Khaled Al-Issa* ⁽¹⁾ Ahmed Jairodia⁽¹⁾ and Amer Agha ⁽²⁾

(1). Renewable Natural Resources and Environment Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Damascus University. Syria.

(2).  Forestry and Environment Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Al-Furat University. Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Eng. Khaled Al-Issa, khaled.wfp@hotmail.com ).

Received: 20/11/2023         Accepted: 9/3/2024

Abstract: 

The study was aims to evaluate the growth of Populus euphratica trees in their natural distribution areas in the lower Euphrates basin in five different sites: Al-Tebni site (L1), Al-Baghiliya site (L2), Hawijat Saqr site (L3), Al-Mariya site (L4), and Al-Mayadin site (L5). It was implemented in the period between 2021-2022. Growth indicators (diameter at chest height, height, density, volume) and wood productivity (woody reserve) were studied at the rate of three replicates at each site, with an area of 200 m2 for each repeater, and the results of the measurements indicated that the Populus euphratica  was superior in Al-Tebni site in terms of growth and wood productivity indicators, as the wood reserves within an area of 1 hectare reached to 359.69 m3/ha, while the wood reserve in the Al-Baghiliyah site reached an area of 1 hectare amounted to 159.29 m3, which is the lowest value among the studied sites. The decrease in productivity in the studied sites is due to reasons related to human activity and encroachments by local residents, in addition to environmental climatic factors and soil quality, which contribute effectively and fundamentally to determining this productivity.

Keywords: Populus euphratica, lower Euphrates basin, growth indicators, wood reserves.

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Haidara Boissa⁽¹⁾*,  Mazen Nassour⁽²⁾, and Fahed Sahuni⁽³⁾

(1). Tishreen University, Faculty of Agriculture, Lattakia , Syria

(2). Professor, Horticulture,Second Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University.Aleppo , Syria.

(3). Postgraduate Student (PhD), Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University.Lattakia , Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Haidara boissa. E-Mail: haidara.hhda@gmail.com )

Received: 10/12/2023                                 Accepted: 1/4/2024

Abstract: 

The aim of this research was to study the effect of foliar spraying with the growth regulators gibberellin and alar in improving the quantity and quality of the essential oil extracted from the flowers and leaves of the Chrysanthemum plant, where the treatments were as follows: control treatment (T0), spraying with the alar growth regulator (500, 1000) ppm, and spraying With gibberellin acid (100, 150 ppm) and spraying with growth regulators (1000 ppm Alar and 150 ppm gibberellins). Field experiments were carried out in the village of Al-Dubaika – Al-Haffa District – Latakia Governorate – Syria, and laboratory experiments were carried out in the College of Agriculture – Tishreen University for two agricultural seasons (2019-2020) and (2020-202). The essential oil of the six samples was analyzed using gas chromatography technology connected to a mass spectrometer. The results showed that all treatments were significantly superior to the control treatment in the amount of essential oil for leaves and flowers, which did not exceed (0.76 and 0.61)%, respectively. The results also showed that the spraying treatment was superior to T5 was significantly different from the rest of the treatments in the average amount of essential oil in flowers and leaves by (0.96, 0.78)%, respectively. The results of the qualitative analysis of the oil of the grebe plant showed five basic chemical groups in the essential oil – a group of hydrocarbons, a group of esters, – a group of alcohols, a group of ketones, and a group of organic acids whose presence is limited to the essential oil of flowers. The results also showed the positive effect of joint spraying of growth regulators represented by treatment T5, as it was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments in the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from the leaves and flowers.

Key words: Chrysanthemum – essential oil- GA₃ – ALAR .

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Bodour Mansour ⁽¹⁾, and Hanan Sharaby*⁽²⁾

(1). Engineer, Master of Horticultural Sciences, Organic Agriculture Directorate, Aleppo Agriculture Directorate.

(2). Lecturer, Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Damascus University.

(*Correspondent: Dr. Hanan Sharaby, hanan.sharaby@damascusuniversity.edu.sy )

Received: 28/11/2023                                 Accepted: 9/5/2024

Abstract: 

This experiment was conducted on a private farm in the Al-Dhahabiya area in the Aleppo countryside during the 2022-2023 agricultural season, with the aim of studying the effect of some natural fertilizers such as “wood vinegar, nettle extract, and compost tea” and the interaction between them on the morphological and productive characteristics of bean plants as one of the methods of recycling according to the principles of Regenerative agriculture. The experiment included 13 treatments (untreated control, wood vinegar at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 ml/l, nettle extract at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 ml/l, compost tea at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 ml/l, and the interaction between them). The experiment was designed according to completely randomized blocks and included 13 treatments, with three replications for each treatment. The results showed the efficiency of treatment with natural organic fertilizers, as the treatment with the highest concentrations of 400 ml/l for both nettle extract and compost tea, and the treatment (wood vinegar 10 ml/l + nettle extract 100 ml/l + compost tea 100 ml/l) recorded a significant superiority compared to the rest of the coefficients increased in the number of branches/plant, reaching 5.74, 5.89, and 5.65 branches/plant, respectively. A significant increase was observed in the average amount of pods/plant with the treatment with higher concentrations of nettle extract and compost tea 400 ml/l and the treatment (wood vinegar 10 ml/l + nettle extract 100 ml/l + compost tea 100 ml/l).

Keywords: regenerative agriculture, wood vinegar, compost tea, nettle extract, beans.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Jinan M. Kalaf*⁽¹⁾  and Layla A. Benyan^{( 1)}

(1). Department of plant protection, college of Agriculture,University of Basrah, Iraq

 (*Corresponding author. Jinan Malik Kalaf, E.mail: Jinan.kalaf@uobasrah.edu.iq)

Received: 5/10/2024                       Accepted: 3/8/2025

Abstract

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of plant protection ,College of Agriculture/  University of Basrah  for the 2023 -2024.to know the effect of treating wheat grains with plant powders of Conocarpus lancifolius Adolf , Vitex agnus castus  L. , Nerium  oleander L.at concentrations of 4 ,6 , 8%  by weight  and suspension of the Trichoderma harzianum , Beauveria bassiana and Cordyceps pseudolloydii at concentrations of 6×10^{8 ,} 46.66×10^8, 22.6×10⁸ spore/ml on the life of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).The percentage of mortality of the adults of the beetle reached 82.3, 80.9, 100% of wheat grains treated with Conocarpus lancifolius Adolf , Vitex agnus castus L. ,Nerium  oleander L. powder at aconcentrations of 8% after ten days of treatment and  the rate of effect of plant powders on the mortality rate was  49.29 ,25.45 , 71.92 %  for both Conocarpus lancifolius Vitex agnus castus and  Nerium  oleander powder at a concentrations respectively. The results showed an increase in the annual mortality rate when the concentrations and duration of exposure to the plant powders increased .while the rate of effect of the fungal suspension of mortaliy was 40,60 , 93.33 % for T.harzianum , B. bassiana and C. pseudolloydii respectively and the average percentage of germination of grains treated with the plant powders 98.88, 92.22, 93.33% for Conocarpus lancifolius Vitexagnus castus and Nerium  oleander respectively, compared to the control, which  reached 96.66%. The average germination of grains treated with the fungal suspension was 93 ,96.33, 96.66 % respectively. Plant powders and fungal suspensions had a non-significant effect on the germination rate and length of stem and root of germinated grains compared to the control.    

Key words: plant powders, Biological fungi, Rusty flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).

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Basima Alsheikh*⁽¹⁾, Rami Youness⁽¹⁾,  Dimah Najar ⁽²⁾, and sawsan Allan⁽¹⁾

(1). Department Forestry and Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry Department, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Basima Alshiekh. E.Mail: basimaal508@gmail.com ).

Received: 19/12/2023                                 Accepted: 9/5/2024

Abstract: 

Urban green spaces contribute to biodiversity conservation, and provide ecosystem services and benefits. Study was carried out in the city of Latakia in Syria. It iimed to estimate functional biodiversity in the city parks. Thirteen parks were chosen, and 34 sampls were identified witheen these parks. Fifty-five plant species were recorded, including ceratonia siliqua, which is endangered by extinction, belonging to 41 genera and 26 families. Moraceae and Fabaceae were the most represented families with 7 species, the family Oleaceae came next with 5 species. Species characteristics were as follow: most of species were exotic (63.64%), tree size was small (83.64%), pollination by insects (67.27%), and dispersal by animals (58.18%), evergreen (70.91%), low abundance (40%), The fruits were dry (52.72%). Trees cosnstitute (69.09%) of all species. The relative importance of Washingtonia filifera was the highest (IVI=(15.930, followed by Ficus nitida (IVI=14.053) and Melia azedarach (IVI=(9.212. Pinus brutia and Melia azedarach were the most abundance species. Results showed low to moderate values in biodiversity indicators, and use of non-native species more than native ones. The study recommends the use of indigenous species as they support biodiversity and wildlife in the urban landscape.

Keywords: Plant diversity, functional diversity, urban park, green space, Latakia, Syria.

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Amany Mohammed Ahmad^(1)*, Yaser Hamad⁽²⁾ and  Mitiady Boras⁽³⁾

(1) MSc, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

(2) Associated Doctor, Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(3) Professor in the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding Author: A. M. Ahmad, mymya1920@gmail.com, Mob.: 0935518502)

Received:  2/12/2023                      Accepted:7/3/2024

Abstract: 

The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of inoculation with “Rhizobium bacteria” and spraying the organic fertilizer “Savior” in stimulating plant growth and promoting the formation of root bacterial nodules. The study utilized the “Louze de Aunto” type of green beans. The research was conducted during the autumn season of the 2022 agricultural year in the village of “Raseon” in “Haffa” region, Latakia Governorate. The study involved six treatments: A control, (untreated plants), a treatment with “Rhizobium” inoculation, two treatments for spraying organic fertilizer at the degree of 2.5 and 5 cm³/L, and two treatments for Rhizobium inoculation, plus organic fertilizer spraying at the degree of 2.5 and 5 cm³/L, respectively. The research employed a complete randomized block design with three replicates for each treatment, with a rate of 15 plants per replicate. The results of the study indicated that the best outcomes were observed when inoculating with “Rhizobium” bacteria, in addition to spraying the organic fertilizer “Savior” at the degree of 2.5 cm³/L in all the assessed indicators. The treatment recorded the highest values in plant height 86 cm, average number of branches, 9 branches, number of plant leaves 89 leaves/plant, leaf area (15432.6 cm², and its index 6.4. In the total chlorophyll content of the leaves (1.846)/g of fresh matter. Additionally, this treatment demonstrated an effective impact on the formation of root bacterial nodules, represented by an increase in the total number of root nodules 175 nodules/plant and effective nodules 116 nodules/plant.

Keywords: green beans (Vicia Faba L.), Savior organic fertilizer, Rhizobium Leguminosarum bacteria, vegetative growth, bacterial nodules.

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Murad Mohammed Kanji^(1)* and Mohammed Saeed Bn Qadim⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Science, Faculty of Education – Hadhramout University – Al Mukalla – Yemen

(*Corresponding author: Murad Mohammed Kanji, Email: m.kanji@hu.edu.ye, Tel: 00967774419224)

Received:18/02/2024          Accepted: 25/06/2025

Abstract: 

The study was carried out for the area on both sides of Aqba Shetna Road from Al-Rehab area in Wadi Doan to the Bakhmis Niqab on the Hadramout Plateau, for the purpose of identifying the vegetation diversity of that area. Field survey showed differences in vegetation as the altitude increased to the top of the plateau. Thirty-one plant species belonging to 27 genera and 18 families were identified and counted. All the identified species were wild-growing plants, except for one wild/cultivated plant species, which is Zizphus spina – Christii. The number of plants that appear in the form of trees reached 8 plant species, while 12 plant species appeared in the form of bushes, while herbs accounted for 11 plant species.

Keywords: Aqba Shetna, wild plants, cultivated plants, trees, shrubs, herbs.

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Salam Ali ⁽¹⁾*, Ibrahim Alabid ⁽¹⁾, and Imad Ismail ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Lattakia University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Salam Ali. E-mail: Salamkhali43@gmail.com).

Received:30/09/2024                      Accepted: 24/02/2025

Abstract

    The study was conducted to study the effect of treating pepper plants with two isolates of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp. strain (ABC3, cbs123) on infection with Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), and their effect on increasing the activity of peroxidase enzyme and chlorophyll pigments in pepper plants infected with the virus under protected cultivation conditions. The results showed an increase in the activity of peroxidase enzyme on the two studied pepper hybrids (Dallas – Bravo), and an increase in the amount of total chlorophyll in the treated plants. The two studied bacterial strains increased the activity of peroxidase enzyme after 15 days of infection with the virus at different rates, whether in the presence or absence of the virus. In the Dallas hybrid plants treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. The infection with the virus increased by about 10.9%, while when treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. and the infection with the virus increased by about 17.6%, and when treated with a mixture of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus sp. and the infection with the virus increased by about 16.2%. The activity of the peroxidase enzyme also increased after 45 days of infection in all treatments, and the bacterial strain Bacillus sp. played the greatest role in this increase, whether in the presence or absence of the virus, while the isolate Bacillus subtilis was better than the isolate Bacillus sp. strain (ABC3, cbs123) in increasing the amount of total chlorophyll. In the Dallas hybrid plants when treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus subtilis and infection with the virus, the increase increased by about 65.5%, while when treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. The infection with the virus increased by about 33.80%, and for the Bravo hybrid when treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus subtilis and infection with the virus, the increase was about 42%, while when treated with the bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. and infection with the virus, the increase was about 52.92%.

 Keywords: PGPR, Bacillus, ToBRFV, pepper plant, peroxidase enzyme, total chlorophyll amount.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

 Sarah Warzik *^(1), Imad Ismail ⁽¹⁾, and Jamal Al-Ahmad ⁽¹⁾

(1). Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattika, Syria.  

(*Corresponding author: Sara Warzik. Email: sarawarzik1996@gmail.com )

Received:26/08/2024          Accepted: 19/01/2025

Abstract: 

This research was conducted in the village of Harisson, Tartous, Syria, during the 2022-2023 agricultural season. The objective was to study the effect of treatment with seaweed extract at two concentrations (0.5, 1 g/L) and whey at concentrations (10, 20 ml/100 ml) on the potential reduction of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV) spread on tomato fruits. The results showed high efficacy of both compounds in most study indicators compared to the infected control. The combined treatment of seaweed extract at a concentration of 1 g/L with whey at 20 ml/100 ml showed significant superiority in the fresh and dry weight of leaves (898.32, 132.77 g, respectively), chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids (905.44, 632.65, 1538.1, 62.15 µg/g fresh weight, respectively); average number of flower clusters, total number of flowers per plant, number of flowers per cluster, and fruit set percentage (6.5 clusters/plant, 43.8 flowers/plant, 6.74 flowers/cluster, 78.18%, respectively) compared to other treatments on infected plants. It was noted that this treatment recorded the lowest average infection severity after 30, 60 days of mechanical inoculation (25.33%, 50.66%, respectively).

Keywords: Tomato, Seaweed Extract, Whey, Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus, Resistance Induction.

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Ayham Al-Ali^(1)*, Hanan Qarbi⁽¹⁾ Maan Al-Mukhlef⁽²⁾ Lama Asaf ⁽¹⁾

(1) .Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

(2). Al-Assad Academy for Military Engineering in Aleppo ,Aleppo ,Syria

(*Corresponding author: Ayham Alali ,  E-mail: ayham.moh.alali@gmail.com 0943541790)

Received:30/09/2024                  Accepted: 26/01/2025

Abstract

The research was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory in the Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo. It was implemented during the period from February to August 2024. The research aimed to study the microbial properties of ozone and heat-treated cow’s milk for sterilization, and to evaluate the effect of both ozone and heat on some quality characteristics and shelf life of milk during refrigerated storage for different periods of time. The results showed the effective effect of ozone and heat treatment in reducing the microbial load of milk immediately after treatment and even after a month of refrigerated storage, improving the quality characteristics of milk, and completely eliminating Salmonella germs. Ozone treatment was superior in eliminating yeasts and fungi and maintaining the pH of milk during different refrigerated storage periods over sterilization treatment.

Keywords: Ozone gas, sterilization, milk, microbial load.

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