Karam Karaali *^{(1) ,} Georgous Makhoul ⁽¹⁾and  Abd-Al Aziz Boissa ⁽²⁾ 

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of  Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(3). Department of  Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, .

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Karam karaali. Email: Karam.karaali@tishreen.edu.sy).

Received:19/02/2024            Accepted: 9/05/2024

Abstract: 

The study was conducted during the 2021 and 2022 seasons on apple varieties “Golden and Starking Delicious” in Latakia Governorate in 3 locations with different elevations above sea level (Kasab, Slanfeh, and KhirbetSolas) from 4 slopes, with the aim of studying the effect of slope direction in some physical and chemical characteristics of fruits. The results showed a clear effect of location and slope direction on the physical and chemical characteristics. It was noted that the northern and western slopes of Slenfa,  Kassab and KhirbetSolas outperformed the fruits size and weight, the highest value for the weight and volume reached 124.81 cm³, 117.14 g for Golden, and 199.00 cm³, 192.95 g for Starking, and the northern slope of Kassab was superior in fruit solidity 3.01 kg/cm² followed by northern slope of KhirbetSolas 2.87 kg/cm², then the western slope with 1.91 kg/cm², and the northern slope of Slanfeh was superior with 2.38 kg/cm². For Starking, the northern slope of Kessab recorded the highest value 4.5 kg/cm². The eastern slope of Slinfeh was superior in total acidity 0.85% for Golden, followed by southern and western slopes of Slinfeh 0.84%, 0.75% and the southern slope of KhirbetSolas recorded the highest value 0.68%. the southern slope of Kassab was significantly superior in the percentage of total sugars 11.79%, followed by the eastern slope 10.34% and the eastern slope of Slanfeh 9.88%. The lowest percentage of sugars was 9.15 and 9.16 for the northern and western slopes of Slenfeh. The northern and southern slopes of KhirbetSolas were superior in total acidity content 2.50 and 2.38% for Starking, while the southern slopes of Kassab recorded 1.63%, followed by the western and eastern slopes with 1.41 and 1.40%. The lowest value of acidity was in the northern slope of Slinfa 0.78%, and the western slope was superior to the other slopes 1.13%. The highest percentage of sugars in the fruits of Starking was in the southern and eastern slopes of KhirbetSolas 12.16, 12.11%.

Keywords: Golden Delicious, Starking Delicious, slope direction, Vitamin C, Total acidity, sugars.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ali Izzo*⁽¹⁾, Hassan Khojah⁽²⁾, Abdel Mouhsen Murie ⁽³⁾ and Jalal Abboud⁽¹⁾

(1). Scientific Agricultural Research Center of Tartous, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(2). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(3). General commission for scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ali Mohammad Izzo; E-Mail: izzo198899@gmail.com.).

Received:18/01/2024                   Accepted:7/03/2024

Abstract: 

The study was conducted in Al-Jamasah station, Tartous agricultural research center, Syria, during 2019 and 2020 seasons. using Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Generation mean analysis method to estimate the type of gene action using some genetic indices of the six population of two individual hybrids of tomato (T2×T8) and (T8×T16). (Single plant yield, pericarp thickness, firmness, total soluble solids, dry matter, total sugars and titratable acidity), were studied. The results revealed similar values for the phenotypic and genetic variation coefficients in the two hybrids; and high values for the degree of heritability in the broad sense, which reflects the high influence of the genetic component and the low influence of the environment on the phenotypic expression of all the studied traits. On the other hand, it gave moderate values for the degree of heritability in the narrow sense for the traits of Single plant yield and pericarp thickness, which indicates that the additive and non-additive gene actions controlled inheritance of these two traits, and high values for the traits of firmness, total soluble solids %, dry matter %, total sugars %, and titratable acidity. which indicates the importance of additive genetic action in the inheritance of these traits. The analysis of the average generations showed that the additive and dominance gene actions were significant for most of the studied traits, with superiority of the dominance gene action values. Epistasis gene action from the additive × additive and dominance × dominance types contributed in the inheritance of most of the studies traits. The contrast between the two signs of the dominance and the epistasis gene actions from the type (dominance × dominance) in most of the traits indicated that it was from the duplicate type in majority of the studied traits and consequently selection could be conducted in later selection.

Key words: Genetic advance, Gene action, Heritability, Tomato, Potence ratio, Yield.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Sedra Al-Kaddour⁽¹⁾, Ahmad Shams Al-Dien Shaaban^(1)* , and Abd Al-Kareem Barakat⁽²⁾

(1).  Dept of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Engineering, University of Aleppo, Syria

(2). Dept of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ahmad Shams Al-Dien Shaaban E-Mail: shaabany57@gmail.com ).

Received:4/03/2024                               Accepted:21/04/2024

Abstract

Factorial experiments were conducted out aimed to determine the optimal medium for callus induction and was conducted between 1/4/2023 and 20/10/2023 at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and the laboratories of the Faculty of Technical Engineering at Aleppo University. Different plant parts (leaf, internode, Hypocotyl) were planted in MS medium using a constant concentration of BAP. The media was treated with different concentrations of plant growth regulators 2,4-D and NAA (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 mg/L). The experiment conducted using a completely randomized design with 3 replicates, The results showed that the rate of callus generation at the growth 2,4-D was the highest (100%) using low concentrations (1, 2, 3 mg/L) at the three plant parts, taking consideration account the growth rate of callus, and calluses generation at the growth regulator NAA was higher (100%) using medium concentrations (4 mg/L) at the embryonic peduncle and the highest concentration (12 mg/L) at all plant parts. The best combination was at Hypocotyl and 8 mg/l of NAA, followed by internode and 8 mg/L of 2.4-D, the average weight of callus was (0.583, 0.503 g), respectively. i.e. 8 mg/l is best at both regulators.

Keywords: 2,4-D, NAA, Leaf, Hypocotyle, Internode, Callus.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Lorin Ahmad^*(1)

(1). Tartus Research Center, GCSAR, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr.Lorin Ahmad. E-Mail: Lorin.ali55@ymail.com).

Received:5/01/2024                               Accepted:1/04/2024

Abstract: 

This research was conducted during the seasons 2022 and 2023 at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Amrit- Tartous on saffron (Crocus sativus L.). The research included studying the effect of three treatments of corms weight (2-4, 4-6, 6-8 g) on vegetative growth, the number of flowers and daughter corms, and on the content of the stigmas of active substances. The  field experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design with four replications.  The results showed a significant superiority of the weight of 6-8 g over the two weights 4-6 g and 2-4 g, that recorded the highest value for the length of leaves (40.51 cm), the number of leaves (18.44 leaf per plant^-1), the leaf area of plant (172.58 cm²) and the highest number and weight of the daughter corms (3.13 corms per plant^-1, 17.79 g per plant^-1 respectively) in the second agricultural season. Corm weight of 6-8 g, was significantly superior over the corm weight of 4-6 g in number of flowers and the dry weight of stigmas) 16.55 flower.m^-2, 0.062 g.m^-2 respectively), and in the best ratios of the active substances crocin, picrocrocin and safranal (E^1% 440 nm =197.54 , E^1% 257 nm= 60.09, E^1% 330 nm = 38.34 respectively).

Keywords: saffron, corm weight, stigma, active substances, productivity.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

 Bassam Al-Oklah * ⁽¹⁾ Jalal Fandi ⁽²⁾  Rudwan Badr Al-Deen ⁽¹⁾  
Nour Haj Masoud ⁽¹⁾ Lamyaa Husamo ⁽¹⁾

(1). National Commission for Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria. 

(2). Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Bassam Al-Oklah, E-Mail: bassam780alk@gmail.com, phone: 0938994115).

Received: 1/05/2023                 Accepted: 9/03/2024

Abstract: 

This paper aimed to prepare efficient extracts from Thuja orientalis plant leaves by using several solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol, acetone), and study their total phenolic and flavonoid content, their antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hominis) and gram negative bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, E.coli). Their phenol and flavonoid contents were evaluated by  Folin-Ciocalteu regent method and aluminum chloride method respectively. Their antioxidant activities were determined by estimating  scavenging capacity towards DPPH free radical. And their antibacterial activities were estimated by disc diffusion method. The results showed that the leaf extract prepared from acetone reached the highest content of  phenols (26000 mg/100g) and flavonoids (295mg/100g), and the highest activity of scavenging DPPH free radical (75%). The extracts of Thuja orientalis plant leaves showed high antibacterial activities against gram negative bacteria comparing with gram positive ones, and the highest antibacterial activity was against Klebsiella oxytoca.

Keywords: Thuja orientalis, antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, phenols, flavonoids.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Heba Meary ^(1)*, Akram al-Ahmad⁽¹⁾, and Mohammed al-Azm⁽¹⁾

(1). Dept. of Food Engineering Technologies, Faculty of Technical Engineering, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Heba  Meary. E-Mai: hibameary@gmail.com, phone: 0930045657l).

Received:9/10/2023                         Accepted:21/04/2024

Abstract

In this research, two varieties of fresh pomegranate fruits (Punica granatum) were used, namely sweet French and sour baladi collected from the local markets in Aleppo city. Additionally, three samples of commercial pomegranate molasses were taken from Aleppo markets. The juice of the two selected varieties was concentrated using two methods, the traditional method (boiling in open vessels), and the vacuum at a temperature of 55 °C and pressure (-500 mm bar). Subsequently, some physicochemical and sensory properties of the studied samples were studied. The vacuum method showed superiority over the traditional (boiling open vessels) in both the Sweet French and Sour local varieties. The sugar content in the vacuum method was higher compared to the traditional method measuring (1.96±63.27 and 1.73±60) % respectively for the French variety, similarly, the phenolic content was higher in the vacuum method compared to the traditional method with values (26.73±1997.7 and 9.17±1518) mg Gallic acid / 100 g respectively for the French variety. On the other hand, the acidity level in the Sour local variety was higher in the vacuum method compared to the traditional, as it reached (0.41±10.07 and 0.14±9.38)%, respectively, and based on the above, it is the evident that pomegranate molasses produced using the vacuum method preserves its physicochemical and sensory properties better than those produced using the traditional method (boiling in open vessels). Therfoe, it is recommended to use the vacuum method for pomegranate juice concentration. When comparing the results of the physicochemical and sensory tests conducted on both laboratory and commercial samples showed superiority in both methods and varieties over the market samples in all conducted tests. It was also found that one of the commercial samples contained synthetic coloring.                                                                            

Keywords: Laboratory pomegranate molasses, vacuum, boiling, commercial pomegranate molasses, market samples.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Bassam Al-Oklah * ⁽¹⁾, Nawras Al-abras⁽¹⁾, Yahia Kamari⁽²⁾, Nour haj masoud⁽¹⁾  and Taher swaf ⁽¹⁾

(1). National Commission for Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria. 

(2). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Bassam Al-Oklah, E-Mail: bassam780alk@gmail.com, phone: 0938994115).

Received:18/1/2024                         Accepted:18/4/2024

Abstract: 

The current research was carried out the National Commission for Biotechnology-Department of Food and Industrial Biotechnology in Damascus in 2023, and aimed to investigate chemical composition and nutritional value of two plants namely Silybum marianum and Carduus pycnocephalus in terms of moisture, ash, proteins, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, pH value and total energy, in addition of metal contents, such as, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper and zinc; and some antioxidant materials (vitamin C, phenols and flavonoids). The results revealed that Silybum marianum and Carduus pycnocephalus. contains high contents of moisture (90.88-95.21% and between 89.34-92.98%, in the growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively), and also high contents of metals, especially calcium (700-1000 and 2800-4200 mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively) and potassium (5000-7000 and 4700-5000  mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively) and sodium (780-1400 and 450-360 mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively), in addition of other metals, such as iron, manganese, copper and zinc. Moreover, the two plants mentioned above contained high contents of antioxidants, namely vitamin C (60-82 and 60-70 mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively) and phenols (2600-2900 and 2200-2400 mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus respectively) and flavonoids (220-250 and 1100-1150 mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively).

Keywords: Silybum marianum, Carduus pycnocephalus, Chemical composition, Metals content, Antioxidants.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mahmoud Amoudi * ⁽¹⁾ and Talib Ahmed ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Statistics and Programming, Faculty of Economics, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Mahmoud  Amoudi. Email: mahmoud323@gmail.com).

                   Received:8/07/2024           Accepted:21/10/2024

Abstract: 

This research aims to study and analyze vegetable production and economic development indicators affecting its production in Syria, in order to reach the most important production variables and factors affecting it using factor analysis, in addition to trying to reach the nature of the relationship between vegetable production and economic development indicators affecting it in Syria based on data published by the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Central Bank of Syria and periodic reports by the Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform for a time series extending between (2007-2020). The results of the study showed the possibility of reducing vegetable production variables in Syria from 9 variables to two main factors (the first factor includes variables: pepper, tomato, cucumber, zucchini, eggplant, okra and peas. The second factor includes a variable: beans), and reducing the variables of economic development indicators affecting vegetable production in Syria from 8 variables to two main factors as well (the first factor includes variables: exchange rate, investment, gross domestic product, government spending and money supply. The second factor includes variables: unemployment and interest rate). In addition, through studying the relationship between vegetable production and the economic development indicators affecting it using the multiple regression model, we reached the conclusion that there is a significant effect of economic development indicators on the production of peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, eggplant, okra and peas, but they do not affect the production of beans.

Keywords: factor analysis, vegetable production, economic development indicators.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Khetam Edrees ^(1)*

(1) Economic and Social Studies Department, Agriculture Research Center Homs, General Commission for Scientific and Agricultural Research (GCSAR)

(*Correspoding author: Dr. Khetam edrees. E-Mail: Khetamedrees83@yahoo.com).

                     Received: 3/12/2024                   Accepted: 6/4/2025

Abstract: 

The aim of this research is to estimate the structure of production costs and consequently to derive the economies of scale for the olive in Homs Government to the season (2020/2021)، (2021/2022), Estimated cost function for olive crops in the short and long run period by using cross-sectional data for a sample of producers olive for (380) Farmer, The sample was divided into three categories of owners (less than 20 Dunam) (20-40) Dunam (more than 40 Dunam) Was adopted by the Economic and statistical analysis and standardization of primary data, The results of the analysis showed that the variable costs were (59.14)% (56.4)% (55.48)% and costs fixed costs were (40.86)% (43.6)% (44.52)%  of the total overall costs for the first and second and third categories, respectively, and showed a significance differences between majority of economic indicators, as for estimating the total cost function it was that  cube model was the most suitable for the relationship adopted in the study, by its estimation in the short term find out the scales for economic efficiency and maximize profit are far  to their actual counterparts, for three categories, which requires the necessity of redirecting the resources used in production to allow for an increase in their efficiency, and the optimal of output size in long run was (838.33) tons  this output level requires an optimal area of (68.4) Dunam.and the economies efficiency indicating  (68.24)% of the sample farmers produce within the economic scale,  therefore We recommend expand the cultivated areas to reach the optimal size. and (31.76)% of the farms were operating within the Diseconomic zone, which requires them to reduce the cultivated area to reach the optimum size, and the number of farmes were exceeded the economic efficiency zone formed  (16.1)% of the sample farmers, research recommends a set of recommendations, as to educate farmers and support them to reach the optimum size of production, which achieves the highest economic efficiency and maximize their profits.

Keywords: costs of production, Cost functions, Optimal size, Economies of scale, area optimal.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Amany Mohammed Ahmad^*(1) Yaser Hamad ⁽²⁾. Mitiady Boras⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Horticulture –Faculty of Agriculture Engineering –Tishreen University –Lattakia –Syria

(2) Department of Soil Sciences- Faculty of Agriculture Engineering -Tishreen University- Lattakia-Syria.

(*Amany Mohammed Ahmad E-Mail: mymya1920@gmail.com, Mobile: 0935518502)

Received: 14/11/2024                      Accepted:  9/3/2025

Abstract: 

The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of inoculation with “Rhizobium bacteria” and spraying the organic fertilizer “Savior” in stimulating flower growth and effect on productivity and quality of pods. The study utilized the “Louze de Aunto” type of green beans. The research was conducted during the autumn season of the 2022 agricultural year in the village of “Raseon” in “Haffa” region, Latakia Governorate.The study involved six treatments:A witness* (untreated plants), a treatment with “Rhizobium” inoculation, two treatments for spraying organic fertilizer at the degree of 2.5 and 5 cm³/L, and two treatments for Rhizobium inoculation, plus organic fertilizer spraying at the degree of 2.5 and 5 cm³/L, respectively. The research employed a complete randomized block design with three replicates for each treatment, with a rate of 15 plants per replicate. The results of the study indicated that the best outcomes were observed when inoculating with “Rhizobium” bacteria, in addition to spraying the organic fertilizer “Savior” at the degree of 2.5 cm³/L in all the assessed indicators. The treatment recorded the highest values in number of fiowers (185 flower/ plant), number of pods (76 pods/ plant), plant yield (1672g/ plant), relative effective (43.5%). It also showed an effective impact on improving the quality of the pods as it contributed to increasing the dry matter content of the pods (17.9%), protein percentage (7.9%), in addition to increasing the percentage of nutrients (ash content) (1.23%).

Keywords: green beans (Vicia Faba L.), Savior organic fertilizer, Rhizobium Leguminosarum bacteria, vegetative growth, bacterial nodules.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF