Hasan Harba^{* (1)} , Mohamad Moussa ⁽¹⁾, Abdel Moneim  AlYasin⁽²⁾, Moataz Zarkawi ⁽³⁾⁽⁴⁾ , and Lamia Briand Amirat ⁽⁵⁾

(1). Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hama University, Hama, Syria.

(2).The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands / ACSAD /,Damascus, Syria.

(3).  Ministry of Agriculture, Syria.

(4).Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria.

(5). Oniris, Nantes, France.

(*Corresponding author: Hasan Harba. E-Mail: hasanharba19@gmail.com).

Received:14/05/2024          Accepted: 1/08/2024

The research aims to determine the effect of pheromones extracted from the wool of Awassi rams and Shami goat bucks’ hair on the secretion of luteinizing hormone and progesterone in Awassi sheep during the nonbreeding season. The experiment was conducted on female Awassi sheep at the Izraa Research Station – AKCAD, outside the reproductive season from 2/1/2022 to 4/1/2022. The extraction of pheromones was performed through the soaking technique, utilizing dichloromethane as the solvent. Subsequently, the resulting organic extract underwent analysis with a Chromatec-Crystal 5000 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry apparatus, which features a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The study was conducted on three equal groups n=17 each (during the nonbreeding season): Group I (rams wool extract), 15 ml of rams’ wool extract was placed on a piece of gauze and placed in a mask specially designed for the experiment to apply and attach directly to the nose. The second group (Shami goat bucks’ hair extract), 15 ml of bucks’ hair extract was placed on a piece of gauze and placed within a mask specially designed for the experiment to be placed and fixed directly on the nose, and the third group (Awassi rams). LH assay was performed immediately before the start of the treatment and 1, 10 and 20 hours later, P4 assay was performed immediately before the treatment, 5, and 30 days later. The results showed a significant direct and clear increase in LH and P4. It may conclude that pheromones extracted from the wool of rams and Shami goat bucks have an effect in stimulating the response of female Awassi sheep, which paves the way for their use as a material in reproductive management in female Awassi.

Keywords: Awassi Sheep, Shami Goat, Pheromones, Male Effect, Progesterone, LH.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Eyad Dannoura^{* (1)}, Ateya Arab ⁽¹⁾, Safaa Sabboh⁽¹⁾, Hussam Baroudi⁽¹⁾, and Manal Saleh ⁽¹⁾

(1). Lattakia Research Center, General Commission For Agricultural Scientific Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(*corresponding author: Dr. Eyad Dannoura. Email: eyed.dannoura@gmail.com ,Tel: 0966895705 ).

Received:5/05/2024                Accepted: 1/08/2024

Abstract

This study was conducted at the Center of Scientific Agricultural Research in Latakia Governorate, during the years 2022-2023, on cuttings of Japanese mulberry trees, Morus bombycis L., grown in the Silkworm Breeding Center in Masyaf (Hama). The research aims to study the effect of cutting diameter and planting medium on the rooting and growth of cuttings. Woody Japanese mulberries treated with a single, fixed concentration of the growth regulator indole butyric acid (IBA), which was 4000ppm. Woody cuttings were collected from the studied trees with two different diameters (less than 1.5 cm) and (1.5-2.5 cm). Five media were used to grow the cuttings. The cuttings were planted outdoors under the influence of natural conditions. The experiment was designed according to a factorial experiment in completely randomized design.  The results showed that the best treatment  was the cuttings with a diameter of /1.5-2.5 cm/ with medium A (silkworm compost + sand + ordinary soil (1:1:1))  regarding the average percentage of rooting(77.77%) and the average number of branches(3 branches/cutting). While the best average length of the branches was when diameter of less than 1.5 cm cuttings were planted in Medium B (imported turf + sand + ordinary soil (1:1:1)) with average length (82.33cm). This confirms the importance of adding silkworm compost to rooting medium as a main component in propagating Japanese  mulberries using the woody cutting method.

Keywords: Japanese mulberry Morus bombycis L., rooting, cuttings, planting mediums, compost, the Silkworm.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ola Qajou ^(1)*, Razan Al -Najjar ⁽²⁾ and Doaa Hamwi ⁽¹⁾

 (1). Crop department at the Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia – Syria.

(2). General Authority for Agricultural Scientific Research-Damascus-Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ola Qajou,  E-Mail: olakajo0932@yahoo.com).

Received: 15/05/2024                      Accepted:1/08/2024

Abstract

 The research was implemented by the research in the Department of Corn Research (1 Ayar Station) of the Crop Research Department at the General Commission for Scientific n Research (GCSAR)  in the Agricultural seasons 2022 and 2023. In the research, six Inbred Lines breed is used in a high degree of genetic purity 95%. In the flowering stage, all the required hybrids were conducted between the strains except for the reverse hybrids according to the Half Diall Cross, with the aim of studying the general and specific ability and effects And the length of the matholor, physiological maturity and productivity. The results showed the variation of all the studied qualities morally, in addition to the dominance of the cumulative heritage action in inheriting the characteristics of the number of days of agriculture to the flowering of 50% of the plants, the length of the matholor, the productivity, and the cumulative to the characteristic of the height of the additional and additional genetic verbs to the characteristic of the physiological maturity of their one correct comparison. The results indicated that seven hybrids enjoyed a special ability to the coalition of the attribute of the physiological maturity, and the additional genetic act dominated the inheritance of the characteristic of the length of the trumpet, and the control of the additional genetic action on the inheritance of the attribute of love, and these results give the basis for follow -up of the removal of the context in subsequent generations, especially for the productivity indicator.

Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, general ability to compatible, private headquarters on genetic variation.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Amal Haj Hassan^(1)*, Mohammad Ahmad⁽²⁾, Omar Hammoudi⁽¹⁾, and Magda Mufleh⁽¹⁾

(1). General Commission for scientific Agriculture Research, Lattakia, Syria

(2). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Tishreen University,

       Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Amal Haj Hassan. E-Mail: amal.haj@gmail.com).

Received: 17/05/2024                      Accepted:5/08/2024

Abstract: 

This study was conducted to evaluate the endophytic colonization of tomato plants with two local isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales), b8, which was isolated from the pupa of the palm weevil, and b10, which was isolated from the soil of a citrus orchard in Latakia Governorate, and there effect on the growth of tomato plants and in Controlling the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera Gelechiidae) by seeds inoculation with three different techniques: seeds immersion in fungus conidial suspension, seeds immersion in gum and fungus conidial suspension, and seeds irrigetion within 30, 45, and 60 days. The results showed the efficiency of both isolates in colonizing all parts of the plant. (root, stem and leaves) in varying rats without a significant difference between them, and the highest colonization rate was recorded on the leaves, 100% for b8 isolate and 96.30% for b10 isolate, 45 days after inoculation by seeds irrigation technique. The irrigation technique was significantly more better than the other two technique after 30 days time after inocolation, but at 45 and 60 days time, no significant difference was recorded between the inoculation techniques. The leaf colonization rate was also significantly higher than the root and stem colonization rate for most of the evaluation times and for all inoculation techniques. Both fungal isolates significantly increased the height of tomato plants and their wet and dry weight compared to control plants 60 days after inoculation. The mortality rate caused by the two fungal isolates to tomato leaf miner larvae varied according to the method of inoculation during the days of the experiment. The highest mortality rate (9.43±89.67%) was recorded for b8 isolate and (4.17±86.67%) for b10 isolate at the last day of the experiment, in the seeds irrigation technique.

Keywords: endophetic colonization, entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta, , tomato plants.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Amali Al-Ahmad^(1)* and Bayan Muzhar⁽²⁾

(1). Administration of Horticulture Research, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria.

(2). Horticulture Research, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria.

(^*Corresponding author: Amali Al-Ahmad. E-Mail: Amale-alahmad@hotmail.com(

Received:  27/10/2024         Accepted:26/02/2025

Abstract

The research was conducted in the Tartous governorate (Beit Yusef-Draikish) on apple trees (cv. Golden Delicious) grafted onto the rootstock “Malus domestica Borkh” during the two seasons of 2019-2020. The objective was to investigate the effects of manual and chemical thinning, with and without calcium nitrate spray, on the nutrient content of leaves (Ca, Mg, Zn, B) and the productivity of the apple trees. The study included six treatments at two levels: the first level “no spray”, while the second involved spraying with calcium nitrate. Results indicated a significant difference in production during the 2019 season between the two levels (114.58 and 130.88 kg/ tree, respectively). In the season (2020), the production was significantly lower than the first season in both levels, the first (63.27 kg/ tree) and the second (72.33 kg/ tree) levels. In the first season, both thinning treatments led to a noticeable decrease in production compared to the control; however, the calcium nitrate spray treatment resulted in significantly higher production at 137.5 kg per tree. In the second season, each treatment showed a significant increase in production compared to the control (49 kg per tree, a light fruit load). Applying thinning techniques during the heavy load season resulted in a better balance in annual load as the productivity in the first and second seasons was 87.76 and 85.00 kg/ tree in manual thinning, 88.57 and 85.79 kg/ tree in chemical thinning, 97.40 and 100.56 kg/ tree in the calcium nitrate foliar spray treatment with manual thinning, and 101.49 and 98.30 kg/ tree in the calcium foliar spray treatment with chemical thinning. Thus, foliar spraying with calcium nitrate combined with chemical thinning proved to be the most effective treatment for enhancing apple productivity, followed by foliar spray treatment with calcium nitrate combined with manual thinning.

Keywords: Apple, Golden Delicious, Calcium nitrate, Zinc, Boron, Nutrients, Productivity.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Amani  Alhaiji^*(1) , Hussain  Almahasneh⁽¹⁾ and Raua Alshek ateah⁽²⁾

(1). Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University.

(2). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Crop Research Admonition, Damascus Countryside Research Center)

(*Corresponding author: Amani Alhaiji, E-Mail: amani2.alhaiji@damascusuniversity.edu.sy             Mobile: 0988690014). 

Received:24/04/2024                     Accepted:13/08/2024

An experiment was conducted at general commission for scientific agricultural research, Petima research center, during the 2022-2023, to study the effect of four irrigation tretments (I0: rain fed agriculture, I1: two flag, I2: three flag,I3: complete irrigation) on some morphological traits and productivity of three varieties of Quinoa (V1: Q26; V2: Gieza ; V3: Zer. The experiment was designed according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in the order of the split blocks, with 3 replications. The results showed significant differences between the studied treatments and their interactions. the complete irrigation treatment (I3) excelled in the following traits the plant length(99.56cm), weight of the thousand  seeds(2.63gr), the seed weight per plant(29.33gr ( and  the seed yield (3519kg.ha^-1), while the supplementary irrigation treatment (I1) excelled in the number of othkul per plant(16.22) othkul.plant^-1, number of plants per area (12 plant.m^-2), the varieties Q26 (V1) excelled in productivety traits and achieved the highest average in weight of a thousand seeds trait (2.60gr), the seed weight per plant trait(28.16.gr) and the seed yield trait(3328kg.ha^-1),. the interaction between  the variety Q26 and irrigation treatment (I3)with complete irrigation gave the highest average for the following traits: plant length (108.67cm),number of plants per area(12plant.m^-2), seed weight per plant(33.78gr), and the seed yield(4053kg .ha^-1).

Keywords: Quinoa, irrigation, varieties, productivity.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Micheal Skaf⁽¹⁾ , Roze Al Koubaily⁽¹⁾  and Eghaa Zaher^{* (3)}

(1). Forestry and Environment Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Eghraa Saleh Zaher. E-mail: eghraazaher@gmail.com, phone : 0991781935).

Received:  22/02/2024         Accepted:11/07/2024

Forest fires are one of the most important disturbances that threaten the sustainability of forest ecosystems, and their danger increases year after year in various regions of the world in light of current climate changes. The daily values ​​of precipitation amounts, average temperatures, and relative air humidity for the Qardaha station, located in one of the most important forest areas in the coastal region of Syria, were used to estimate the risk of forest fires using Teliycn index during the years extending between 2000 and 2020. Box-Plots and descriptive statistical analysis were used to study the climatic characteristics of the study area. In order to determine the direction of change and estimate its value, trend lines were used, and the significance of the change was verified using the Mann-Kendall test. The results showed great variation in the start date of the risk of forest fires, the length of the fire season and the degree of danger between years depending on the differences in the amounts and distributions of precipitation and the level of temperatures. The results also showed increasing tendency of fire danger in the region. The highest value of the Teliycn index increased by 25.7, and the length of the fire season increased by about 22 days, while the trend was clear towards an early onset of fire danger by about 7 days during the study period 2000-2020. These results emphasize the importance of current climate changes in increasing the risk of forest fires in the study area, which requires taking appropriate measures to confront this danger that threatens forest ecosystems in the region.

Keywords: forest fires forest – flammability – fire danger index – drought index – Climate change and forest fire -Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Asmaa Akra (1)*

 (1). Department of Horticulture- Faculty of Agriculture Engineering – Tishreen University-Lattakia-Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Asmaa akra. E-Mail: asmaa.akra83@gmail.com).

Received: 28/02/2024                Accepted: 5/08/2024

This research experiment was carried out in Bsaisin, Jableh region, during the agricultural season 2022-2023. It aimed to study the effect of spraying seaweed extract and EM1 on vegetative growth and production characteristics in lettuce plant (Lactuca sativa.L). In depends on the Randomize complete Block Design (RCBD) Full with five treatments and three replication for each treatment, and 15 plants per replication, the treatments were: spray plants with water only (Control) -Spray plants with seaweed extract (1 ml/l) – Spray plants with seaweed extract (2 ml/l) – Spray plants with EM1 (5 ml/l) – Spray plants with EM1 (10 ml/l). It was noticed that spraying Lactuca sativa. L plants with seaweed extract (1 ml/l) and EM1(10 ml/l) increased all the indicators studied (vegetative growth and production characteristics) as compared to the control treatment with significant differences. Our results showed the positive effect of foliar spraying with EM1 10 ml/l on lettuce plant, achieving an increase in the representative surface area (6666) cm², head weight(934) g, and production quantity(7.8) kg/m2.                                                                                                                     

Keyword: Lactuca sativa, seaweed extract, EM1, Growth, Yield, Quality.  

Full paper in Arabic: PDF             

Arwa Al-Bustany^{* (1)}, Hassan Abbas ⁽¹⁾, Abd Al-Naser Al-Omar ⁽²⁾, Khaled Qassem ⁽³⁾, Shaza Habib ⁽³⁾, Iyad Al-Helou ⁽³⁾, Ethar Al-Sayyid⁽³⁾, and Heba Adra ⁽³⁾

(1). Department of Animal Production, Al-Baath University, Homs, Syria.

(2). HamaResearch Center, Hama, Syria.

(3). Salamiyah Research Center, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Arwa Al-Bustany. E-mail: arwaalbustany1989@gmail.com).

Received:  21/02/2024         Accepted:11/07/2024

Abstract: 

The research was conducted at the Salamia Research Center (Kareem) from August 22/8/ 2023 to December 9/12/ 2023 with the aim of studying the effect of different ratios of zinc oxide and nano zinc oxide on some productive and hematological indicators of pregnant Awassi ewes and their lambs.Twenty Awassi ewes, aged 2-3 years, were used in the study, with an average of 5 ewes per group. They were divided into four groups and monitored for two months before birth and one month after giving birth. The ewes were fed with the same diet used at the station. The control group was fed a diet containing 30 mg of zinc oxide per kg of dry matter feed, while the second, third, and fourth groups were fed doses of nano zinc oxide (10, 20, 30) mg/kg of dry matter feed. The results showed no significant differences between the control group and the three experimental groups in ewe weight throughout the experiment. The weights of the lambs at birth were higher in the nano groups compared to the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant. The ewes in the experimental groups (third and fourth) outperformed the control group in terms of total protein and albumin levels in the blood (P < 0.05). However, feeding the ewes with zinc oxide or nano zinc oxide had no significant effect on AST, ALT, and creatinine levels in the blood of ewes and their lambs, indicating no harmful effects on the liver and kidneys by adding nano zinc oxide. An increase in blood zinc levels was observed when feeding the ewes with nano zinc oxide, but it was not statistically significant in the ewes’ blood. However, significant differences were observed between the control group and both the third and fourth groups in the blood of the newborns, indicating greater absorption of nano zinc oxide in the digestive system, which suggests its use to enhance the productive and hematological indicators of Awassi ewes.

Key words: Awassi sheep, nano, zinc oxide.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF  

Ahmed soufi^(1)*

(1). Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Ahmed Soufi, E-mail: Ahmed soufi,  7mada.movo9@gmail.com, phone:00963991266905).

Received:  4/06/2024         Accepted:13/07/2024

Abstract: 

The research was conducted during the year 2024. The seeds were treated with three concentrations of Sodium azide (1, 3, 5 mM ) and with a soaking time of (6) hours.  In addition, to induce salinity stress, sodium chloride (NaCl) was used at concentrations (4, 8, 12 dS/m).  The experiment was implemented according to a randomized complete design (R.C.D.) in the village of Burj Islam – Latakia – Syria.  Three replicates for each treatment.  Some germination indicators of the treated seeds were measured (germination percentage (%)), morphological indicators of plants (plant height (cm/plant)), Morphophysiological indicators (total leaf surface area (cm2), )Net Photosynthesis Rate (mg/cm2/day)(, specific weight of leaves (g/cm2) and Leaf Area Index. High salinity concentration led to negative effects on all indicators studied. Treatment with the chemical mutagen NAN3 resulted in an increase in germination rate, plant height, total leaf surface area, net photosynthesis rate, leaf specific gravity and leaf area index. On the other side. Treatment with chemical mutagens under salinity stress conditions at low concentration (1 mM) outperformed all treatments and control. Therefore, we recommend soaking the seeds with a concentration of (1 mM) NAN3, due to its role in improving germination and the morphological and morphological characteristics of the local tobacco variety.

Keywords: soaking seeds, NAN3, tobacco plant, NaCl.

 Full paper in English: PDF