Sliman Sliman^(1)*, Ziad Chikh-Khamis⁽¹⁾ and Mounir Al-Nabhan⁽²⁾

(1). Department of plant protection , Agriculture  Faculty, Albaath university, Homs, Syria.

(2). Hama Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Sliman Sliman. E-Mail: suleman.abdalkareem.su@gmail.com).

Accepted:30/04/2023                      Received: 8/02/2023   

Abstract: 

The predator Orius laevigatus (Fieber)(Anthocoridae:Hemiptera) is a natural enemy of thrips, aphids and whiteflies. Evaluation of the capabilities of the predator O. laevigatus as a biological control agent  The biological characteristics of the predator were studied when reared on the Mediterranean flour moth eggs Ephestia kuehniella and Geranium tuberosum at temperature 25 ± 1 ° C and relative humidity 60 ± 5% Lighting illumination 16 hours/day. The nutritional needs of the predator of E. kuehniella eggs were also studied. The total fertility of the female reached 85.15 ± 25 eggs, the egg hatching rate was 90%, and the incubation period of eggs was 3.1 ± 0.3 days on average. The survival rate of the nymph stage was 51%, the length of the egg laying period was 21.9 ± 1.48 days. The nutritional requirements of the nymphs’ ages, arranged on average, were 14.2 ± 1.67, 17.35 ± 1.13, 22.7 ± 1.78, 28.6 ± 1.27, 59.2 ± 3 eggs of the host E. kuehniella, while the shoots of the female and male were 369 ± 16 and 300 ± 17 eggs.

Keywords: predator Orius laevigatus, Ephestia kuehniella, biological characteristics, nutritional needs.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Razan Knag ⁽¹⁾* Badeeh Samra⁽¹⁾  and  Mohammad Ahmed⁽²⁾  

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Razan Knag. E-mail: Razanknag@gmail.com).

Accepted:17/05/2023                         17/02/2023   Received:

Abstract: 

This research was conducted in Miaar Shaker village (Tartous), during the agriculture season (2020-2021), to study the effect of spraying tomato leaves with salicylic and ascorbic acid on the growth of tomatoes and reducing the infection of Tuta absoluta under greenhouse conditions.  The results showed a significant increase in growth indicators when spraying with salicylic and ascorbic acids compared with control, the use of a mixture of salicylic and ascorbic acids at concentration of 400ppm each led to a significant increase in plant height, number of leaves and leaf area, which reached to 197cm, 28.50 leaf/plant,17078cm², respectively, with an increase of 25.27%, 28.94%, respectively compared to the control. The content leaves of N, K, P ,Fe, Zn and Ca increased to 0.59mg/kg, 1.11%, 2.95%, 656.7mg/kg, 49.89mg/kg, 0.51%, respectively. The results also showed a positive effect of using salicylic and ascorbic acids in reducing the damage caused by Tuta absoluta  infection by reducing the percentage of infected leaves and fruits on tomato which reached to 9.67, 3.24%, respectively, when using mixture of salicylic and ascorbic acids at concentration of 400ppm each, while it was 90.99, 39.04% in control.

Keywords: Tomato, Salicylic acid , Ascorbic acid ,Plant Growth, Tuta absoluta Meyrick, green house.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Batoul Ahmad^(1)*, Sawsan suleiman⁽¹⁾ and Mohammed Ahmad⁽¹⁾ 

(1). Faculty of Agriculture Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Batoul Ahmad, Email: batoulandjanalma@gmail.com)

Received: 3/02/2023            Accepted: 2/05/2023

Abstract: 

The effect of foliar application of (4 years) lemon trees Santa Teresa in Tartous suburb, Beit Zeina village with Chitosan (200-300-400 ppm) on catalase antioxidant activity, Leaves content of salicylic acid, calcium, and leaf morphometric characteristics and their influence on citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis   citrella biology:  Pupa^’s length and eggs number, under the conditions of field were investigated. The results showed that treatments with Chitosan (300-400) reduced the catalase activity 0.273-0.239 mmol min^-1 g^-1 FW and the content of H₂O₂ in leaves 1.230 -2.516 nmol g^-1 FW. Chitosan 300 increased the content of salicylic acid in leaves to (20.505 μg/mg), Chitosan 400 enhanced leaf calcium content by 7.1% and leaf thickness 2.033 mm, and reduced damaged leaf area by up to 15.69%, both treatments reduced pupa’s length 2.1 mm comparing to control 2.77mm. Chitosan 200 reduced eggs^’ number to 7 eggs compared to control 18 eggs and increased leaf area to about 44.49 cm². 

Keywords: Chitosan , Lemon Santa Teresa,  Antioxidant enzyme,  Salicylic acid, Calcium, morphometric characteristics of leaves,  Citrus leaf miner.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Mohamed Ali Abead ⁽¹⁾ and Al-Sadek Mohamed Ghazala⁽²⁾*

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, , University of Tripoli, Tripoli-Libya

(*Corresponding author: Al-Sadek Mohamed Ghazala, Email:  Elsadek1969@yahoo.com).

Received: 25/10/2023               Accepted:  27/03/2024

Abstract: 

Biological control agents Trichoderma   harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptomyces canescens.are known as effective biocontrol agents for several soil-borne fungal plant pathogens including  Macrophomina  phaseolina and Colletotricum fragariae. The present work was carried out in the suburbs of Tripoli, Libya, during the spring of 2009 to illustrate the antagonistic effect and mode of actions of these three bioagents against Macrophomina phaseolina and Colletotrichum fragariae isolated from strawberry plants.The antagonistic effects of the different bioagents against pathogens as well as the interactions between them were evaluated in-vitro in dual culture and illustrated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology.  B. subtilis (B1), S. canescens and T.harzianum showed antagonistic effect when used against C. fragariae and gave 73.7, 72.5, and 65.0 % of inhibition, respectively. SEM showed that T. harzianum act through several mechanisms such as hyperparasitism causing destruction the mycelium of the pathogens. Also a malformation and lysis of hyphae were observed in the mycelium of M. phaseolina and C. fragariae due to different antibiotics and enzymes produced by B. subtilis and S. canescens.

Keywords  : Antagonistic effect ,Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces canescens, Macrophomina phaseolina, Colletotrichum fragariae, Scanning electron microscope.

Full paper in English: pdf

Walaa Tahhan ^*(1), Safaa Al Kilane ⁽¹⁾, Salah Kawas ⁽¹⁾, and  Mahmood Abbas⁽²⁾  

(1). Dept. of Renewable Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(4).Climate and Meteorological, Directorate of Climate and Meteorology, Damascus.

(*Corresponding author. Walaa Tahhan.  E Mail: walaatahhan49@gmail.com).

Received:17/01/2023                         Accepted:30/ 04/2023

Abstract: 

This study aims to study the current state of temperature at Latakia station and the changes that occurred and the correlation with carbon dioxide concentration. Data collected from NASA and General Directorate of Meteorology and analyzed using the SPSS Statistical Analysis Program. Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Atmosphere near Earth surface has increased significantly and has been very significant over time, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. There has been a clear and significant increase in the average annual temperature and the average monthly temperature in April through October, and the biggest rise has been in summer months (June, July, and August), there has been a significant correlation between the average temperature concentration (R = 0.78), in addition its association with carbon dioxide concentration has been very significant (R = 0.80), High temperature in Latakia is due to the increase in the average of annual maximum temperature, mainly the increase in the average monthly maximum temperature in summer months. The correlation coefficient between average annual maximum temperature and time was significant (R = 0.85), in addition its association with carbon dioxide concentration has been very significant (R = 0.87). There has been also a rise in the average of minimum temperature, but at a lower rate than in the average of maximum temperature, the correlation coefficient with time (R = 0.60) and the correlation coefficient with carbon dioxide (R = 0.61). and accordingly future climate changes will add more environmental and economic pressures in Syria, particularly the agricultural production sectors, water resources, energy consumption, etc., which requires the development of policies and strategies for adaptation to climate change.

Keywords: Climate, Temperature, Concentration of carbon dioxide, Coefficient of correlation, Linear regression.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Norma Alshemali^(1)*, Mohamead Abd ElAziz⁽²⁾and Ammar Wafik Zayoud⁽³⁾

 (1). Syrian General Trading Organization , Aleppo, Syria

 (2). Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria. 

 (3). Al Ghab Research Center,General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author. Norma Alshemali.  E-Mail:nalshemali5@gmail.com).

Received:1/02/2023                         Accepted:30/ 04/2023

Abstract: 

The research was carried out during the seasons 2021-2022 at Al-Ghab plain northwest of Hamah Governorate, to study the effect of watering periods (10-15-20-25) days on some growth characteristics and yield components of Pimpinella anisum and determination the ideal irrigation periods under the conditions of the Al-Ghab area. The experiment was designed by randomized complete block design RCBD with three replications, the results showed a significant superiority of irrigation treatment (10) days in the number of seeds in the inflorescence and in the plant, it also gave the highest productivity (1628) kg/h , and the highest percentage of carbohydrates (11.72%) , the irrigation period of (20) days was the best in protein percentage (25.38%), irrigation periods (10-15) days   significants  in the characteristics of plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, and number of inflorescences per plant

Keywords: pimpinella anisum- irrigation periods- carbohydrates percentage-protein percentage- productivity.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Marwan Rahman Al-Jobury^*(1)and Waleed Khalid Al-Juheishy⁽¹⁾

(1). Dept. of Field Crop College of Agric. & Forestry Mosul, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Marwan  Al-jobury, Email: marwan.22agp32@student.uomosul.edu.iq.)

Received: 9/03/2024           Accepted: 28/04/2024

Abstract: 

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 2022 and 2023 in Al-Abbasiya village, located approximately 12 kilometers north of Mosul city center in northern Iraq. The objective was to study the effect of two levels of fertilization (conventional NPK fertilizer and nano-fertilizer) on the growth, yield, and quality of five Safflower genotypes (Gilla, MUJ-36, MUJ-38, MUJ-7, MUJ-2). The experiment was laid out using a split-plot design with three replications according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D). The results revealed significant differences between fertilizer levels, with conventional NPK fertilizer outperforming in branch number, while nano-fertilizer excelled in chlorophyll content (76.15 SPAD), number of disks per plant (35.88 disks/plant), disk diameter (2.41 cm), number of seeds per disk (35.74 seeds/disk), 1000-seed weight (38.05 g), seed yield (280.02 g/m2), and oil percentage in seeds (38.05%). Fertilizer levels did not significantly affect plant height. Significant differences were observed among genotypes, with MUJ-2 genotype significantly excelling in leaf chlorophyll content (92.63 SPAD), and MUJ-36 and MUJ-7 genotypes excelling in branch number (25.29 and 25.37 branches/plant, respectively). Gilla genotype excelled in the remaining studied traits. There was a significant interaction between fertilization and genotypes in all studied traits, and the highest seed and oil yield (370.96 g/m2 and 43.68%, respectively) were obtained from the interaction of nano-fertilizer with Gilla genotype.

Keywords: Nano-fertilization, NPK, Safflower Genotypes, Yield, Safflower.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Kawthar Abou Assali ^*(1), Roula Bayerli ⁽²⁾,and  Bassam Al Atalah ⁽¹⁾

(1). Sewida Research Center/ General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)/ Damascus, Syria.

(2). Horticulture department/ Faculty of Agricultural Engineering/ Damascus University. Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Kawthar Abou Assali. E-Mail: kawtharaboassaly@gmail.com).

Received: 26/03/2023         Accepted: 14/05/2023

Abstract: 

The research was conducted at Sewida Agricultural Scientific Research Center/ General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research/ Syria during the year 2021. The aim was studying the effect of treatment with salicylic acid (SA) and different irrigation levels on germination of Baladi cucumber cultivar seeds. The seeds were treated for 24 hours, with several concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1, 50, 150 mg/L) at room temperature, then they were planted in germination trays and several levels of irrigation were applied (100% water: full irrigation, 60% of full irrigation, 80% of full irrigation). The experiment was designed using a randomized complete block design, and data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA. The results showed a decrease in all studied indicators (Germination percentage, germination speed, germination vigor depending on the shoot length, germination vigor depending on the wet weight of seedling, shoot length, wet weight of seedling and wet weight of shoots and roots) as the applied irrigation levels decrease. Treatment with SA had a positive effect on the aforementioned indicators, as the concentrations used for SA achieved a significant difference compared to the control. The concentration of 50 mg / L achieved the highest value among the concentrations tested in all indicators, especially in the average germination vigor depending on the shoot length (329.7), germination vigor depending on the wet weight of seedling (752.8), and the wet weight of seedling (9.363), which showed a significant difference compared to the rest of the treatments and the control (215.9, 445.8, 6.273, respectively). The results of the interaction showed that the two concentrations 50 and 150 mg / L achieved a significant difference compared to the control in all indicators under the different irrigation levels. The concentration 50 mg/L in all irrigation levels achieved the highest values for studied indicators compared to the control. It can be said that the pre-soaking with salicylic acid, especially the concentration 50 mg/L, achieved a significant improvement in the studied indicators in response to different irrigation levels at the germination level.

Keywords: Irrigation level, Cucumber, Salicylic acid, Seeds, Germination.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ghina Adba^{*(1) (2)} , Ali Zidan⁽¹⁾ , Mais Deeb⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Agricultural Scientific Research Center, Tishreen University, Tartous, Syria.

(* Correspondent:  Ghina Adba, E-mail adbaghina@gmail.com).

Received:  5/01/2023          Accepted:18/05/2023

Abstract: 

This research was carried out in the village of Jediti in Tartous Governorate in the summer season of 2021, as this experiment included (12) treatments, consisting of overlapping the addition of four levels of mineral fertilizer (F0, F1, F2, F3), which are equivalent to (0,50,75 and 100%) of the fertilizer recommendation for maize, respectively. and three levels of local manufactured biochar from the pruning residues of citrus trees (B2, B1, B0), which are equivalent to (0, 1, 2%) by weight of the soil, respectively. In this soil, a crop of yellow corn, Ghouta 82, was planted. The results showed a positive effect of adding biochar alone or with mineral fertilization on the values of growth indicators for maize, Meanwhile the significant increase in plant wet and dry weight 468.3 and 129.3 g, plant height 186.07 cm, leaf surface index 3.33, ear length 24.73 cm, number of hairs per plant 2.22 area index t was observed when applied B₂F  compared with control B₀F₀.

Key wards:  Zea  mays,  Biochar, Mineral fertilizer, Recommended fertilizer equation.  

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Zuheir Shater ^*(1) and Bassam AlSSaleh AlAbed ⁽²⁾

(1) . Department of Forestry and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Syria.

(2) . Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Zuheir Shater, E.mail: zuheirshater@yahoo.com ).

Received: 12/01/2023         Accepted: 2/05/2023

Abstract: 

Plant biodiversity was studied during the period 2009-2022 in 10 circular samples of 400 m², in the regions of Qastal Maaf (Lattakia Governorate) and Al-Qadmus (Tartous Governorate) using several indicators such as Specific Richness, Shannon index, and Jacquard index, in terms of composition, structure, and functionality. Most indicators showed a positive trend in their values during the studied period, but most of the differences were not statistically significant. In terms of composition, the average specific richness increased from 34.8 ± 6 to 36.8 ± 0.2 species, and the Shannon index increased from 4.86 ± 0.3 bytes to 4.88 ± 0.3 bytes, and the Jacquard Similarity Index value reached 52.7% during the studied period. From a functional point of view, the arrangement of the proportions of life forms differed between the two years of the study, but the differences between the averages of these ratios were slight and non-significant except for the phanerophytes and Chamaephytes, while the dispersal patterns maintained the order of their ratios during the studied period without significant differences except for the dispersal model by ants (Mirmecochory(, which decreased significantly. From a structural point of view, the results showed a decrease in the average coverage of the grassy layer during the study period, while this average increased for the shrubby and trees layers, but these differences were not statistically significant. The study showed that the results could be affected by the studied temporal and spatial scale, and therefore suggested the need to continue evaluating these indicators on various temporal and spatial scales.

KeyWords: Compositional diversity, structural diversity, functional diversity, temporal scale, spatial scale.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf