Mahmoud Abdulkreem⁽¹⁾* and Suha Habeeb ⁽¹⁾

(1).Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Mahmoud Abdulkreem E-Mail: madrid198182@yahoo.com )

Received: 10/11/2020                                Accepted: 1/12/2020

Abstract

This study was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo in October of 2020, and the research aimed to study the chemical composition of the thigh and breast of broiler meat available in the markets of Aleppo city, as well as to study the effect of the boiling process on the chemical composition of  thigh and breast of broiler. The study showed a significant increase in the moisture content of thigh compared to breast, and a significant increase was observed at a significant level (P <0.01) in the protein ratio of breast compared to thigh which was characterized by a significant increase in fat percentage, while a relative convergence was observed in the amount of ash. Between both muscles. It was also found, through the study, that the boiling process was lower due to the lower humidity of the boiled samples compared to the raw samples, due to the loss of part of the cellular juice in the boiling water, which led to the increase of the rest of the components, the most important of which is protein. Compared to the percentage of loss in breast meat It was also noted that the percentage of loss of boiled water in thigh meat was 36.11%, which is higher compared to the percentage of loss in breast meat, which was 32.25%.

Key words: Chicken thigh meat, chicken breast meat, chemical composition boiling

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Mahaba Abd El Moety ElSayed Ahmed Mahaba^*(1)

(1). Department of Economic Studies, Socio-Economic Division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

(*Corresponding Author : Mahaba Abd ElMoety ElSayed. Email:  mahaba_agr11@yahoo.com)

Received: 27 /06 /2021       Accepted:  10 / 10 / 2021

Abstract

The fruits of the date palm are considered one of the most important food for the inhabitants of the desert areas, especially the governorate of the New Valley, The research problem is that the average productivity of date Palm in the New Valley governorate is lower than the average productivity in the Republic. The research aims to study the current state of date production in the New Valley governorate, by identifying the economic and technical agricultural features related to the production of date palm in the New Valley governorate. Where two samples were taken from the farmers of date Palm Al-Saidi (Al-Siwa), the first sample apply a package of targeted agricultural practices, and the other sample do not apply this package of agricultural practices, each sample was divided into three categories, and shows an increase in the value of the total production costs of fedden date Palm Al-Saidi (Al-Siwa) in the case of target such as the procedure of stacking, which is estimated at about 1140 ، 1144, 1138 EGP for the first, second and third acquisition categories, respectively, as well as the value of the annual loss of the drip irrigation network, which is estimated at about 1715 EGP for all acquisition categories, in addition to the value of the bags used in the process of bagging, and finally the high cost of maintenance of the drip irrigation network, despite the high ranking, as a result of the high production costs resulting from the application of these practices, but the increase in individual productivity in The state of application of targeted agricultural practices compared to the case of non-application of these practices by 0,433, 0,432, 0,436 tons/fedden for the first, second and third possessory categories, respectively, this in addition to the increase of the agricultural price of the crop in the case of application of agricultural practices compared to the case of non-application of these practices by 77, 70, 73 pounds/fedden yield is approximately 3.55%, 4.24% and 4.05% for the first, second and third acquisition categories, respectively. The research recommended the need to expand the application of new agricultural practices in date palm farms in the New Valley Governorate.

Keywords: Date palm, ElSaidi variety, Good gricultural practices,    Productive efficiency, Egypt.

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Fayez Al-mokdad* ⁽¹⁾, Wael Habib ⁽²⁾ and Hani Hasson ⁽¹⁾

 (1). Socio-Economics Administration, General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Researches (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2₎ Socio-Economics Section, Lattakia Center of Scientific Agricultural Researches (GCSAR), Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: dr.Fayez Almokdad. E-Mail: Deepmokdad@yahoo.com ).

Received: 12/05/2020         Accepted: 31/05/202

Abstract

The research aimed to highlight the status of poverty in Syria during the crisis, using secondary data collected during 2017 and applying quantitative and descriptive analysis methods. The results showed an increase in poverty rate during the crisis, estimated at 45% in 2016 compared to 28% in 2010, and this percentage was higher in rural areas to reach nearly 60%. It was found that 83.4% of Syrians are below the upper-moderate poverty line, adopted by Syrian government to measure poverty, compared to 28% in (2010). This increase in poverty rates was accompanied by a decrease in per capita GDP from 72.5 thousand SYP in 2011 to less than 27 thousand SYP in 2016. In parallel, prices has doubled by about 6 times the increase in income. This situation led to an increase in the percentage of food-insecure people to about 67.2% of population in 2016. The results also showed that poverty could be reduced by 1.1%, 3.3% and 1.45%, by increasing local investment (both public and private) and government expenditure on education and health by 10%, respectively. While the increase in production costs by 10% may lead to increase poverty rate by 3.5%. Whereas, poverty rate increase by 1.2%, when unemployment increase by 10%, assuming that other factors remain unchanged. On the other hand, the value of the elasticity of each of the studied variables was weighted by the percentage of poverty in rural and urban areas. The increase in government spending on education and health and the increase in investment in rural areas by 10% would lead to a reduction in rural poverty by 3.45%, 1.53% and 1.15%, respectively. In addition, reducing unemployment and agricultural production costs by 10% will reduce rural poverty by 1.33% and 3.70%, respectively, while the effect will be less in urban areas.

Key words: poverty, food security, per capita income, Syrian crisis, macroeconomic indicators.

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Ismail    Omran ^(¹)*, Ghassan Yacoub⁽¹⁾  and  Mahmoud Alio⁽¹⁾

(1). Dep. Agricultural Economics, Fac. Agric., Tishreen Univ., Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng: Ismail Mohamad Omran E.mail: Ismail.omran86@gmail.com).

Received: 17/11/2020                                Accepted: 20/04/2020

Abstract

The aim of the research is to study the governmental support provided to the citrus crop in Lattakia governorate before and after the creation of the Agricultural Production Support Fund, in addition to studying the indicators of economic performance efficiency in order to evaluate the adopted support policies and choose the most appropriate policy to support the crop.  The research data were collected from primary sources represented in a sample size of 381 farmers in the governorate of Lattakia distributed in a complete random manner. The data were also collected from secondary sources represented in references, reports, books, and websites, where the study used the descriptive and analytical approach, and the data was analyzed using (SPSS20).The results of the study showed an increase in production costs due to the high costs of agricultural inputs as a result of liberalizing their prices in the market, allowing the private sector to import them and meat at their prices, in addition to a decrease in the net return of a dunum of citrus crops from 13440 SYP / dunum to 10300 SYP / dunum, a decrease of about 31%, and the shift of agricultural support from in-kind support to cash support did not harm the farmers’ interest, because the amount provided to support one dunum of the crop is very small when compared to the cost of producing a dunum.

Key words: citrus yield, agricultural support, agricultural policies, In-kind support, cash support.

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Siba Said^(1)*

• Department of Agricultural Economic, faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Siba Said E-Mail :sibasaeed1978@gmail.com)

Received: 5/03/2020                                  Accepted: 29/05/2020

Abstract

The research aimed to study the obstacles that facing rural woman in Jableh region, inorder to serve and develop their society, and to know the extent to which these impedimenta are different by gende , and inorder to  achieve the goals the social survey method  that is carried out by studying the phenomenon to different dimensions was used. The study was performed in 2019, in the countryside of Jableh, Lattakia, Syria. The results The results indicated that the most important factors that stand in the way of activating the role of women in the countryside of Jableh are social factors, after that  economic and political factors, and finally personal factors, The level of these obstacles was estimated at the middle level .The study showed that females see that social and economic and political obstacles prevent them from empowering them, while males see that the difficulty of empowering women is due to the personal factors specific to women.The research recommended that community should be made aware of the importance of women’s administrative development in the progress and development of society, components and the achievement of its goals .

Key words: Rural community, Rural woman, Rural development, obstacles .

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Khaym Al-zzabi * ⁽¹⁾

(1).Faculty of Economic, Al-Forat University, der alzor, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:   Khaym Alzzabi. E-Mail, khaym1979@yahoo.com ).

Received: 11/05/ 2020        Accepted: 02/07/2020

Abstract

The problem of environmental pollution in Syria has been studied and its impact on economic development and the diagnosis of environmental challenges facing it. The negative effects of environmental pollution on economic development in Syria have also been discussed, It has been found through the research that high pollution rates in Syria are the result of the ongoing war there, and the absence of security, safety and encroachment on natural resources, and we have compiled the most important levels of pollution in Syria Reasonable pollution, which is prevalent in all countries of the world and not accompanied by environmental problems, in addition to hazardous pollution, which is pollution resulting from industrial progress in industrialized countries, and destructive pollution where environmental damage increases as a result of excessive industrial activity. Environmental pollution forms have also been studied in Syria, the most important of which is air pollution, which is considered one of the most dangerous types of pollution due to its negative impact on all living organisms. And also noise pollution, which directly affects humans, in addition to radiation pollution, which is caused by human nuclear activity used by humans, as well as pollution due to wars resulting from the use of various types of weapons, All of this was reflected in the development in Syria, by increasing the costs incurred by the state in treating diseases, and increasing the costs of waste disposal and thus increasing the financial burdens of the state.

Key words: Pollution- The environment- economical development- Syrian.

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Fatima Alzhraa Enjrini^(1)*, Imad Aldeen Alkhalaf ⁽¹⁾, Walid AlSaid ⁽¹⁾

• of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Fatima Enjrini E-Mail: fatimaenj92@gmail.com)

Received: 19/10/2020        Accepted: 25/08/2020

Abstract

Biological relations play an important and essential role in the composition of the components of ecosystems especially agricultural, Allelopathy is one of the most important of these relations, the research was conducted in the Laboratory of plant Genetics Research at the Department of Botany / Faculty of Science / University of Aleppo 2019 year. The aim of this research is to study the effect of the aqueous extract of the stem of Euphorbia helioscopia with concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40%) on the mitotic division of chickpea. The results showed a decrease in the mitotic ndex of the low concentrations of aqueous extract (5,10)%, and increased with increasing concentration (20,40)%, this was reversed and led to an increase in the proportion of chromosomes aberration, reaching to (30.8)% at concentration 40% compared with the control (3.11)%, and the following chromosomes aberration appeared: Stickiness, Breakage in Metaphase, Chromosomal Bridges multipolar, the late separation, Polarization, Binucleate, The late separation, Polarization, Binucleate, This indicates that the Euphorbia helioscopia plant that was used in this study and that it contains chemicals that are phytotoxic toxic substances. Hence, the Euphorbia helioscopia plant with its water extract of the stem can be considered a mutagen.

Keywords: Allelopathy, Euphorbia helioscopia, Mitotic, Chickpea, Chromosomal aberration

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(1).Sub Directorate of Forestry Research Lattakia Center of Scientific Agricultural Researches (GCSAR), Lattakia, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Dr. Samer Naser E-Mail: nasersamer156@gmail.com).

Received: 31/09/2020         Accepted: 8/07/2020

Abstract

This study aimed to know the effect of Pinching on the growth of seedlings carob developing in containers Minirhizotron. Where we are cutting the top of main root at different lengths : 1- at 3 cm (C3) 2- at 6 cm (C6) 3- at 9 cm (C9) 4- without cutting – control – (C0) and studied several quantities indicators of growth and development of the total shoot and root of the seedlings for a period of three months. For the treatment (C3) we are noticed that the all seedling were die. For a radical system, results indicated a high significant superiority in the treatment (C0) values ​​for the main root of the overall growth rate such as length (cm) and the speed of growth (cm/3days) height to treatment (C6 and C9).for another sight (C6) has a high significant superiority upon the treatment C9 and control treatment at the dry weight of root system.

regarding to shoot system a significant state has dominated for the treatment (C6) at the other treatments (C9 – C0) in some indicators such as average long and diameter and dry weight of shoots .

Keywords: Ceratonia siliqua L., Pinching, main root, Minirhizotron.

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Rima Massa ^(1)*, Fahed Al-Biski ⁽²⁾ and Khalil Al-Maarri⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria.

(2). National Commission for Biotechnology (NCBT), Damascus, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Dr. Rima Massa. Email: rima.massa@yahoo.com )

Received: 9/04/2020                                  Accepted: 7/06/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out at the laboratories of the National Commission for Biotechnology (NCBT) and the Faculty of Agriculture (Damascus/Syria) during the years 2014- 2019 to study the effect of salt stress on some growth parameters (plant length, leaf area, root length and as well as fresh weight) of regenerated plantlets from stressed callus of two potato varieties (Svenja and Safari). Nine regenerated plantlets from Svenja callus, and three lines from Safari callus were obtained, moreover lines S9, S10 from Svenja, and SF1, SF5 from Safari were all genetically varied from the mother plants. This proves that the exposure of the callus to salt stress and plant hormones occurs genetic changes at the level of the callus cells as well as at the level of regenerated plants. The lines S9 from Svenja, and SF5 from Safari were selected as salt-tolerant lines, these lines tolerate high concentrations of sodium chloride (200 and 250 mM). These results also prove the possibility of using callus technique to develop new tolerance genotypes different from mother varieties against abiotic stresses.

Key words: Solanum tuberosum, Salt stress, Somaclonal variations, Regeneration, Growth regulators, Genetic variability

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Muhammad Abdul Aziz ⁾¹⁽, Muhammad Nael Khattab⁽¹⁾ and Ghadeer Al-Houshi ^(2)*

(1) Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(2) Directorate of agriculture in Latakia, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Syria.

Corresponding author: Ghadeer Al-Houshi, E-mail: ghadeerrafikalhoushi@gmail.com)

Received: 31/05/2020                                          Accepted: 7/07/2020

Abstract

This study was conducted during the season 2018-2019 in four different locations in Jableh rural – Syria, namely: Al-Sokhaba, Jaibol, Bttimana, and Bsindiana, in order to study the morphological diversity, survey and characterize the distributed species of genus Malva using indices related to different parts of the plant. 11 quantitive characteristics were used to distinguish between species, in addition to some qualitive characteristics related to growth behavior, flowering and fruiting. Three species of Malva L. were identified in Jaibol and Al-Sokhaba (M. rotundifolia L., M. parviflora L., M .sylvestris L.), while only M .sylvestris L. was identified in Bttimana, and Bsindiana. M. sylvestris was superior to M. parviflora and M. rotundifolia in plant height, leaf and fruit characteristics. Location significantly affected most of the studied characteristics. M. parviflora L. was the most affected species by location, while M. rotundifolia L. was the lowest. All studied characteristics were influenced by interaction between location and species. Cluster analysis showed distribution of the three species into three main groups. Morphological variance in the same location showed potential use of the studied characteristics in distinguishing between the observed species in the same environment, but interaction between plant species and location could make it hard to use the studied characteristics to distinguish between the observed species in different environments.

Key words: Malva, morphological characterization, cluster analysis, Mallow.

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