growth inhibition was recorded at 12.56 mm for E. coli and 13.89 mm for S. aureus bacteria, compared to the DMSO 5% control. The results indicate that the use of clove bud extracts acts as biologically active compounds to control the spread of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Keywords: clove., Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Hussam Baroudi1* and Georgous Makhoul2

1 Researcher, General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research, Latakia, Syria.
2 Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Latakia University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author :Dr. Hussam Baroudi, Email: hussambaroudi@gmail.com)

Received: 20/11 /2025      Accepted: 4/03 /2026

Abstract

This study was conducted at faculty of Agricultural, laboratory of seeds germination in Lattakia during the 2025 season, aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of various treatments in breaking dormancy and promoting germination of Syrian black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) seeds. Seeds were collected from a local cultivar grown in Maten al-Sahel, Tartous Governorate, and subjected to pre-germination treatments including soaking in water (cold, warm, boiling), gibberellic acid (GA₃) at two concentrations (250 and 500 ppm), and chemical scarification with sulfuric acid. Treated seeds were sown in Petri dishes under light and dark conditions and monitored daily for 60 days. The results revealed significant differences among treatments. GA₃ at 250 ppm achieved the highest germination rate (100%) and germination index (3.33 under light, 3.09 under darkness). In contrast, water-based treatments showed limited effectiveness, with germination rates not exceeding 28%. Sulfuric acid treatment under light conditions resulted in a high germination index (4.00) but a relatively lower germination rate (82.33%), indicating possible damage to seed viability. These findings suggest that treatment efficacy depends not only on the applied substance but also on environmental conditions, highlighting the presence of physiological dormancy in black mulberry seeds that requires hormonal or environmental triggers to be overcome.

Keywords: Alshami Mulberry, Morus nigra L., seeds, germination, dormancy index.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Reem Aleed^1*, Yaser AL Suliman² and Nahala Al-Mahmo

1 GCSAR. Damascus, Syria.
2 Dair El-Zour Research Center. Dair El-Zour, GCSAR, Dair El-Zour, Syria.
(Corresponding author: Dr. Reem Aleed, Email: reem.ay.aleed@gmail.com, Phone: 0934555312).

Received:14 /12 / 2025     Accepted:24 /02 /2026

Abstract: 

The experiment was conducted at Saalo Research Station, affiliated with the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research in Dair El-Zour, during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. Two sesame genotypes (Zuri and Hourani) were evaluated under three sowing dates (May 1, May 15, and June 1) and four plant densities (170, 200, 250, and 330 thousand plants per hectare). The experiment was laid out in a split–split plot design with three replications, aiming to study the effect of sowing date and plant density on the growth and productivity of sesame and to determine the most suitable genotype for cultivation in the study area. The following traits were recorded: number of days to flowering, number of days to physiological maturity, plant height, number of capsules per plant, thousand-seed weight, and seed yield. The plant density of 200 thousand plants per hectare resulted in a significant increase in the number of capsules per plant, thousand-seed weight, and seed yield. In contrast, increasing plant density from 200 to 330 thousand plants per hectare led to a reduction in these traits. The sowing date of May 15 significantly increased the number of days to maturity, thousand-seed weight, and seed yield compared with early and late sowing dates. Moreover, the Hourani genotype outperformed the Zuri genotype, producing the highest seed yield of 2747 kg ha⁻¹ when sown at a density of 200 thousand plants per hectare on May 15.

Keywords: Sowing date; Plant density; Growth; Seed yield; Sesame.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Amal Abdulhakeem Ahmed* ¹, Abdulraqeeb Ali¹  and Najeeb Mohamed²

1 Department of Horticulture and its Techniques, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen.
2Department of Soil, Water, and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen.

(*Corresponding author: Amal Abdulhakeem Ahmed . E-Mail: alshadadi99@gmail.com ).

Received: 23/ 09/ 2025       Accepted: 15/ 01/ 2026

Abstract: 

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different irrigation water salinity levels (0.75 (control), 2.99, 5.3, 7.5 dS•m⁻¹) on the vegetative growth of mango seedlings (Mangifera indica L.) cv. “Timor” for 90 days. The experiment was carried out under plastic tunnel conditions in Ibb Governorate, Yemen, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. Results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among salinity levels in the studied traits (stem length, number of leaves, and leaf area). Irrigation with 2.99 dS•m⁻¹ resulted in the highest increase in stem length (32.5%), whereas the control treatment (0.75 dS•m⁻¹) recorded the highest mean values for number of leaves (9.8 leaves/seedling) and leaf area (32.79 cm²). High salinity levels (≥ 5.3 dS•m⁻¹) significantly reduced all measured vegetative growth traits. Overall, the seedlings showed tolerance at low and moderate salinity levels, while higher concentrations negatively affected growth.

Keywords: Salinity, Mango Seedlings, Vegetative Growth, Irrigation Water, cv. Timor.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mahmoud Amoudi^1* and Taleb Ahmad¹

¹ Department of Statistics and Programming, Faculty of Economics, Lattakia University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Mahmoud  Amoudi, Email:  mahmoud323@gmail.com)

Received: 20/ 5/ 2025      Accepted: 21/ 7/ 2025

Abstract

The researcher aims to study and analyze the economic and performance indicators of the Syrian Agricultural Cooperative Bank. He then reduces the bank’s performance indicators to a smaller number of factors using factor analysis. This approach aims to determine the nature of the relationship between the bank’s performance variables and the economic factors influencing them in Syria using neural networks. This is based on data published by the Central Bureau of Statistics and periodic reports from the Central Bank of Syria and the Syrian Agricultural Bank for a time series spanning the period from 2005 to 2020. The results of the study demonstrated the possibility of reducing the performance variables of the Agricultural Cooperative Bank from eight variables to two main factors. Furthermore, by studying the relationship between the agricultural bank’s performance variables and the economic factors influencing them using a multi-layer perceptron neural network model, we concluded that economic factors had a significant impact on all the performance variables of the Agricultural Cooperative Bank. The most important economic factors influencing the performance of the Agricultural Cooperative Bank were investment variables and inflation rates on the first factor, and money supply and unemployment rates on the second factor.

Keywords: Agricultural Cooperative Bank, economic factors, neural networks, factor analysis.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF