Ahmed Hawas Abdullah Anees^*(1) and Tamadher Adil Ahmed Abdulsatar Al-Dulaimy⁽¹⁾

(1). College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Ahmed Hawas Abdullah Anees. E-Mail: ahmed75hawas@tu.edu.iq).

Received: 29/06/2020                               Accepted: 28/07/2020

Abstract

The objective of this research was to estimate of the genetic diversity depending on RAPD technique and heresies with evaluation 11 parents (W36⁽¹⁾, DW30⁽²⁾, DW7⁽³⁾, DW17⁽⁴⁾, DW45⁽⁵⁾, DW38⁽⁶⁾, DW26⁽⁷⁾, DW10⁽⁸⁾, DW15⁽⁹⁾, DW47⁽¹⁰⁾ and 22⁽¹¹⁾) in addition to commercial cultivar (Baghdad⁽¹²⁾) that were obtained from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area (ICARDA)/Sulaymaniyah Research Station). The genotypes were included in the partial cross-breeding program to obtain 30 crosses and  planted with the parents at farmer^, s fields of Al-Dour, Salah al-Din Governorate during the season  2017/2018 season, using randomized complete block design with three replications, for leaf area, spike number, number of grain per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain yield of single plant. The results showed significant differences of parents and F1 hybrids for all traits except spike number, so that crop genetic resources may be exploited for further breeding programs. Considering the mean performance, the hybrids (3X7), (4X8), (4X12) and (7X12) showed exceptionally good performance and heterosis effects in comparison to mid parent and better parent for leaf area (85.80, 75.64%), number of grain per spike (32.16, 24.28%), 1000 grain weight (24.46, 23.25%) and grain yield of single plant (76.12, 72.79%) respectively. Results showed that the biggest genetic diversity was between the genotype (3) and (4) (0.791), while the least genetic diversity was between the genotypes (7 and 9) which was (0.23), suggesting that these promising crosses combinations may further be used in various breeding programs especially in selection. These crosses combinations may be used for hybrid crop development in durum wheat for potential yield.

Key words: Durum wheat, RAPD technique, Heterosis.

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Iftikhar Khalaf Abbas Aga^*(1)

(1). Faculty of Agriculture, AlFurat University, Deir Ezzor, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Iftikhar Khalaf Abbas Aga. E-Mail: iftekharabbas55555@gmail.com).

Received: 31/10/2019                               Accepted: 01/07/2020

Abstract

The salinity in arid and semi-arid regions is one of the most important problems that negatively affect plant growth and development, especially at the germination and seedling stages. An experiment was carried out in pots at the laboratories of the Field Crops Department at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering in Deir Ezzor/Euphrates University during 2016/2017 agricultural season. Therefore, the study aimed to know the role of gibberellic acid in increasing the efficiency of germination and growth of yellow corn seeds (Zea mays L.) cultivar (Ghouta-82) under saline stress. The first treatment was the use of saline with different concentrations of sodium chloride (5000, 6000, 7000 and 8000) mg/l, in addition to the treatment of soaking with distilled water (control), and the treatment of soaking the seeds with gibberlic acid GA3 (300) mg/l. The experiment was laid out according to the completely randomized design, with three replications. The number of pots was (30), where each pot represents a treatment. The results showed significant differences in the effect of sodium chloride concentration on all studied characteristics (germination percentage, germination strength, seedlings and root length, leaf area and total chlorophyll) which decreased by 74.33, 76.53, 60.23, 42.34.11, 78.86, 59 and 81)%, respectively, also, there was a significant increase in the period required for germination, and the percentage of (K +) / (Na +) by (61.25 and 61.11)% in the treatment with a concentration of (8000) compared to the treatment of the control (distilled water), in addition to a significant decrease in the treatment of soaking the seeds with GA3 at a concentration of (300) mg/L for both; germination speed and (K + / (Na +) ratio of (28.57 and 23.63)%, respectively, and a significant increase in germination indicators was noticed, where strength, seedlings and rootstock length, (K + / (Na +) ratio, leaf area and total chlorophyll by (16.66, 61.87, 39.13, 66.67, 72.02 and 75.48)%, respectively, compared with the treatment of non-soaking seeds with GA3. Also, the results showed a significant effect of the interaction between salt concentrations and soaking the seeds with GA3 on the one hand, and on the other hand between salt concentration and soaking the seeds with distilled water (control) on all studied traits of yellow corn, cultivar (Ghouta-82).

Key words: Sodium chloride, Gibberellic Acid, Growth traits, Yellow corn, (Al Ghutah – 82).

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Wajiha Kassem Al-Shar⁽¹⁾ Suleiman Salameh⁽²⁾ and Majd Darwish*⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Field Crops. Faculty of Agriculture. Tishreen University. Lattakia. Syria.

(2). Faculty of Technical Engineering. Tartous University. Tartous. Syria

(* Corresponding author: Dr. Majd Darwish. Lattakia. Syria. E-mail: majds26@yahoo.com).

Received: 21/02/2019                               Accepted: 31/05/2019

Abstract

The research was carried out by the cultivation of sweet corn (Zea mays var. Saccharata) grains (Golden Sweet hybrid) at Al-Fakhurah village in Latakia governorate during the season 2018, according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The study aimed to determine the effect of plant spraying with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) (10 and 20 mM), with amino acids (5 and 10 g/L), and with H₂O₂ and amino acids together in some growth, yield and quality characteristics of sweet corn hybrid plants. The spraying treatments with H₂O₂, especially at a concentration of 10 mM, and with amino acids, especially at a concentration of 10 g/L, alone or together, conducted to many positive effects on all growth (morphological and physiological traits), productivity (fresh ear yield) and quality (total protein and soluble sugar contents in fresh ear kernels) characteristics of golden sweet corn. Thus, these compounds spraying with concentrations (10-20 mM for H₂O₂ and 5-10 g/L for amino acids), alone or together, is recommended considering to their observed role in stimulating the growth of sweet corn plants (Golden Sweet hybrid), increasing fresh yield of ear and improving the protein and soluble sugar contents of kernels.      

Keywords: Sweet corn, Hydrogen peroxide, Amino acids, Productivity.

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Hekmat Abbas⁽¹⁾ Ousama Radwan⁽¹⁾ and Amal Asaad Sakkour^*(1)

(1). Department of Ecology and Foresty, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

 (*Corresponding author:Eng. Amal Sakkour. E-Mail: amalsakk1989@gmail.com) 

Received: 03/03/2019                               Accepted: 07/05/2019

Abstract

This research aimed to study the natural regeneration of Pinus pinea L. in many regions in Lattakia, and to determine the most important factors affecting the regeneration. 60 circular samples were taken, the area of each sample was 400 m². The results showed a significant positive effect of the height above sea level, and a significant negative effect on the percentage of rock exposures and a significant positive effect of herb cover. As the total capacity of classification and data forecasting was by the model 81.1%, as the Naglkerke R² value was 54.4%. The positive role of herb cover in the increase in the number of natural rejuvenation seedlings, particularly in the sloping areas, through their contribution to protecting soil from erosion and securing the suitable cradle for the growth of seeds and seedlings of Pinus pinea .The negative role of rock discoveries is in the prevention of pine seeds from reaching the soil and its optimal growth. In terms of the role of the height from the sea in the studied sites, it was positive with the increase  in the height above sea level because of suitable climate factors for growth of seeds and seedlings regeneration and thus ensure continuity.

Key words : Pinus pinea L., Natural regeneration, Inventory, Slope, Herb cover, Syria.  

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Belal AlSayed^*(1) and Ousama Radwan⁽¹⁾

(1). Forestry and Economic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Belal AlSayed. E-Mail: belalyasee@gmail.com).

Received: 04/07/2019                               Accepted: 30/11/2019

Abstract

Street trees are an integral part of the street infrastructure, so choosing the right type plays a big role in determining the aesthetic and environmental value of any street. From an aesthetic perspective, street trees are important in increasing the beauty of the city and providing visual aids, but from an environmental perspective, street trees play an important role in reducing the effects of urbanization and population growth on the environment. The research analyzed tree rows and studied the diversity of trees and identified their idealism in Al-Maghreb Al-Arabi street in Latakia City. Results of this paper revealed prominent breaks in the arboreal rows, and that these rows contained four botanic species (Washingtonia filifera H., Eucalyptusro strata Schlecht., Meliaazedarach L. and Ficusnitida L.). Also, the results showed that the ratios of many taxonomic units were not ideal and also it was noticed the irregular distribution of individuals between the types found in the street, which caused distortion of the beauty of the street and underestimated the importance of the vegetation growth in the street. Findings showed a decrease in the value of the ideal of the four used botanic species, where (Washingtonia filifera H.) 7.17/10 and (Eucalyptusro strata Schlecht.) 7.2/10 and (Ficusnitida L.) 7.23/10, while the idealism degree of (Melia azedarach L.) was somewhat better 7.67/10  .

Key words: Street trees, Idealism degree, Latakia, Syria.

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Jamal H. Yaqoub^*(1) andMohammed A. budalkareem⁽²⁾

(1). University Services Management Administration, University of Basrah, Iraq.          (2). Department of Soil Sciences, Water Research, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq.   

(*Corresponding author: Jamal H. Yaqoub  E-Mail: jam13336@Gmail.com).

Received: 28/05/2020                               Accepted: 13/06/2020

Abstract

An incubation experiment was laid out at Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq, in 2019, to study the effect of humic substances (humic acid and fulvic acid) which extracted from different organic sources (rice straw, corn cobs, cattlle residue and poultry residue) composed aerobically for three months on phosphorus availability as related to calcium concentration in solution of two soils. Four levels of humic substances (0, 20, 40 and 60 L/ha) were applied to two soils along with 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg P₂O₅ /ha from either triple super phosphate or di-ammonium phosphate. Samples were incubated at 25 ± 2 °C for 14 days under field capacity moisture condition. Soluble calcium was determined and available P was determined after extracting by 0.5 M NaHCO₃. In respect of soluble Ca, the result showed that increasing humic substances level decreased soluble Ca⁺⁺ at both soils and both fertilizers used, with lowest values in the treatments of  rice straw and poultry residue. Furthermore,TSP gave the highest values of soluble calcium as compared with DAP. Available P showed opposite trends as for available calcium. Available P values were differed with different humic substances treatment along with soils and fertilizer sources with the highest available P associated with treatments of rice straw  at level of 40 L/ha for both soils.

Key words: Humic substances, Soluble calciumˏ Available Pˏ Ammonium diphosphateˏ Rice strawˏ Calcareous soils.

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Hameed K. Abdul-Ameer⁽¹⁾ and Gehan J. Jomaa^*(1)

(1). Al-Furat Al-Awast Technical University, Al-Mussaib Technical College, Babylon, Iraq

(*Corresponding author: Gehan J. Jomaa. E-mail: h.k.almjadi@gmail.com).

Received: 14/07/2020                               Accepted: 02/08/2020

Abstract

A field and map studies were carried out in 2019 on some soil series of the Great Mussaib Project, which is a part of the Iraqi Mesopotamia plain , that is located within the geographical coordinates 33.32 °, 32.47 ° N, 44.29 ° and 44.55 °E . The soil series were mapped and then dropped on their sites using the GPS device, then they revealed and described morphological and obtained samples for the purpose of analysis, in addition to obtaining measurements on the units of the map, and the results indicated that the soils series differed among themselves in terms of soil particle, salinity was high and the CEC is positively associated with clay content, and carbonate minerals increased with depth, the distribution of gypsum did not take a certain pattern, association state of series result appeared the type of joint enclosure of more than one series surrounding other, which indicated cases of homogeneity of sedimentation. The results of the statistical constants of the soil particles confirmed that their size falls within the ranges of the medium and fine silt, degree of sediment sorting was poor and that the degree of flatness range from the flat type to the very flat. While the results of the map unit analysis indicated that the soil series took the shape of rotation more than the elongation state which is confirmed by the coefficient positive correlation between series area and their boundary.

Key words: Mussiab project, Soil series, Statistical constant, Association status.

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Hazem H. Al-Ashwal ^(1)* and Mohamed M. Alsanabani ⁽²⁾

(1). Northern Highland Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA), Sana’a, Yemen.

(2). Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen.

(*Corresponding author: Hazem H. Al-Ashwal.E-Mail: hazemalasshwal@yahoo.com).

Received: 01/05/2020                               Accepted: 12/06/2020

Abstract

An experiment was conducted at Northern Highlands Agricultural Research Regional Station in Sana’a, Yemen, to simulate distribution of soil moisture under alternative furrow irrigation, and soil water balance. Six treatments applied, namely: EFI1, EFI2, EFI3, AFI1, AFI2 and AFI3; which EFI means conventional (or full) furrow irrigation, and AFI alternative furrow irrigation, and the numbers 1,2,3 related to levels of irrigation water 100%, 75% and 50% respectively, which the treatment EFI1 was the farmer practice. VS2DI model was used to simulate water movement in soil for all treatments. EFI1 treatment used for calibration process to calibrate some parameters related to soil and transpiration, and the rest 5 treatments for verification. Results showed that there was satisfactory agreement between measured and estimated soil water content, and there was goodness of fit in the statistical values of (R²), (RMSE), and (D) in all cases. The results also showed that the pattern of soil moisture distribution plays an important role in benefit of alternative furrow irrigation over conventional irrigation, which has been found that the soil moisture in parts of soil profile (under irrigated furrow) maintain high, and suitable for plant in AFI treatments compared with EFI at the same level of irrigation water, generally compared with AFI, the deep percolation was higher in EFI, the cumulative evaporation and transpiration didn’t affected by irrigation method, but the evaporation and transpiration rates are affected; In the first stages after irrigation the evaporation and transpiration rates was higher in EFI than AFI, and vice versa in the late stages after irrigation, then at a certain time after irrigation, the transpiration rate dramatically decreased in EFI, but that wasn’t noticeable effect in AFI; this explain the slightly effects on yield in AFI with decrease in irrigation water compared with EFI. The study concluded that another studies concerned in the physiological response of plant in transpiration to partial root zone drying and soil moisture distribution must be conducted, and the root activity function must be improved in VS2D model. Also concluded that the AFI technique is practicable and useful in arid areas where the water is cost.

Key words: Alternate furrow irrigation, Soil moisture distribution, Simulation, VS2DI module.

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Zainab Amran^*(1) Mahmoud Ali⁽¹⁾ and Rim Salame⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Forestry and Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Zeinab Amran. E-Mail: Zeinabamran212@gmail.com).

Received: 03/07/2019                               Accepted: 28/08/2019

Abstract

The study determined the effect of exposure on the total phenolic contents of Sorbus torminalis L., where plant samples (leaves and fruits) were collected from three exposures (south, west and east) in the Cedar-Fir protected area (Slenfeh, Lattakia) in autumn of 2018. The total contents of the phenolic compounds were calibrated using Fulin Cycalto method, expressing the result by the amount of gallic acid in 1 g fresh weight using a (spectrophotometer). The results showed that phenolic compounds were the highest in the Eastern exposure (14.17± 1.96 mg/g) followed by the Western exposure (12.54±1.27  mg/g) and finally the Southern exposure (10.48 ±0.94  mg/g). Regarding  the fruits, the Western exposure total phenolic contents of the fruits were more than that at the Eastern and Southern exposures where the highest contents of phenolic compounds (0.42±4.46 mg/g) were found, followed by the eastern exposure (  0.72±4.25 mg/g). Finally, the southern exposure recorded the lowest yield (0.29±3.51mg/g). The analysis of ANOVA showed significant differences in leaf and fruit contents of phenolic compounds between the Southern and Eastern exposure and the Southern and Western exposures (P <0.0.5), while no significant difference, was observed between East and West exposure (P> 0.05).

Key words: Sorbus torminalis L., Phenolic compounds, Exposure.

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Nisreen Soudah⁽¹⁾ Abdulnaser Aldarir⁽¹⁾ and Abdulghani Alkhaldi*⁽²⁾

(1).Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering,  Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Aleppo Research Center, General Commission for scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Abdulghani Alkhaldi. E-Mail: abdulgh64@gmail.com).

Received: 15/04/2020                               Accepted: 06/09/2020

Abstract

Cotton is considered one of the most important strategic summer crops cultivated due to the role it plays in supporting the national economy, providing foreign exchange and securing the raw material for the textile industries. The research aimed to reveal and compare the changes in the productive characteristics of the two varieties Aleppo 124 and Aleppo 33/1 at three levels of irrigation (50, 80 and 100%) of water requirement and two methods irrigaion (surface and sprinkler). The experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Hama. The total water consumption of Aleppo 124 variety reached by the method of sprinkler irrigation 8279 m³/ha, and (6823, 4684 m³/ha) for the two treatments (80, 50%), respectively. As for the surface irrigation method, it reached 9845 m³/ha, and (8075, 5491 m³/ha) for the above two treatments, respectively. The increase in productivity by the method of sprinkler irrigation was estimated at 31% compared to the method of surface irrigation, and Aleppo 124 variety surpassed Aleppo 33/1 by about 18%. The results showed that there were no significant differences in productivity between 100% and 80% treatments. Thus, the possibility of irrigating the cotton crop by 80% of its water needs, and providing water and using it to irrigate additional areas. It can also be emphasized that the Aleppo 33/1 cultivar can be replaced by the new Aleppo 124 cultivar because of its production characteristics.

Keywords: Cotton, Water requirement, Sprinkler irrigation, Surface irrigation. Deficit irrigation.
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