Irfan Aswad Al-Hamd ⁽¹⁾  and  Abdul Razzaq Jarbu ⁽²⁾

(1): Department of Soil and Land Reclamation – Faculty of Agriculture at Deir Ezzor – Euphrates University.

(2): Department of Soil and Land Reclamation – Faculty of Agriculture at Hasaka – Euphrates University .

(*Corresponding author Irfan Aswad Al-Hamd . Mobile (0932799099) – Email: orfan.alhmad@gmail.com)

Received: 8/4/2020                                    Accepted: 23/11/2020

Abstract:

In order to find the optimum fertilizer levels from fermented sheep waste and nitrogen fertilizer for wheat plants (variety Sham 6) grown in clay soil, the potted experiment was carried out during the year (11/15/2017) according to the RCBD design and with three replications, the research included two factors: fertilization With fermented sheep waste with three levels (0, 10 and 20) tons / hectare, symbol for it (M0, M1 and M2 Ton / hectare) , and nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg N / hectare), symbol for it (N0, N1, N2 and N3) in the form of urea fertilizer (N One third of it was added when planting, the second third after a month of germination and the last third after 60 days of germination. Potassium sulfate (K₂O, 50) was added as a source of potassium at a level of 80 kg K₂O / ha and triple superphosphate fertilizer as a source of phosphorus (P₂O₅, 46%). At the level of (100 kg P₂0₅ / hectare) when planting. Some vegetative and productive characteristics and some soil indicators were studied.The results confirmed a significant increase in each of (plant height, cm, number of spikes / m2, weight of 1000 grains, g and grain yield, tons / hectare) in the overlap of treatment of fermented sheep waste at two levels (20) tons / hectare with fertilization treatment at level (240). (Kg N / ha), reaching (94.12 cm, 300.12 spikes / m2, 33.47 g and 5328.0) tons / ha respectively. There was also a significant increase in the characteristic of the organic matter when the level of fermented sheep waste (M2) (20) tons / hectare overlapped with the level of nitrogen fertilizer (N1) (80) kg N / ha, as the highest value reached (1.412)%. The highest non-significant value of soil reaction degree (pH) was achieved from the interaction of (no addition of fermented sheep residues) (M0) with nitrogen fertilizer treatment at the level of (80) kg N / ha, as it reached (7.75). The highest value of the electrical conductivity of the soil from the interaction of (not adding fermented sheep residues (M0) with the nitrogen fertilizer treatment was (240) kg N / hectare, reaching (4.64) m / dS.

Key words: Fermented Sheep Manure, Nitrogen Fertilization, Some Growth Characteristics And Wheat Plant Productivity, And Soil Indices.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Redwan Al-gasem^{⁎ (1)}, Maher Yousef ⁽¹⁾ and Mustafa Haj Hmaidi ⁽¹⁾

 (1).Dept. Of economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Redwan algasem. E-Mail: redwanalgasem@gmail.com).

Received: 12/09/2019                                Accepted: 6/02/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out in Aleppo Governorate (Deir Hafer region), and preliminary data was collected from a sample of cotton farmers for the 2019 agricultural season to estimate the functions of demand for chemical fertilizers during the season. Through the studied sample, it became clear that most farmers used two types of chemical fertilizers, namely urea and triple superphosphate, the mainstay of this research It is the estimation of the cotton crop production function, and the best mathematical formula that was reached was the Cobb-Douglas function, and from this function both the cost functions and the fertilizer demand functions were derived. Through the results, the elasticities of the two fertilizers, urea and superphosphate, were reached, which amounted to (0.47,0.19), respectively. The results of the research also showed that if the fertilizer prices were doubled, the demand function for fertilizers would remain the same without any change. As a result, after estimating the expansion corridor equation, the optimal economic combination of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers was reached and it was (450,280) kg/ ha, respectively.

Keywords: Douglas Cup production function, cotton crop, expansion corridor. Deir Hafer region

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Adelina Sbh⁽¹⁾*, Ghassan Kalil yacoub⁽¹⁾ and Mahmoud Mostafa Alio⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corrsponding author: Adelina Sbh . E-Mail: adelina.sbh@gmail.com).

Received: 21/10/2019                                Accepted: 14/02/2020

Abstract:

This research was conducted in the Latakia and Tartous provinces, through a simple random sample consisting of 383 farmers, first to estimate the quantity and value of plant wastes in Syrian coast, and second to present modern methods to benefit from them, relying on preliminary data collected through field visits for growers of grasses, legumes, fruit trees and vegetables during the year 2017-2018, and then to analyze the data using the analytical and descriptive methods. The results of the research showed that most of the resulting agricultural wastes are not optimally used, but are thrown and accumulated, which causes wastage of large amounts of them, the environmental pollution, Results showed that, the average investment ratio of legume, vegetables, grasses, and fruit trees was 77%, 80%, 55% and 43% consensually. Also, it became clear that maximizing the use of untapped plant wastes in Syrian coast would produce quantities of biogas and organic fertilizer estimated at 162.1 million cubic meters and 1108.62 thousand tons, respectively, and the amount of biogas is rewards 97247 thousand liters of diesel. Which indicates the need to draw the attention of farmers to the economic importance of plant residues, especially when used in order to produce biogas and the resulting organic fertilizer, and the need to sensitize them about the risks of wrong disposal of plant wastes on human and the environment.
Key wards: Plant waste, Biogas, Organic Fertilizer, Diesel.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Redwan Al-gasem^{⁎ (1)}, Maher Yousef ⁽¹⁾ and Mustafa Haj Hmaidi ⁽¹⁾

 (1).Dept. Of economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Redwan algasem. E-Mail: redwanalgasem@gmail.com).

Received: 12/09/2019                                Accepted: 6/02/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out in Aleppo Governorate (Deir Hafer region), and preliminary data was collected from a sample of cotton farmers for the 2019 agricultural season to estimate the functions of demand for chemical fertilizers during the season. Through the studied sample, it became clear that most farmers used two types of chemical fertilizers, namely urea and triple superphosphate, the mainstay of this research It is the estimation of the cotton crop production function, and the best mathematical formula that was reached was the Cobb-Douglas function, and from this function both the cost functions and the fertilizer demand functions were derived. Through the results, the elasticities of the two fertilizers, urea and superphosphate, were reached, which amounted to (0.47,0.19), respectively. The results of the research also showed that if the fertilizer prices were doubled, the demand function for fertilizers would remain the same without any change. As a result, after estimating the expansion corridor equation, the optimal economic combination of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers was reached and it was (450,280) kg/ ha, respectively.

Keywords: Douglas Cup production function, cotton crop, expansion corridor. Deir Hafer region

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mariam.A.Auribi⁽¹⁾ *Lina S.Mohammed ⁽¹⁾  Nawal K. Zben ⁽¹⁾

(1) University of Basra – Basra- Iraq          

(*Correspondence: Lina Samir Mohamed 07715921923.  E-Mail Linasamer234@gmail.com )

Received:  29/11/2020       Accepted: 232021/5/

Abstract:

The aim of the research is to extract pectin from the remnants of some fruits and vegetables, which are peels of (green apples, red apples, yellow apples, cucumbers, and sunchoke) using ammonium oxalate 1%, citric acid 0.2 molar and oxalic acid 2% at a temperature of 90 ° C for ninety minutes, as the highest percentage of extracted pectin are Using citric acid for all apple samples, ranging between 43.4 – 14.2%, the highest percentage was in green apples 43.4%, and the lowest was in cucumber 14.2%, while the highest yield was given when using ammonium oxalate, in sunchoke, reaching 19.2%, and then Green apples 18.4% and less in cucumbers by 4.8%, and the results of extracted pectin using oxalic acid showed that it was the lowest percentage among the extraction methods in all the studied samples. moisture and ash, which ranged between 10.3 – 11.35% and 2.2 – 2, 1%, respectively, it was extracted by ammonium oxalate at a temperature of 90 ° C for 90 minutes. Using FTIR to find out thechemical active groups of extracted pectins.

Key words: Apple, Sunchoke, Cucumber, Oxalic Acid, Pectin Extract, Citric Acid

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Mahmoud Sheikh Muhammad^(1)*, Omar Al-Naser ⁽¹⁾and Mohammed Al-Azem ⁽²⁾

(1). Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Dept. of Food Engineering Technologies, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

 (*Corresponding author: Eng. Mahmoud Sheikh Muhammad. E-Mail: mahmoud.sh.m@alepuniv.edu.sy).

Received: 26/12/2019                                Accepted: 17/2/2019

Abstract

This study was investigated at the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo in 2019, with the aim of knowing the best way to preserve and store the fruits of whole tomatoes, in terms of initial treatment and adding solutions with known concentrations in the preservation process, by studying the changes in some Chemical traits of fresh tomato fruits (such as lycopene, vitamin C, and reducing sugars) and stored for three months. Peeled and unpeeled tomato samples were preserved in two solutions: the first is a 6% saline solution and the second is a 6% saline solution with citric acid 0.3%, the peeled tomato samples were significantly superior (P˃0.01) to their peeled counterparts by retaining lycopene and vitamin С, the results also showed that preserving and storing the fruits of tomatoes, whether (peeled or unpeeled), is better in saline solution than in saline solution with citric acid, in order to preserve their generally studied chemical components.

Keywords: Storage, Peeling, Tomato, Lycopene, Vitamin C, Saline solution, Citric acid

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Ammar mouhammad said *⁽¹⁾ and Talal Amin ⁽²⁾

 (1). Department of Forestry and Environment , Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: ammar mouhammad Email: ammarsaid19991@gmail.com).

Abstract

The study was conducted in 2018 and 2019 seasons on some genotypes of wild laurel which distributed at Al-Samrah and Al-Nabaaen sites in Latakia governorate, Syria in order to identify the effect of site, tree gender (male or female) and indole-butyric acid IBA on rooting ability of semi wood cuttings of bay laurel. Cuttings were taken in September 2018. IBA 4000 and 0 ppm was used. Results showed that the study site had an effect on rooting ratio (%), Al- Samrah site was superior to Al- Nabaaen. Rooting (%) of female cuttings were superior to male. It was hard to rooting laurel cuttings without hormone treatment, because of that no rooting was detected in the control treatment (without hormone application). An interaction was found between studied factors in rooting (%), while neither study site nor tree gender affected root length or root number. Overall results indicated the ability of using IBA (4000ppm) for successful rooting of laurel cuttings. Taken cuttings from female tress would improve rooting ability (%) more than twice compared to the male trees rooting ability (%). Best results were obtained when taken cuttings from female trees of Al-Samrah site with the application of 4000ppm of IBA, and the rooting percentage will reach 68.78%. 

Key words: Laurel, Rooting, Indole- butyricAcid, Semi wood cuttings.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

                  Rami Kaba ⁽¹⁾  , Omar Abd AL Razzaq ⁽¹⁾    and   Hussien Al Sulieman ⁽¹⁾

• Soil sciences Department faculty of  agriculture Al Furat University-Syria  

Received: 15/09/2020                                Accepted: 20/11/2020

Abstract:

The study aimed to assess the availability of potassium in predominance soil orders (Vertisols,  Inciptisols and Aridisols)  in the Syrian AlGazira and under different land uses (fallow – cultivated), using Backett approach a Quantity- Intensity (Q/I) relationships (ARKe activity ratio, labile K (ΔK0), Potential buffering capacity (PBCK), Gapon Selectivity Coefficient KG). Results of thermodynamic criteria, showed that the highest value of the ionic activity of potassium ARKe was in Malikiyah soil Malikiyah soil (Deir Tigris)/ fallow 0.0183 (mol/liter)^1/2 and the lowest value for the ionic activity in DierAlzor soil(Sour)/fallow 0.0055 (mol/liter)1/2 and all ARKe values obtained in this study were low but higher than the minimum levels. An increase in the ionic activity values was observed in the Malikiyah and Qamishli soils compared to the DierAlzor soils. As for the labile K (ΔK₀) values, The results show that the soil which releases amounts of potassium fixes smaller amount of it as in soils of (Malikiyah and Qamishli soils); these soils contains the Smectite clay mineral. Soils of (DierAlzor) were low in Smectite and high in Mica clay minerals and they fix potassium more than the released quantity, and it has also been observed that the percentage of labile K (ΔK₀) values is increased in fallow soils compared to soils The cultivation of the upper horizon in the DierAlzor and Qamishli sites, while the behavior was different in the Malikiyah soils. The values of potassium Potential buffering capacity (PBC^K), of the studied soils ranged between (2.128 – 80.432) [cmol kg-1]/(M L-1)^0.5]. With a mean of 24.459- 43.269-48.718 [cmol kg^-1]/(M L^-1)^0.5]. for soils DierAlzor (Sour), Qamishli and Malikiyah, respectively. The values of the Capon modulus ranged between 0.491 – 5.246 liters. Mol -1. With averages of 2,923 – 1,301 – 1,243 for for soils DierAlzor (Sour), Qamishli and Malikiyah, respectively. The study provided more accurate information about the potassium dynamics of the soils and play a significant role in the behavior of potassium.

Keywords: Potassium, quantity-intensity relationships, potential buffering capacity, Syria

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ola Ali Merhej ^*(1),Mahmoud Kamel Ali ⁽¹⁾, Ali Saker Thabeet ⁽²⁾, Yunis Mohammad Idress⁽³⁾ and Lama Saleh Essa ⁽⁴⁾

1. Forestry & Ecology Department- Agriculture Faculty- Tishreen University- Syria. 
2. Natural resources Department- Agriculture Faculty- Aleppo University- Syria.
3. General Organization of Remote Sensing- Damascus- Syria.
4. Engineer- Forestry Department, Directorate of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Latakia,

^{( *} Corresponding author, mobile phone: 0932044199 mail: olamerhej@gmail.com)

Abstract

Forest fires are a frequent phenomenon in the Mediterranean forests in general and cause major changes in forest cover and climate. The season fire in the Syrian coast forests extends from June to October, but its effects may last for many years. In this study, two images of the Sentinel 2A satellite were used to determine the area and severity of the Farzala fire in Syria, which began on October 13 and was extinguished on October 15, 2019. NBR index values ​​were calculated from each image separately, and then dNBR was calculated to extract the burned areas and determine the fire severity. The results showed that the fire spread over a total area of ​​(871.27) hectares, of which (166.298) hectares were of high severity. The accuracy of dNBR index in determining the area of ​​the fire was (87.61%). On the other hand, the post-fire NBR value for the burned area ranged from -0.73 to 0.1. The study concluded the importance of using the dNBR index derived from Sentinel 2A satellite imagery in determining the severity of forest fires and setting fire borders.

Key Words: NBR, Sentinel, Remote Sensing, Forest Fires, Latakia, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

                                Mohammad Ibraheem^(1)⁎ , Ali Zidan⁽¹⁾  and  Haitham Ead⁽²⁾

(1) Soil and water sciences Department, Fac. of Agric. TU, Lattakia, Syria.

(2) General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research- Tartous -Syria.

      (*Corrsponding author: M. Ibraheem. E-Mail mohamadali.87@hotmail.com).

Received: 12/10/2020                                 Accepted: 29/3/2021

Abstract:

This research work was carried out at the Agricultural Center for Scientific Research, in Tartous, in spring season 2020, as this experiment included (9) treatments, consisting of interaction between three levels of organic matter (O₂= 5, O₁= 2.5 , O₀= 0 ) kg/m², and three levels of biochar  (B0=0, B1=1, B2=2) % by weight of soil. The results showed that both organic matter and biochar singly and in combination, had a positive effect on productivity of potato tubers and with an increase in the percentage of large tubers and decrease in the percentage of small and medium tubers. Also, the complementary effect between organic fertilizer and biochar was also positive, as the traditional farm treatment of, organic fertilizer + 2 % biochar, achieved the highest yield of potatoes (62.7 ton.h^–1) with (229%) increase, compared with the control treatments which gave (19.03 ton.h^-1) only.

Key wards; Potato, Organic matter, Biochar, productivity.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF