Bassam Al-Oklah * ⁽¹⁾, Nawras Al-abras⁽¹⁾, Yahia Kamari⁽²⁾, Nour haj masoud⁽¹⁾  and Taher swaf ⁽¹⁾

(1). National Commission for Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria. 

(2). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Bassam Al-Oklah, E-Mail: bassam780alk@gmail.com, phone: 0938994115).

Received:18/1/2024                         Accepted:18/4/2024

Abstract: 

The current research was carried out the National Commission for Biotechnology-Department of Food and Industrial Biotechnology in Damascus in 2023, and aimed to investigate chemical composition and nutritional value of two plants namely Silybum marianum and Carduus pycnocephalus in terms of moisture, ash, proteins, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, pH value and total energy, in addition of metal contents, such as, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper and zinc; and some antioxidant materials (vitamin C, phenols and flavonoids). The results revealed that Silybum marianum and Carduus pycnocephalus. contains high contents of moisture (90.88-95.21% and between 89.34-92.98%, in the growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively), and also high contents of metals, especially calcium (700-1000 and 2800-4200 mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively) and potassium (5000-7000 and 4700-5000  mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively) and sodium (780-1400 and 450-360 mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively), in addition of other metals, such as iron, manganese, copper and zinc. Moreover, the two plants mentioned above contained high contents of antioxidants, namely vitamin C (60-82 and 60-70 mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively) and phenols (2600-2900 and 2200-2400 mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus respectively) and flavonoids (220-250 and 1100-1150 mg/100 g dry weight in growing apices and leaf blades of S. mariamum and C. pycnocephalus, respectively).

Keywords: Silybum marianum, Carduus pycnocephalus, Chemical composition, Metals content, Antioxidants.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mahmoud Amoudi * ⁽¹⁾ and Talib Ahmed ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Statistics and Programming, Faculty of Economics, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Mahmoud  Amoudi. Email: mahmoud323@gmail.com).

                   Received:8/07/2024           Accepted:21/10/2024

Abstract: 

This research aims to study and analyze vegetable production and economic development indicators affecting its production in Syria, in order to reach the most important production variables and factors affecting it using factor analysis, in addition to trying to reach the nature of the relationship between vegetable production and economic development indicators affecting it in Syria based on data published by the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Central Bank of Syria and periodic reports by the Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform for a time series extending between (2007-2020). The results of the study showed the possibility of reducing vegetable production variables in Syria from 9 variables to two main factors (the first factor includes variables: pepper, tomato, cucumber, zucchini, eggplant, okra and peas. The second factor includes a variable: beans), and reducing the variables of economic development indicators affecting vegetable production in Syria from 8 variables to two main factors as well (the first factor includes variables: exchange rate, investment, gross domestic product, government spending and money supply. The second factor includes variables: unemployment and interest rate). In addition, through studying the relationship between vegetable production and the economic development indicators affecting it using the multiple regression model, we reached the conclusion that there is a significant effect of economic development indicators on the production of peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, eggplant, okra and peas, but they do not affect the production of beans.

Keywords: factor analysis, vegetable production, economic development indicators.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Khetam Edrees ^(1)*

(1) Economic and Social Studies Department, Agriculture Research Center Homs, General Commission for Scientific and Agricultural Research (GCSAR)

(*Correspoding author: Dr. Khetam edrees. E-Mail: Khetamedrees83@yahoo.com).

                     Received: 3/12/2024                   Accepted: 6/4/2025

Abstract: 

The aim of this research is to estimate the structure of production costs and consequently to derive the economies of scale for the olive in Homs Government to the season (2020/2021)، (2021/2022), Estimated cost function for olive crops in the short and long run period by using cross-sectional data for a sample of producers olive for (380) Farmer, The sample was divided into three categories of owners (less than 20 Dunam) (20-40) Dunam (more than 40 Dunam) Was adopted by the Economic and statistical analysis and standardization of primary data, The results of the analysis showed that the variable costs were (59.14)% (56.4)% (55.48)% and costs fixed costs were (40.86)% (43.6)% (44.52)%  of the total overall costs for the first and second and third categories, respectively, and showed a significance differences between majority of economic indicators, as for estimating the total cost function it was that  cube model was the most suitable for the relationship adopted in the study, by its estimation in the short term find out the scales for economic efficiency and maximize profit are far  to their actual counterparts, for three categories, which requires the necessity of redirecting the resources used in production to allow for an increase in their efficiency, and the optimal of output size in long run was (838.33) tons  this output level requires an optimal area of (68.4) Dunam.and the economies efficiency indicating  (68.24)% of the sample farmers produce within the economic scale,  therefore We recommend expand the cultivated areas to reach the optimal size. and (31.76)% of the farms were operating within the Diseconomic zone, which requires them to reduce the cultivated area to reach the optimum size, and the number of farmes were exceeded the economic efficiency zone formed  (16.1)% of the sample farmers, research recommends a set of recommendations, as to educate farmers and support them to reach the optimum size of production, which achieves the highest economic efficiency and maximize their profits.

Keywords: costs of production, Cost functions, Optimal size, Economies of scale, area optimal.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Amany Mohammed Ahmad^*(1) Yaser Hamad ⁽²⁾. Mitiady Boras⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Horticulture –Faculty of Agriculture Engineering –Tishreen University –Lattakia –Syria

(2) Department of Soil Sciences- Faculty of Agriculture Engineering -Tishreen University- Lattakia-Syria.

(*Amany Mohammed Ahmad E-Mail: mymya1920@gmail.com, Mobile: 0935518502)

Received: 14/11/2024                      Accepted:  9/3/2025

Abstract: 

The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of inoculation with “Rhizobium bacteria” and spraying the organic fertilizer “Savior” in stimulating flower growth and effect on productivity and quality of pods. The study utilized the “Louze de Aunto” type of green beans. The research was conducted during the autumn season of the 2022 agricultural year in the village of “Raseon” in “Haffa” region, Latakia Governorate.The study involved six treatments:A witness* (untreated plants), a treatment with “Rhizobium” inoculation, two treatments for spraying organic fertilizer at the degree of 2.5 and 5 cm³/L, and two treatments for Rhizobium inoculation, plus organic fertilizer spraying at the degree of 2.5 and 5 cm³/L, respectively. The research employed a complete randomized block design with three replicates for each treatment, with a rate of 15 plants per replicate. The results of the study indicated that the best outcomes were observed when inoculating with “Rhizobium” bacteria, in addition to spraying the organic fertilizer “Savior” at the degree of 2.5 cm³/L in all the assessed indicators. The treatment recorded the highest values in number of fiowers (185 flower/ plant), number of pods (76 pods/ plant), plant yield (1672g/ plant), relative effective (43.5%). It also showed an effective impact on improving the quality of the pods as it contributed to increasing the dry matter content of the pods (17.9%), protein percentage (7.9%), in addition to increasing the percentage of nutrients (ash content) (1.23%).

Keywords: green beans (Vicia Faba L.), Savior organic fertilizer, Rhizobium Leguminosarum bacteria, vegetative growth, bacterial nodules.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Abd Ulkader Nadaf^(1)*,Maissa Kakeh⁽¹⁾, Khair Al-Din Tarsha Kurdi⁽²⁾, Muhammad Zakaria Zein Al-Din⁽³⁾

(1). Dept.of Renewable Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, University of  Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

(2). Dept.of Engineering Materials Science, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of  Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

(3). Aleppo Chamber of Industry, Ministry of Industry, Aleppo, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Abd Ulkader Nadaf. E-Mail:naddafabdalkadder@gmail.com Tel:+963931815499).

Received:  15/09/2023        Accepted: 31/12/2023

Abstract: 

This research aims to study the physical properties such as moisture content, grammage, imbability and mechanical such as tension and explosion of leaves manufactured from the reed plant (paper-stem-whole parts of the plant) by kraft method without adding any resin and comparing them with the results after adding PVA to determine the areas of use of the resulting leaves. The results of the research showed that the cane plant can be used in the field of paper industries due to the high content of the plant of fiber and the experiment proved the possibility of manufacturing paper samples of the plant and the experiment showed the improvement of the physical and mechanical properties of the paper produced when adding PVA and the high value of the grammage of the paper produced. The research was conducted at the University of Aleppo, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering,Wood Technology Laboratory,in the Department of Renewable Natural Resources and Environment,and the Paper Laboratory in the industrial City of Aleppo on1\7\202.

Keywords: reed, pulp, kraft, Productivity, cellulose, PVA.

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Faten alsafadi^*(1), Abdel Mohsen Marie⁽²⁾, Ramzi Murshid⁽³⁾ and Hesham  Alatwani⁽¹⁾

(1). Sweida Research Centre, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(2). Administration of Horticulture Research, General Commission for    

 Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(3). Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding Author: Dr. Faten Alsafadi, E.mail:.f.alsafadi@gmail.com .)

Received:17/12/2023                                         Accepted:10/01/2024

Abstract: 

This study was conducted at GCSAR-Swaida research center (Hout station) during 2019-2020 seasons produced by complete diallel mating design, using RCBD with four replications, to estimate the phenotypic and genetic correlation coefficient and path analysis between yield components, to evaluate six melon inbred lines and their F1 hybrids (30 individual hybrids). The results showed that genotypic correlations coefficient were higher than those of their respective phenotypic correlation coefficients for most of the traits studied, and this indicates that there is a strong genetically relationship between the traits, and that they are less influenced by the environment, and we found high and significant positive correlation between length, diameter and average weight of the fruit with yield per plant. The results of the genetic path coefficient analysis showed that the main Stem length trait had the highest  direct and positive effects (0.847) on plant yield, followed by the average fruit length trait, then the average fruit weight trait, and the correlation coefficient between the fruit length and yield and the average fruit weight and plant yield was positive and significant, and this indicates the existence of a real correlation for these two characteristics  with plant yield. while internode length has the highest negative direct effects (-0.804) on yield, followed by the trait of the number of days until the first female flower appears, this trait related with earliness. Regarding to the relative importance of the contribution of each trait on yield. The highest percentage of contribution was for the average fruit weight trait (35.683%). Therefore, the main stem length traits and fruit weight and length of the fruit are considered important traits for selection in breeding programs, because they have a direct effect on yield and indirectly through other characteristics that play an effective role in increasing yield.                                                                          

Keywords: Cucumis melo L., Genotypic Correlations Coefficient, Path Coefficient. Melon, Yield.                                                              

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Wafaa Ghandour ⁽¹⁾ and Aya Sweid*⁽¹⁾

(1) . Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria. (*Corresponding author:   Aya sweid . E-Mail: aya47583@gmail.com.).

                    Received: 17/10/2024         Accepted: 5/2/2025

Abstract: 

The study was conducted during 2023-2024 after selecting three Latakia governorate locations (Sharifa, Kefriyah , Slunfah) on three environmental  phenotypes belonging to Myrtus communis L the study showed significant differences in the fruit dimensions where the phenotype(A)  that belonging to Slunfah area had the smallest  black fruits, phenotype (B)  of Kefriyah region had medium fruits,  in Sharifa region, the fruits of phenotype (C)  were greater than the previous two phenotypes which reached the size of the fruit (0 .37cm³)  The study showed that the phenotype (A) exceeded the average height of the shrub estimated at 295 cm. The phenotype(C) also exceeded the in the dimensions of the leaf and the area and thickness, as well as exceeding the dimensions and weight of the fruit and the number of seeds inside the fruit in highest amount of chlorophyll a on the other hand the highest amount of carotinoids was found in the phenotype (B) which reflects its good productivity, while the highest amount of carotenoids was found within model B. The soil analysis showed that myrtle grow in low salinity soils; the results of the study demonstrate the influence of environmental factors on the form and physiology of the plant.

Keywords: Myrtus communis .L, phenotypes , chlorophyll pigment, salinity. 

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Samer Al-Hassan Al-Amer ^(1)*

(1). Syrian Grain. Deir Ezzor. Syria

(*Corresponding author:   Samer Al-Hassan Al-amer, Email:  sa10.8.1978am@gmail.com. Phone: 0999384290)                           

Received: 29/8/2023                                      Accepted:7/2/2024

Abstract: 

The research was carried out in the Al-Jalaa palm oasis of the city of Al-Bukamal in Deir Ezzor governorate during the month of September of the year 2021AD until August of the year 2022 AD. A field study was conducted of the palm taste borer, Oryctes elegans, to determine the sensitivity of some palm cultivars / Brim , khstawy , Barhi , Zhdy , khdrawy , Barhi  / to infection with this pest. The results of the field survey showed the presence of five types of palm diggers in Al-Jalaa Oasis, which are Jebusaea hammerschmidti, Iranian Jebusaea persica, Oryctes elegans, Oryctes sinaicus, and Phonapta  frontales, and the predominant type was O. elegans.The types of diggers varied in their numerical density. The most common diggers of the genus Oryctes ssp in the oasis were the diggers of the genus Oryctes elegans, with their presence reaching 79%, while the percentage of the presence of Jebusaea persica. 12 %, while the type P. frontales was 9 %. The peak activity of Oryctes elegans, Jebusaea persica and P. frontales during July and August 2022 was 683 , 121 , 117 beetle in the three traps in the oasis.The Prim palm variety was the most sensitive variety to infection with the palm tree borer infestation, where the number of affected leaves per palm tree was 10.66 .the number of hotes ade by beetle larvae was 12.33 holes per palm tree . and the total average number of larvae per palm tree14. As for the Barhi variety .it was the least sensitive variety to beetle infestation. As the number of affected leaves per palm tree was 7 leaves. The number of larvae present per palm tree was 5 and the number of holes produced by the larvae was 2.33 per palm tree. There was a high correlation between the numbers of O. elegans larvae and the resulting holes, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98.

Keywords: palm taste borer, palm varieties, palm taste borer insect Oryctes. elegans.

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Shadi faskha^*(1) , Bahaa Al rahban⁽²⁾,  Ghiwa nehmeh⁽¹⁾ , and Basel Darwish⁽¹⁾

(1). Tartous Agriculture Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Administration of plant protection Research, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Shadi Faskha, E-Mail: shadifaskha5@gmail.com, Mob: 0933766201)

Received: 28/09/2023                   Accepted:23/01/2024

Abstract: 

The lethal effect of the two bioinsecticides azdrachtin (Nimpicidin 1%) and emamectin benzoate (Contact 50 g/kg) on adults and second instar larvae of the citrus mealybug predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant was studied under laboratory conditions.The results showed that direct treatment of azdrachtin and emamectin benzoate on the abdomens of adult insects and secondinstar larvae led to a death rate of 44.96% and 68.92% after 72 hours, respectively.On the other hand, the results of the effect of the dry residues of the two insecticides showed that the azdrachtin caused the death of 16 and 68% of adult insects and secondinstar larvae of the predator after 72 hours of exposure, respectively. While for emamectin benzoate, it was 92 and 84%, respectively. According to the standards of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC),azdrachtin came in first class (1- harmless) in terms of the effect of residues on adult insects, while emamectin benzoate came in the third class (3 = moderately harmful) in terms of the effect of residues on insects adults and larvae.

Keywords: azdirachtin, emamectin benzoate, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, side effect.

Full Paper in Arabic: pdf

Ahmed Al-Yassin Al-kashami⁽¹⁾, Rawaa H. Tlay^*(2) and Haider Al-Maamouri⁽³⁾

(1). Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering.

(2). Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(3). Department of Life Science, Faculty of Education for Pure Sciences, Wasit University, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Assistant Professor, Dr. Rawaa H. Tlay, E-mail: rawaa.tlay@damascusuniversity.edu.sy, rawaa751@gmail.com).    

                  Received: 5/2/2025                    Accepted: 16/3/2025

Abstract: 

This research was carried out in the laboratories of the Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering – Damascus University, in the period between 2023-2024, the research aimed to prepare the powder of three varieties of low-quality dates (Burim, Zuhdi, Al-Dairi) and study its chemical composition and use it as an alternative to sugar in the manufacture of biscuits and show its effect on physical properties, sensory indicators and color indicators for processed biscuit samples, as sugar was replaced with date powder in proportions of (15, 30, 100)%. The results of the research showed that the prepared date powders contain high levels of carbohydrates ranging from (89.33 – 91.23)%, which can be a source of sweetening well, and the results indicated that the increase in the percentage of replacement gradually from (15 – 100) % led to a decrease in the diameter of the samples of manufactured biscuits, which ranged between (30.11 – 32.28 mm) compared to the sample of biscuits control (38.12 mm), on the other hand, the increase in the percentage of replacement had a positive effect in increasing the thickness of the biscuit piece, which ranged Between (5.81-6.32 mm) Compared to the control sample (5.23 mm), as for the expansion coefficient, it was found that the higher the percentage of sugar replaced with date powder, the lower the expansion coefficient (4.73-5.52), while it reached in the control sample (7.25). The addition of date powders to the biscuit samples had a significant effect on the values of color indicators, as with the increase in the percentage of replacement, the degree of darkness of the biscuit color increased, and the biscuit sample manufactured from Zuhdi date powder by (30) % had the best effect in improving the sensory characteristics and general acceptance of the residents.

Keywords: Biscuits, Organoleptic Properties, Physical Properties, Date Powder, Color Indicators.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF