Khaled Kassem Kaid Saleh (1) *

(1). Department of Economics and Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agricultural Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
(*Corresponding author: Dr. Khaled Saleh. E-Mail: dralodynieconomic@gmail.com)

Received: 22/03/2021                    Accepted: 29/07/2021

Abstract

The agricultural development acquired its significance from the importance and validity of the agricultural sector in which it works and moves. The agricultural sector is considered to be the main source for the capitation and liberates the man power. At the same time the agriculture sector is the cardinal resource to support the local industries with the basic raw material and a wide market to process its goods. Therefore, the agricultural development is considered to be the necessary first steps to accomplish the comprehensive development. The current study adopted the Path Analysis approach to examine the agricultural factors that affect rainfall in Yemen Republic through (2000-2020). The findings showed that the Path coefficients calculated by the two ways are identical. The findings also showed that the variables that have direct effect on GDP are Water irrigation and Labor productivity respectively.
Keywords: Yemeni Agriculture, Influencing Factors, Agricultural Production, Path Analysis Method.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Khetam Edrees *⁽¹⁾, Ghassan Al Abdallah ⁽²⁾, Nisreen edrees⁽¹⁾ and Mohammad Anwar Abdul ghani⁽²⁾

(1). Economic and Social Studies Department, Agriculture Research Center Homs, General Commission for Scientific and Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(2). Agriculture Research Center Homs, General Commission for Scientific and Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(*Correspoding author: Dr. Khetam edrees. E-Mail: vera_yahoo@hotmail.com).

Received: 24/03/2021                                 Accepted: 29/07/2021

Abstract

This research aimed to study the structure of breeding sheep costs in Homs’s province in 2015; to achieve its goals, it adopted a standard, economic, statistical analysis of primary data by a questionnaire of a sample had been taken from sheep breeders following six possessory categories. The descriptive analysis results showed that the fodder cost was the highest, whereas the depreciation value was the lowest in proportion to the total costs. The average cost amounted of breeding of one animal was (5007.35) S.P The meat production return was the highest. The total production cost’s function was estimated, and derived with a view to reaching the achieved capacity of the economic efficiency. The flock’s optimal size achieved (100) % of the economic scales amounted to 700 heads with an expected total cost of 3020250 SP. The economic capacity curve increases by the flock size increasing to a maximum of (100) % of the flock’s optimal size, which minimizes the costs; then, it starts to decline as production gets higher than that .The economies of capacity increases as long as the total average cost decreases; that means the breeder can reduce the average cost of production one head by expanding the size of the flock produced; then, the flock was divided according to the productive ewes percentage into four categories: ≤40%, (40 to 49)%, (50 to 59) %, ≥60% of productive ewes. The results showed that the category’s return which had ≥60%, was extremely higher among the rest categories and the more the percentage decrease, the more return decline; where the lowest was in the category contained less than 40% of productive ewes.

Keywords: Descriptive Economic Analysis, Production Costs, Optimal Production, Economic Efficiency, Economic of Capacity, Productive Ewes.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Muad A. Kiyyam^{(1 )*}, Mohammad A. Alnaeem⁽¹⁾and Mohammad S. Tarawneh⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Jerash university, Amman, Jordan.

(2). Department of Agricultural Economic and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Jerash university, Amman, Jordan.

(*Corresponding author: Muad Kiyyam. E-Mail: m.quam@jpu.edu.jo).

Received: 21/03/2021                                 Accepted: 5/08/2021

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the level of application of sustainable agriculture practices in the production of date palm in the Jordan Valley and to identify the most important practices conducive to sustainability in date palm cultivation in the Jordan Valley region. A sample consisting of 222 farmers from the study population was randomly selected. Among the most important results that it reached. The low application of sustainable farming methods in production processes in a way that is integrated with other forms of traditional agricultural practices، the lack of acceptance or involvement of farmers in the programs that aim to increase the level of their application of agricultural sustainability practices. The lack of farmers’ willingness to use modern techniques for soil conservation and biological or integrated resistance in pest control and the agricultural cycle. In addition, the use of drip irrigation and energy-saving systems such as solar energy، biogas، etc. and the absence of a plan، the study of the market. The appropriate times for restoring and launching the products. That facilitates use and the balance between supply and demand. The study recommended the necessity of applying sustainable agricultural methods in production processes in an integrated manner with other forms of traditional agricultural practices. Which will positively affect the volume of production and accordingly improve farmers ‘incomes، encourage farmers’ involvement in programs that aim to increase the level of their application of agricultural sustainability practices. Using Modern techniques for preserving the soil and using biological or integrated resistance in pest control while focusing on using the agricultural cycle.Use drip irrigation and energy-saving systems such as solar energy and biogas. Prepare an action plan for production and work on managing the stock in a scientific manner and in an order. That is easy to use and study the market and the appropriate times for the introduction of date palm products. Moreover, the balance is between supply and demand.

Keywords: Date palm cultivation, sustainable agriculture, regression analysis.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ahmad Al-sahwan^*(1), Darwich Cheikh⁽¹⁾ and Nerouz Ferdawi⁽¹⁾

 (1). Dept. of economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Ahmad Al-sahwan. E-Mail:  ahmadalsahwan@gmail.com).

Received:  29/07/2021              Accepted:  17/01/2021           

Abstract

The aim to study the impact of the price policy on irrigated barley productionin Hama Governorate. To reach this objective, the impact of the barley price has been studied on the planted areas and the economic indexes of the crop during (2005-2018). The results show that the annual change rate of irrigated barley areas is increasing by ca. 2,043.7 ha at the country level. The annual change rate of irrigated barley production is also increasing by. 5,253.8 ton and the yield are also growing by 35.52 kg/ha. However, the annual change rate of the barley area is growing by 533.6 ha at the Hama Governorate level which reflects the change in the annual farming rotation by the farmer und they turned to barley production because of its need for very simple agricultural supplies and processes. In the selected barley farms, the average total costs reach 992157 SP/ha and the total output reaches 1,906,556 SP/ha. The net profit is 914,399 SP/ha, the balance point for production capacity reached (0.31), the farm productive efficiency reaches 2.79. However, the total productive efficiency is 1.92 which indicates to the economic efficiency of irrigated barley production in the study area. In addition, the results indicate the occurrence of governmental subsidies to barley production. Whereas the higher was the price in the last season by one SP/kg the bigger are the planted areas by 88.3 ha. The higher the global price of barley by one SP/kg the more areas planted with irrigated barley which means that the government subsidy led to an increase in the barley areas by 3.6 ha in Hama.

Keywords: irrigated barley, productive and economic efficiency, price policy.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

ALmouthana Aziz Hasan ^{(1) *}

(1). Socio-Economic Studies Department at Latakia Research Center, General Commission for Scientific   Agricultural   Research (GCSAR).

(*Corresponding Author: Dr. ALmouthana Hasan, Email: almouthanahasan@yahoo.com)

Received: 27/03/2021                                 Accepted: 14/07/2021

Abstract

The study aimed at analyzing the marketing efficiency and marketing margin of the orange crop trade in Syria, by relying on the preliminary data of a random sample of farmers with 352 farmers and a sample of traders with a total of 100 merchants. The study showed an increase in marketing costs in general. Both the farmer and the warranty trader have 59.2% and 36.9% of the total marketing costs. In addition to the difficulty of transporting the crop to the markets outside the province and the high costs, where the merchant of the guarantee when marketing outside the province of 9.6 SP/kg, and the shipping dealer 10.9 SP/kg. The farmer achieved a profit of 8.8 SP/kg with a marketing efficiency of 66.3% according to the first indicator, 11.7% according to the second indicator, while a loss of 1.8 SP/kg when the crop was sold to the dealer. In addition, the marketing efficiency decreased according to the value of sales for the wholesaler when purchasing from the shipper from 23.4% to 2.8%, because of the multiplicity of intermediaries when buying through this marketing method. The share of farms in the consumer retail price was 57.25%. Accordingly, the study recommended reducing the marketing costs and improving the conditions of transport to the markets of other governorates, reducing the number of intermediaries and traders in the marketing process, and providing detailed marketing information for the prices, supply and demand levels in each local and foreign market and according to the items.

Keywords: Oranges, Marketing Margin, Marketing Efficiency, Farm Prices, Marketing Process.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ghaidaa Jakish * ⁽¹⁾ ,Abd Al-Hadi Hatabi ⁽¹⁾and Abdel Nasser Al-Omar ⁽²⁾

(1). Animal Production Department، College of Agriculture، University of Aleppo، Aleppo، Syria.

(2). General Authority for Agricultural Scientific Research، The Research Center، Hama، Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Ghaidaa Jakish. Email: ghaidaa.ja91@gmail.com).

Received: 18/04/2021                                 Accepted: 4/07/2021

Abstract

The study was carried out on the improved Awassi dairy sheep flock،  in the Hama Research Center، that follow to The General Authority for Agricultural Scientific Research، during three productive seasons (2017-2018-2019)، the aim of research was studying  the effect of fathers and some non-genetic factors represented by year، mother’s age، mother’s weight at birth and parity، type of kidding  and the kids kidding on the amount of milk production ، the study included (174) records،  the number of dairy ewes was (87) and the number of fathers (38) in the studied flock. The overall average of milk production for the improved ewes studied during the study period was (228.66 ± 3.71) kg / season، and the fathers had a high significant effect (P <0.001) on the total milk yield (TMY)، and the effect of the ewe birth year was significant (P <0.05) in milk production، where it gave the highest production in (2019) which was (239.9 ± 51) kg / season، and the effect of mother’s age was significant in milk production (p <0.001)، where it gave the highest production at (4) years old (277.28 ± 28) kg / season، while it turns out that the weight of the ewes had an insignificant effect (P> 0.05) on milk production، and the maximum production amount was (251.29 ± 11) kg / season in the weight category more than (60) kg. As for the parity، It had a significant effect (P <0.05) in the total production، and the maximum production reached in the third season (288.96 ± 13) kg / season، as well as، the type of kidding had a significant effect (P> 0.05)، and the production of ewes that gave birth twins lambs exceeded the production of  ewes that gave birth to individual lambs (238.25 ± 33) kg / season. as for kids kidding، its effect was insignificant on total milk production، and the heritability of milk production was (h² = 0.24). We conclude from the study that all the studied genetic factors (fathers) and some non-genetic had a significant effect on the total milk production of improved Awassi ewes، which requires continued work for improving them and developing the conditions of care to raise the level of their productive performance.

Key words: Awassi sheep، milk production، fathers، non-genetic factors.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohammd Anas Hashemi^(1)*, YahyaAljbili⁽¹⁾ , Muhannad Muna⁽²⁾ and  Nidal Haj Omar⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Syria.

(2). GCSAR – Latakia Researsh Center, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: MohammdAnasHashemi. E-Mail Anas.hashemi89@gmail.com).

Received: 14/04/2021                                 Accepted: 10/06/2021

Abstract

The research was carried out in 2020 in the Blas area in the countryside of Aleppo with the aim of studying the productive efficiency of using Panicum maximum plant in feeding Awassi lambs compared to some traditional rations. 20 heads of Awassi lambs have been homogenized by weight (32.91 ± 1.34) kg and age (9 ± 2) months were used and distributed randomly into four groups: The first group T1: fed a concentrated feed mixture + 20% straw, the second group T2: fed on the concentrated feed mixture + 35% green barley, group III T3: fed on a concentrated feed mixture + 35% mixed barley and vetch green, group four T4: fed on a concentrated feed mixture + 35% green panicum. The results showed significant superiority (P <0.05) of T3 and T4 than that other groups in average daily and total weight gain,( 221 and 218 g / day / head, respectively) , compared to 194 and 196 g / day of T1 and T2, respectively. As well as 12.44 and 12.21 kg total weight gain, respectively. Compared to 194 and 196 g / day / head in addition to 10.88 and 10.98 kg total weight gain for the T1 and T2 groups, respectively. Non-significant differences were Observed in the dry matter consumption between groups. The best feed conversion rate was in the T3 group which reached 6.30 kg dry matter / kg live weight gain, and was significantly superior (P <0.05) of T2. T4 achieved the lowest cost of one kilogram weight gain 3002.6 SP and the highest profit index 7.23 compared with others groups, especially with the  first group(control).

Keywords: Panicum, Mombasa F1, green fodder, production efficiency, Awassi sheep.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ahmed Ali Kadhem Al-Salhi ^{(1) *}

(1). Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Marshes, University of Thi-Qar, Iraq

(*Corresponding author: Ahmed Ali Kadhem Al-SalhiEmail- ahmed.a.k.alsalhi@gmail.com)

Received: 26/05/2021                                 Accepted: 29/07/2021

Abstract

The current study was conducted in the poultry field belonging to the department of animal production at the faculty of Agriculture at Al-Muthanna University for a period from 25/10/2017 to 6/12/2017 for 42 days, to find out the effect of using aqueous extract of nettle leaves on some blood parameters of broilers. In this experiment, 240 one-day-old chicks of broiler (Ross308), with an average weight of 43 grams, were randomly grown on four treatments at 60 chicks/treatment, with three replications per treatment (20 chicks/replicate), and were raised in cages for each cage of 1.5 x 1 m² and the four experimental treatments included: The first treatment, T1, the control treatment, which was devoid of any addition, and the other three treatments (T2, T3, and 4T) the aqueous extract of nettles leaves was added to each treatment with three different levels (10, 15, 20) ml/liter of drinking water, respectively. The results indicated a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the level of cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid, and a significant improvement (P<0.05) in the activity of ALP, Phosphorus and Calcium. We did not notice significant differences (P>0.05) in each of glucose, HDL and LDL in the aqueous extract of nettle leaf treatments in comparison with the control treatment.

Keywords: Urtica dioica, nettles, aqueous extract, physiological characteristics, blood parameters, broiler.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rachid Al-seid Omar* ⁽¹⁾, Reem Abdel Hameed ⁽¹⁾, Ghada Kattmah⁽¹⁾ , Mohammad Habou⁽²⁾, Firas Al Gammaz ⁽³⁾, Fersa Azam⁽⁴⁾, Hazem Al-Zailaa ⁽⁵⁾, Jan Abdoush ⁽⁶⁾, Abdallah Farhoud⁽⁷⁾  Ali Al- Dahouri⁽⁶⁾ and Nour Alkaim ⁽⁸⁾

(1). Administration of Horticulture Research, GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.
(2). Directorate of olive office, Hamah, Syria.
(3). Administration of Natural Recourses Research, GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.
(4). Administration of Plant Protection Research, GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.
(5). Directorate of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Damascus, Syria.
(6). Directorate of Plant Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Damascus, Syria.
(7). Land and Water Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Damascus, Syria.
(8). Directorate of Mitigation the Effect of Drought and Natural Disasters on Plant Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Rachid Al-seid Omar. E-Mail: dr.rachid_omar@hotmail.com)

Received:11/02/2021                       Accepted:14/07/2021

Abstract

This research was conducted during the period (2017 – 2019), in accordance with the decision No. 488/16/16/2017 issued by the Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, which includes the formation of a committee, its task is to prepare a map of the olive’s spread areas, the regions of spread diseases and insects that affect olives tree, and the map of suitable olive varieties in Syria, based on GIS programs. The first task of the Committee were carried out in the coastal area. Pest infestation maps have been completed in Tartous and Lattakia governorates, and also the maps of olive’s spread areas and the most suitable varieties. Executed GIS maps have been showed clarity in extrapolating and analyzing information about this sector in Tartous and Lattakia governorates, whereas map data confirmed that olive is a dominant species in cultivated areas, and the spread of certain diseases such as the peacock eye spot and olive knot has been linked to microclimate of specific areas, while other pests spread in wide areas and multiple heights due to several affecting factors: variety, agricultural practices and climatic factors such as temperature and humidity, the maps of the appropriate varieties of olives in the coastal area demonstrated that the dominant varieties Khodairi in Latakia, Doebli in Tartous, are the most important ones recommended for cultivation, in addition to the two variety Airouni and Sukari which were approved by the Ministry of Agriculture to plant in the areas of the spread of peacocks eye spot, or to grafted with them in order to maintain the production.

Keywords: maps, GIS, olive, spread pests, proper varieties, Syrian coastal.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rama Mansour* ⁽¹⁾, Sawsan Suleiman ⁽¹⁾, and Maher Daies ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Researcher at research center – Al- Hennadi, Soil sciences major, Lattakia – Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Rama Mansour. E-mial: rama.mansour1990@gmail.com)

Received: 23/02/2021         Accepted: 4/07 /2021

Abstract

 The effect of foliar spray with cycocel, Salicylic acid, and Silicon on cucumber vegetal characteristics, grown under salinity stress and green house conditions, was studied, at research center of Al- Hennadi, related to Agriculture research center – Lattakia- Syria. The research concluded 14 treatments: 1-C , 2- SA 25, 3- SA50 , 4- CCC400 ,  5-CCC600,  6-Si 100 , 7- Si 200, 8-S, 9 –S+SA25 , 10- S+SA50, 11-S+ CCC400 , 12- S+ CCC600, 13- S+ Si 100, 14- S+ Si 200. The results showed that foliar spray with Si,CCC and SA, enhanced inter number of male and female flowers, sexual ratio of flowering, contract ratio, average number and weight fruits, early and total production when plants were irrigated with normal or saline water.  The results showed as well that Si200 treatment significantly excelled in all fruiting characteristics and gave the highest amount of total production.  The results indicated that SA, CCC, and Si could alleviate the harmful effect of salinity,  with preference of Si which was more effective.

Key words: Salinity – Silicon – Salicylic acid – Cycocel- Cucumber- Green House.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf