Abeer alabdallah⁽¹⁾,  Wajih alKassis^(1)* and Abdulnabi Basheer⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Dr. Wajih al Kassis. alkassis@yahoo.fr)

Received: 26/05/2021                          Accepted: 5/09/2021

Abstract

Fruit trees are exposed to many insect pests, especially after the recent drought, the most important of these insects are those that attack wood, among them the most widespread are wood bark insects, and due to the lack of studies on this topic, it was necessary to study the species that attack these trees in several regions. The study was conducted to survey and identify species of Bark beetles (Scolytus spp) from Scolytidae in southern region of Syria in many places (Damascus, Countryside of Damascus, Homs, Alswida and Daraa during  2018 – 2020, Samples of adults were collected during the period from April to October. All specimens were identified by using international keys of Scolytidae. Adults were classified in 3 species S.amygdali, S.mali, S.rugulosus.

Keywords: Classification, survey, Scolytidae, Scolytus ,southernregion -Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Kenan naema^(1)*, Mohamad tawel⁽²⁾ and Basima barhoom⁽³⁾

(1) General commission of scientific agricultural research, Tartous, Syria.

(2) Tishreen University, College of Agricultural Engineering, Latakia, Syria.

(3)General commission of scientific agricultural research, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Kenan naema. kenan.fadel.naema@gmail.com)

Received: 21/10/2021                          Accepted: 28/12/2021

Abstract

This study was carried out at Al-Jamasa Research Station – Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Tartous – General Authority for Scientific Agricultural Research for the season 2018-2019 on two-year-old olive plants, homogeneous, healthy, and free from disease and insect infestations, of the Doabli variety most prevalent in Tartous Governorate.  The trees were treated with Inula viscosa and Cymbopogon citrates aqueous extract 15 days before the fungal infection with Venturia oleaginea. The incidence and severity of infection were weekly monitored within 10 weeks after the infection. The results showed that the best resistance was achieved when olive trees were treated with Inula viscosa aqueous extract as the incidence of the disease was 16.64% and the severity was 8.90 % after 10 weeks compared with 56.06 and 26.91 respectively for control, followed by the treatment of Cymbopogon citrates aqueous extract with disease incidence 18.41 % and disease severity 11.2 %.

Key words: Venturia oleaginea, Cymbopogon citrates, Inula viscose, aqueous extract, systemic acquired resistance

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rania Ebraheem⁽¹⁾, Aghnar Khador⁽¹⁾, Yousef Hanna⁽¹⁾, Lujain Dwya⁽¹⁾, Ghaith Nakoul⁽¹⁾, Ziad Barbar^{* (1)}

(1) Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Baath University, Homs, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ziad Barbar E-Mail: ziadbarbar88@gmail.com)

Received: 2/05/2021                          Accepted: 24/08/2021

Abstract

The present study is a part of a collection of mites fauna aimed to identify species that occurred on some cultivated plants and wild vegetation in Tartus governorate, Syria in November and December 2020. The results showed the presence of thirteen mite species belonging to six families, of which four species are new records for Syrian mite fauna: the predatory mite Blattisocius dendritic (order Mesostigmata, family Blattisociidae) collected on Solanum melongena; the predatory mite Euseius finlandicus (order Mesostigmata, family Phytoseiidae) collected on Castanea sp.; the predatory mite Glycyphagus domesticus (order Sarcoptiformes, family Glycyphagidae) collected on Quecus sp.; and the phytophagous mite Cenopalpus tamarixi (order Trombidiformes, family Tenuipalpidae) collected on Pinus pinea. Morphological measurements and complementary description is given for this later species.

Keywords: new record, Blattisocius dentriticus, Euseius finlandicus, Glycyphagus domesticus, Cenopalpus tamarixi, Syria

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Baraa’a Hawis^{(1) (2)*}, Ziad Chikh-Khamis⁽²⁾ and Monir Alnabhan⁽³⁾

(1) Directorate of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Hama, Syria.

(2) Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Alba’ath University, Homs, Syria. 

(3) Center of Scientific Agriculture Research, GCSAR,Hama, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Baraa Hawis. E-Mail: b.gazihawis@yahoo.com).

Received: 8/06/2021                          Accepted: 23/08/2021

Abstract

Effect of augmentative releasing of the lacewing,Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.), on the density of the predator and the populations of its prey in the cotton field was studied in 2017 in Hama using three treatments: (T1l) releasing the predator by 1000 larvae (at 2^ndinstar), per 1000m² once a season;(T2l) releasing the predator by 500 larvae per 1000m²twice a season at one-month interval;(Te) releasing eggs of the predator at 1000 eggs per 1000m²once a season; and (C) the control field without any release. The predator releasing reduced the numbers of whitefly nymphs Bemisia tabaci in the three trea tments,The releases in treatments (T1l andTe) reduced the numbers of whitefly nymphs one week after the release by 84% and 89.31%respectively. However, aweek after the second release in T2l, the reduction rate became 76.9 and the differences between the three treatment were not significant. The treatments reduced the aphid Aphis gossypii population densities compared with the control. The largest reduction rate was one week after predator release in T1l, followed by Te 89.07%, 73.46% respectively. While one week after the second release, the reduction rate in T2l was higher than T1l and Te (significantly) by a reduction rate  57.55% . Then, the reduction rates in the three treatments increased gradually until the end of the season. The densities of the C. carnea eggs laid by endemic predators naturally in the treatment blocks decreased throughout the season after releasing of the predator compared with the control. There was a significant linear correlation between the endemic predator egg densities and their prey population densities (whitefly and aphid) in the cotton field.

Keywords: Cotton, Augmentative releasing, Chrysoperla carnea, Bemisia tabaci, Aphis gossypii.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Haya AL-shumari^(1)*, Akram Albalkhi ⁽¹⁾, and Muhammad Manhal Alzoubi⁽²⁾

(1) Department of Soil Sciences,  Damascus University, Syria.

(2) General Authority for Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria,

 (*Corresponding author: Haya AL-shumari. E-Mail: hayaalshemary92511@gmail.com).

Received: 22/04/2021                          Accepted: 30/11/2021

Abstract

The Experiment was conducted during the 2019 season at Salou Station- Deir  Ezzor of the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research. This research aims to study the possibility of using organic fertilizers instead of some part of mineral fertilizers. The impact of in-part use of organic fertilization on yield and yield components of Zea Maize crop (Ghouta 82) was studied. A complete randomized block design was applied in which the experiment consisted of 5 treatments with 3 replications: (D0: control, D1: mineral fertilizer 100%, D2: 100% mineral fertilizer +humic acids KOH extract, D3: mineral fertilizer 75% + humic acid KOH  extract, D4: mineral fertilizer 50% + humic acid KOH extracts. Sheep humic acid extracts were added to the crop at a rate of 2.5 ml/l. The results showed that the D2 treatment was the best for both productivity and all the morphological characteristics. The productivity was (7.96) t/ha for D2 treatment compared to the control (3.07) t/ha. The results also showed that there were no significant differences between D1, D3. D3 treatment was the lowest rate of mineral fertilization. It is therefore, treatment D3  can be recommended to minimize the use of mineral fertilizers added to the soil in a situation similar to our experimental conditions.

Keywords: Zea  Maize, Spraying with Humus, Mineral Fertilizers, productivity.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Lama Ehssan* ⁽¹⁾ Ilene Mahfoud  ⁽¹⁾  Wael Ali  ⁽¹⁾ , and Ahmed Saidi  ⁽²⁾

(1) Ecology and Forestry department, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia-Syria.

(2) Algerian space agency, Space Technology Center, Arzew- Algeria.

(*Corresponding author Lama Ehssan. E-Mail: ehssan.lama@gmail.com)

Received: 30/09/2021                          Accepted: 9/12/2021

Abstract

This research aimed to study the fire behavior of two Pinus brutia forests in Lattakia Alshorttah and Alfollk forest, These forests were affected by fires during the summer of 2016. Depending on the Fire Spread Index (FSI) and the Fire Spread Time (FST) as the main outputs of the fire simulation model, which was designed by ArcGIS 10.3 software, based on the following parameters: Wind Speed (WS), Wind Direction (WD), Index of Combustibility (IC), Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) and in addition to the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Slope (S), and Aspect (AS). The results showed that the fire behavior was affected by the degree of fire spread danger at the ignition point, also showed an increase in fire spread rate with the change of the west aspect to the south one at the same degree of slope. It was also noted, that the Fire Spread Index danger was increased due to the Moisture Content Index danger increasing on the edges of the forest near the agricultural lands. We conclude from this study the efficiency of designed model for studying fire behavior and determinate the spread rate in the studied forests.

Keywords: Fire Behavior, Pinus brutia, Fire Simulation Model, Fire Spread Index, GIS.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ali Thabeet⁽¹⁾, Kamel Khalil ⁽²⁾* and Diana Hamad⁽²⁾

(1) Department of Renewable Natural Resources and Ecology- Faculty of Agriculture – Aleppo University.

 (2) Department of Environmental prevention- Higher Institute for Environmental Researches, Tishreen University
(*Corresponding author: Dr. Kamel Khalil. E-mail: d.kamelkhalil@tishreen.edu.sy)

Received: 10/09/2021                          Accepted: 28/11/2021

Abstract

The aim of this research is to estimate the relationship between the thickness of the annual growth rings of the Pinus brutia and the climatic elements using dendroclimatology techniques. The study was carried in two sites Al–Daraykiyah and  Mehwarti (Baniyas) during 2018-2019. Five samples were selected from each site. In each sample, 10 trees were identified from which three cores were obtained from each tree. The cores were subjected to sanding operations for ease of reading, then CROSS-DATING was done to determine the exact year of formation for each ring, then the thickness of the rings was measured using Photoshop, and then the standardization process was carried out to calibrate the initial values of the annual growth rings to eliminate the effect of age and obtain the growth index. The multi-correlation relationship between growth index and climatic elements of precipitation and temperature was studied during the period between 1971-2018. The results of the study showed that the average thickness of the annual growth rings ranged between 2.24-3.36 mm/year. Some pseudo-rings were observed in both sites, while some missing rings were recorded in the Mehwarti site only. No significant effect of precipitation, maximum or minimum temperatures on the thickness of the growth rings was recorded for the Al–Daraykiyah site. As for the Mehwarti site, precipitation recorded a positive significant effect on the thickness of the growth rings during the months of November, December, January, March, April and June. The maximum temperatures also recorded a significant negative effect on the thickness of the growth rings of one sample only during the months of March and April. Whereas, the minimum temperatures did not have any significant effect on the thickness of the growth rings in Mehwarti site.

Keywords: Pinus brutia Ten., Dendroclimatology, Tree rings, climatic elements, Baniyas.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Falak Shirm ^{(1) *}

(1). Horticulture department, Faculty of agriculture, university of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Falak Shirm . E-Mail: falakshirm@gmail.com).

Received: 8/04/2021                          Accepted: 22/12/2021

Abstract

The research was carried out in Tal Arn (countryside of Aleppo) on pomegranate at the age of 10 years where fertilizing with mineral fertilizers and organic fertilizers  (com and goat dung  and vegetable compost) . The effect of these fertilizers on morphological  characteristics was detailed (average length of branches and number of leaves and flowers ). The phonological characteristics at the beginning and the end of flowering and maturity , the characteristics of the fruits , weight of the fruits and the small fruits,  the juiciness ratio , acidity and the percentage of soluble solids and sugars in addition to the tree productivity.The results indicated that fertilization  with mineral and organic. Fertilizers surpassed the control  with significant differences in most  tree characteristics .Fertilizer treatment with vegetable compost showed the highest  productivity of the pomegranate tree which amounted to  42.a kg , with the highest values of the fruit characteristics ( weight of fruits was 554.3 g  , juiciness  ratio was 71.3%  , weight was 204.3 ml , ratio of soluble solids was 16.7%  , sugar ratio was 6.1% ) compared to the control where it was respectively . Also the mineral fertilization treatment outperformed the rate  of the length increasing of the branches 41.3 cm , the number of leaves were 38.2 compared to rest of transactions and control .While there were no significant differences between fertilizing with cow and goat dung and mineral fertilization in most of results .

Keywords: Pomegranate, organic fertilizer ,cow and goat dung ,and vegetable compost.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Fatema Abdul Rahman *⁽¹⁾ Mustafa Mazen Otri ⁽¹⁾ Abdullah Alyusef ⁽¹⁾ Badr Alden Jalab ⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Natural Resources,Aleppo Research Center, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Fatema Abdul Rahman. E-Mail: heviardam5@gmail.com)

Received: 18/10/2021                          Accepted: 11/12/2021

Abstract

The experiment was carried out during the two seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 at the Hamima Research Station, east of Aleppo Governorate, with the aim of determining the best need for nitrogen in the growth and productivity of irrigated wheat (Doma1), The transactions in the following form where the treatment of the recommendation: (N0: without addition, N1: 70, N2: 105, N3: 140, N4: 175, N5: 210 and N6: 245) kg N/he. Two treatments were were less than the recommendation with a rate of (25, 50)%, and three treatments were higher than the treatment of the recommendation with percentages (25, 50, 75)%, in addition to the treatment of the control (N0). The experiment was carried out by designing randomized complete sectors with three replications. The results showed a direct increase in the values of morphological traits with an increase in the rate of urea fertilizer added to the soil compared with the control, and the treatment N5 outperformed the rest of the treatment for the productive traits in both seasons.

Keywords: Urea, Wheat (Doma 1), Morphological and Production traits.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hanan Abdo^(1)*and Michael Skaf⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of forestry and environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Hanan Abdo. E-Mail: hanan.ha90.hh@gmail.com)

Received: 7/07/2021                          Accepted: 22/12/2021

 Abstract

 Evapotranspiration is a major component of the water cycle and plays a key role in surface energy balance and has a significant agricultural and ecological implication. To evaluate temporal characteristic potential evapotranspiration, at annual and seasonal time scales in Alraqa station during the period 1975-2005, the enman-Monteith equation was applied to calculate monthly potential evapotranspiration (ETP) using meteorological data which include meaning maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, winds speed, and sunlight duration. Trends with Mann – the Kendall test and point change analysis were used to detect significant changes in annual and seasonal ETP. The results showed a significant decreasing tendency in annual  ETP related to decreasing ETP in all seasons, especially in summer. Annual values of ETP were Shifted during two periods: 1984-1985 and 1990-1991. This  decreasing trend in ETP resulted  from westerly  wind direction   especially in warm months,  which promotes increasing relative humidity  in this region, owing to the location of Al Asad lake near this region

Keywords: Potential evapotranspiration, Climate change, Penman, Monteith, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf