Khaym Al-zzabi * ⁽¹⁾

(1).Faculty of Economic, Al-Forat University, der alzor, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:   Khaym Alzzabi. E-Mail, khaym1979@yahoo.com ).

Received: 11/05/ 2020        Accepted: 02/07/2020

Abstract

The problem of environmental pollution in Syria has been studied and its impact on economic development and the diagnosis of environmental challenges facing it. The negative effects of environmental pollution on economic development in Syria have also been discussed, It has been found through the research that high pollution rates in Syria are the result of the ongoing war there, and the absence of security, safety and encroachment on natural resources, and we have compiled the most important levels of pollution in Syria Reasonable pollution, which is prevalent in all countries of the world and not accompanied by environmental problems, in addition to hazardous pollution, which is pollution resulting from industrial progress in industrialized countries, and destructive pollution where environmental damage increases as a result of excessive industrial activity. Environmental pollution forms have also been studied in Syria, the most important of which is air pollution, which is considered one of the most dangerous types of pollution due to its negative impact on all living organisms. And also noise pollution, which directly affects humans, in addition to radiation pollution, which is caused by human nuclear activity used by humans, as well as pollution due to wars resulting from the use of various types of weapons, All of this was reflected in the development in Syria, by increasing the costs incurred by the state in treating diseases, and increasing the costs of waste disposal and thus increasing the financial burdens of the state.

Key words: Pollution- The environment- economical development- Syrian.

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Fatima Alzhraa Enjrini^(1)*, Imad Aldeen Alkhalaf ⁽¹⁾, Walid AlSaid ⁽¹⁾

• of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Fatima Enjrini E-Mail: fatimaenj92@gmail.com)

Received: 19/10/2020        Accepted: 25/08/2020

Abstract

Biological relations play an important and essential role in the composition of the components of ecosystems especially agricultural, Allelopathy is one of the most important of these relations, the research was conducted in the Laboratory of plant Genetics Research at the Department of Botany / Faculty of Science / University of Aleppo 2019 year. The aim of this research is to study the effect of the aqueous extract of the stem of Euphorbia helioscopia with concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40%) on the mitotic division of chickpea. The results showed a decrease in the mitotic ndex of the low concentrations of aqueous extract (5,10)%, and increased with increasing concentration (20,40)%, this was reversed and led to an increase in the proportion of chromosomes aberration, reaching to (30.8)% at concentration 40% compared with the control (3.11)%, and the following chromosomes aberration appeared: Stickiness, Breakage in Metaphase, Chromosomal Bridges multipolar, the late separation, Polarization, Binucleate, The late separation, Polarization, Binucleate, This indicates that the Euphorbia helioscopia plant that was used in this study and that it contains chemicals that are phytotoxic toxic substances. Hence, the Euphorbia helioscopia plant with its water extract of the stem can be considered a mutagen.

Keywords: Allelopathy, Euphorbia helioscopia, Mitotic, Chickpea, Chromosomal aberration

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(1).Sub Directorate of Forestry Research Lattakia Center of Scientific Agricultural Researches (GCSAR), Lattakia, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Dr. Samer Naser E-Mail: nasersamer156@gmail.com).

Received: 31/09/2020         Accepted: 8/07/2020

Abstract

This study aimed to know the effect of Pinching on the growth of seedlings carob developing in containers Minirhizotron. Where we are cutting the top of main root at different lengths : 1- at 3 cm (C3) 2- at 6 cm (C6) 3- at 9 cm (C9) 4- without cutting – control – (C0) and studied several quantities indicators of growth and development of the total shoot and root of the seedlings for a period of three months. For the treatment (C3) we are noticed that the all seedling were die. For a radical system, results indicated a high significant superiority in the treatment (C0) values ​​for the main root of the overall growth rate such as length (cm) and the speed of growth (cm/3days) height to treatment (C6 and C9).for another sight (C6) has a high significant superiority upon the treatment C9 and control treatment at the dry weight of root system.

regarding to shoot system a significant state has dominated for the treatment (C6) at the other treatments (C9 – C0) in some indicators such as average long and diameter and dry weight of shoots .

Keywords: Ceratonia siliqua L., Pinching, main root, Minirhizotron.

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Rima Massa ^(1)*, Fahed Al-Biski ⁽²⁾ and Khalil Al-Maarri⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria.

(2). National Commission for Biotechnology (NCBT), Damascus, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Dr. Rima Massa. Email: rima.massa@yahoo.com )

Received: 9/04/2020                                  Accepted: 7/06/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out at the laboratories of the National Commission for Biotechnology (NCBT) and the Faculty of Agriculture (Damascus/Syria) during the years 2014- 2019 to study the effect of salt stress on some growth parameters (plant length, leaf area, root length and as well as fresh weight) of regenerated plantlets from stressed callus of two potato varieties (Svenja and Safari). Nine regenerated plantlets from Svenja callus, and three lines from Safari callus were obtained, moreover lines S9, S10 from Svenja, and SF1, SF5 from Safari were all genetically varied from the mother plants. This proves that the exposure of the callus to salt stress and plant hormones occurs genetic changes at the level of the callus cells as well as at the level of regenerated plants. The lines S9 from Svenja, and SF5 from Safari were selected as salt-tolerant lines, these lines tolerate high concentrations of sodium chloride (200 and 250 mM). These results also prove the possibility of using callus technique to develop new tolerance genotypes different from mother varieties against abiotic stresses.

Key words: Solanum tuberosum, Salt stress, Somaclonal variations, Regeneration, Growth regulators, Genetic variability

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Muhammad Abdul Aziz ⁾¹⁽, Muhammad Nael Khattab⁽¹⁾ and Ghadeer Al-Houshi ^(2)*

(1) Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(2) Directorate of agriculture in Latakia, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Syria.

Corresponding author: Ghadeer Al-Houshi, E-mail: ghadeerrafikalhoushi@gmail.com)

Received: 31/05/2020                                          Accepted: 7/07/2020

Abstract

This study was conducted during the season 2018-2019 in four different locations in Jableh rural – Syria, namely: Al-Sokhaba, Jaibol, Bttimana, and Bsindiana, in order to study the morphological diversity, survey and characterize the distributed species of genus Malva using indices related to different parts of the plant. 11 quantitive characteristics were used to distinguish between species, in addition to some qualitive characteristics related to growth behavior, flowering and fruiting. Three species of Malva L. were identified in Jaibol and Al-Sokhaba (M. rotundifolia L., M. parviflora L., M .sylvestris L.), while only M .sylvestris L. was identified in Bttimana, and Bsindiana. M. sylvestris was superior to M. parviflora and M. rotundifolia in plant height, leaf and fruit characteristics. Location significantly affected most of the studied characteristics. M. parviflora L. was the most affected species by location, while M. rotundifolia L. was the lowest. All studied characteristics were influenced by interaction between location and species. Cluster analysis showed distribution of the three species into three main groups. Morphological variance in the same location showed potential use of the studied characteristics in distinguishing between the observed species in the same environment, but interaction between plant species and location could make it hard to use the studied characteristics to distinguish between the observed species in different environments.

Key words: Malva, morphological characterization, cluster analysis, Mallow.

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Eyad Dannoura ^(1)*, Hafez Mahfoud ⁽¹⁾ and Ali Deeb ⁽²⁾

(1). General Commission For Agricultural Scientific Research (GCSAR), Lattakia, Syria.

(2).Department Of Horticulture, Faculty, Of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Dr. Eyad Dannoura. Email: eyed.dannoura@gmail.com )

Received: 10/08/2020                                Accepted: 6/09/2020

Abstract

This study was carried out  on  the  wild apple Malus trilobata (Lab) prevailing  in Lattakia mountains, during  (2013 – 2017), in ten areas (Pichraghe, Helbako, Almonaizlah, Raas al chaara, Aldalia, Aleriza, Beet zantot, Zanuo, Kherpat alsendiana, Gaopet bergal) , at an altitude between (730-1250) m above sea level. The study was achieved at Molecular Biotechnology lab/ Latakia Research Center. The aims of this study were to perform the molecular characterization by using RAPD technique. The results of the molecular characterization showed the efficiency of the primers used (16 primers) in detecting the genetic differences among the studied genotypes. Whereas all primers produced 92 fragments and showed efficiency in detecting genetic variation among the genotypes, only thirty-seven fragments were polymorphic and allowed to detect an average of genetic variability equal to 40.21% and helping in preparing the relevant dendrogram. The cluster analysis revealed that studied genotypes were divided into two groups with a variance ratio reached (29%). It also showed the existence of a large genetic base for the studied species, which allows it to be used in the breeding and genetic improvement programs for apples in Syria.

Keywords: Wild apple, Molecular characterization, Technique (RAPD), The cluster analysis.

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Aber Muhammad⁽¹⁾  and Shorok Saad⁽²⁾

(1) Department of Environmental Engineering College of Civil Engineering – Al-Baath University, Homas, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Shorok Saad. E -mail: shoroksaad333@hotmail.com)

Received: 20/7/2020                                  Accepted: 22/8/2020

Abstract   

This research aims to study the ability of fava beans (Vicia faba) and basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants to accumulate lead and cadmium elements in the soil of two random dumpsites (near the village of Tal Al-Nasr – near the village of Al-Nuwaiha) in Homs city. Soil samples were collected on (10-9-2018) and were placed in potted planted with the seeds of both fava beans and basil. Plant samples were collected (leaves – roots – seeds) and samples were prepared to determine the concentrations of (Pb, Cd) by means of the flame atomic absorption device brand (Shimadza AA 7000) and the results were expressed in ppm. The element accumulation was estimated by calculating the bioaccumulation factor (BF). The average lead content for two landfillers was (36.82 -15.30 ppm) respectively in different parts of the fava beans plant (grains, leaves, and roots) and the average value of the BF for two landfillers was (BF = 0.210 <1). The average lead content for two landfillers was (16.77-5.93 ppm) respectively in different parts of the basil plant (leaves – roots) and the average value of BF for two landfillers was (BF = 0.08 <1). The average cadmium content for two landfillers was respectively (0.93-0.27 ppm) in different parts of the faba bean plant and the BF for two landfillers was (BF = 0.73), the average cadmium content of landfillers was (1.76-0.28 ppm), respectively in the different parts of the basil plant and the average value of the BF for the two landfillers was (BF = 0.83), therefore we find that all of the fava bean and basil did not provide as a good accumulators of Pb in landfills, while they were good accumulators of cadmium.

Key words: Phytoextraction, Bioaccumulation factor, Fava beans, Basil, Cadmium, Lead.

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Ammar Mahmoud Mostafa^{* (1)}, Ali Hassan Nisafi ⁽¹⁾ and Fahim Ali Abdelaziz ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Tartous University, Tartous, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ammar Mostafa. E-Mail: ammarmostafa110@gmail.com).

Received: 15/5/2020                                  Accepted: 30/5/2020

Abstract

In this study, the quality of the groundwater used in some poultry farms in the countryside of Safita in Tartous Governorate was evaluated. As one sample was taken for each farm at an average of once every two months, bringing the total number of samples tested (20 samples/ 5 wells) during the period from March to the end of December 2019. in order to determine the physical changes and chemical pollution that may occur in the groundwater, especially in rural areas due to agricultural and human activities, and the failure to follow bio-security measures to dispose of poultry waste and other agricultural animals, which may lead to risks on health and environment. Some physical and chemical parameters of the studied groundwater wells were measured (turbidity – electrical conductivity – pH – total hardness- chloride – sulfate – sodium – nitrate – nitrite – ammonium). The results showed a marked increase in all measurements of the studied indicators, due to the leaching of chemical and organic pollutants to the groundwater in the rainy seasons. It was also found that all studied elements were within the permissible limits according to the standard specifications for drinking water for poultry, with the exception of the total hardness of water in all studied wells respectively (371.3, 341.3, 391.5, 390, 407.5) mg/l, and the values of nitrite exceeded the permissible limits in the water of a well (0.12) mg/l according to the standard specifications for poultry drinking water. We recommend periodic checks of wells water used in poultry farms, and treating or replacing contaminated wells water.

Key words: Physical changes, Chemical pollution, well water, Poultry.

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Osama kadro^(1)*, Jihad Ebrahim⁽¹⁾ and Rabiaa Zaini⁽²⁾

(1).Department of Soil and Land Sciences. Faculty of Agriculture. Tishreen University.Lattakia. Syria.

(2) Researcher in General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: osama kadro.Lattakia. Syria. E-mail: osamakadro777@gmail.com).

Received: 29/7/2020                                  Accepted: 2/9/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out in Celtic Clay Soil within the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Latakia (Stkheres Station) for the year 2017 to study the effect of different levels of pressure applied to Celtic Clay Soil (0 – 199 – 330 kPa), and different levels of its organic matter content (0 – 2-4 m3 / dunum) in the growth of the yellow corn plant (Tango.F 1). The results showed the clear and significant effect of soil compression on the apparent density of the soil, in addition to the decrease in the total porosity volume by increasing the pressure, noting that the effect of pressure was decreasing with depth as the compression of the soil in the surface layer led to an increase in the apparent density by 0.26 g/  at a pressure of 199 kPa and an increase of 0.32 g/  when The pressure is 330 kPa and the organic matter contributed to reducing the effect of compression when adding 4 m 3 / dunum by 0.16 g/  when adding it to the soil by 4 m 3 / dunum. As noted  in depth (5-20)cm a decrease in the size of pores whose diameters (0.2 – 10) microns with an increase in pressure from 16.59% in the treatment without pressure and without organic matter to 13.66% at pressure 199kpa and to 11.12% at pressure 330kpa and the organic matter contributed to Reducing the impact of pressure, as the volume of these pores increased significantly by 0.41% at pressure 199kpa and by 3.13% at pressure 330kpa, at the level of adding 4 m 3 / dunum The leaf surface reached a month and a half after planting for treatment without pressure and without adding organic matter (3169) cm2. And increased this flat to (4312.6) cm2 at the level of adding organic matter 4 m3 /dunum. At a pressure level of 199kpa, the organic matter contributed to compensate for the deficiency of the leaf surface by 691cm2 at the level of adding 4 m 3 / dunum and at pressure 330kpa it compensated for the deficiency by 659.8cm2 at the level of adding 4 m 3 / dunum The results also showed that the average grain production reached without pressure (1075.55) Kg/dunum as an average of the organic matter levels. It decreased to (818.40) Kg/dunum and (439.08) Kg/dunum, respectively, at 199kpa and 330kpa. The organic matter was able to compensate for the decrease in this production by 10.15-21.1% at the 199kpa pressure level, and by 13.28-28.25% at the 330kpa pressure level.

Key words: Soil compression, Organic matter, Maize, Physical properties of soil.

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Lina Rayya⁽¹⁾ and Manal Saleh^*(1)

• Agricultural Research Center in Latakia, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Latakia, Syria .

(*Corresponding author, Manal Saleh,  Email manalsaj3@gmail.com)

Received: 6/9/2020                                 Accepted: 15/10/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out at Al Sanoubar Station, Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Lattakia, in order to study the effect of  organic fertilizers in  productivity of “Thymus vulgaris“, during the seasons 2016-2019. The experiment was designed in randomized block design at a rate of seven treatments and three replicates/ treatment; the  treatments are : the control (T0), the farmer (T1),cattle manure fertilization (T2), poultry fertilization (T3), Mixed fertilizing (T4), faba bean (T5),vetch plant (T6). The results showed variability at the level (5%) and the superiority of the treatment (T4) in term of  the average of plant length , the average number of branches/ plant, wet weight of plant  (28cm, 15 branch/ plant 109 g) except  (T6) with respect to number of branches plant(14) branch. The percentage of essential oil content was significantly increased in response to the use of  poultry fertilization (T3) which realized higher percentage than the rest of the treatments by 8.4% followed by(T1) by 3.737%

Key words: Thymus vulgaris, organic  fertilization, green fertilization, poultry, cattle manure.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF