Georges Makhoul⁽¹⁾* and Rabab Dauob⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Georges Makhoul, Email: georges.makhoul@tishreen.edu.sy)

Received:26/09/2022                 Accepted:22/01/2023

Abstract: 

The research was carried out in the nursery of Tishreen University and laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture to study the effect of soaking with gibberellic acid and stratification treatments, on extracting the embryos of seeds of the “Starking delicious apple” cultivar from their dormancy stage, and on increasing their germination percentage. The results showed that the cold and wet stratification at 5 ± 2̊C for 60 days after soaking with gibberellic acid at a concentration of 500 ppm for 24 hours led to an increase in seed germination percentage of Starking Delicious apple cultivar from 7.78% in the control to 76.67% as an average for the two studied years, followed by the stratification treatment for 90 days with a germination rate of 70.00% without any significant difference between them. The stratification treatment for 60 days after soaking with gibberellic acid at a concentration of 250 ppm for 24 hours and for 45 days after soaking with gibberellin acid at a concentration of 500 ppm for 24 hours revealed a germination percentage of 57.78% and 55.55% for each of them without any significant difference between them.

Keywords: Apples, “Starking delicious”, seeds germination, Scarification, GA3, Dormancy.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ibrahim Hafez*⁽¹⁾, Imad Al-Issa⁽²⁾ and Ayham Asbah⁽²⁾

 (1). Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(2). Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Hama, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR). Damascus, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Ibrahim Hafez. E-Mail  eng.ibraheemhafez@gmail.com)

Received:21/08/2022                 Accepted:31/12/2022

Abstract: 

This research was carried out at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Hama, in seasons 2020, 2021 to study the effect of foliar spray of seaweed extract on the growth and productivity of the olive tree cv. Kaisi, Where the foliar spray was applied with seaweed extract called alga 600 in concentrate of (0.5 g/l) As per the commercial label of the extract According to treatments: A0 control without spraying seaweed extract, A1 one spray one week before flowering, A2 one spray after fruit set, A3 one spray one month before harvest, A4 two sprays (before flowering and after fruit set), A5 two sprays (after fruit set and one month before harvest) A6, three sprays (before flowering, after fruit set, and one month before harvest) with the addition of ground fertilization NBK according to the Fertilizer recommendation. The results of foliar fertilization showed a significant effect on the vegetative growth traits, as The treatment one month before harvest was superior to the rest of the treatments with a primary shoots length average 6.94 cm, while the control was 4.75 cm, while seaweed extract had a positive effect on the total number of flowers. Where the spraying treatment before flowering and after the fruit set contract was superior to the rest of the treatments, as the average number of flowers was 203.11 compared to the control with an average number of flowers 164.19, as well as in the percentage of fruit set, as the highest percentage of the contract when spraying treatment before flowering was 3.20% and in control 2.19% The results also showed a clear superiority in the productivity of the tree, especially the treatment before flowering and after the contract, Where the average tree productivity was 37.07 kg, and in the control it was 14.07 kg It was observed that there was a significant increase in the percentage of oil for the fruits, as a treatment a month before harvest was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments in both seasons, as the highest value of the oil percentage reached 20.28%, followed by a treatment before flowering, after fruit set and one month before harvest, with an oil percentage of 20.27 compared to the control 17.17% From the foregoing, it is recommended to use foliar spraying with seaweed extract at a concentration of 0.5 g/L on olive trees, Kaisi variety, and in three phenological stages before flowering, after fruit set and one month before harvest, to raise the average yield, increase the percentage of oil in fruits, improve the vegetative growth traits and flowering growth, and reduce the Alternate Phenomenon.

Key words: olives, Kaisi variety, seaweed extract, productivity, foliar spray.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Hani Al-Hassoun^(1)* and  Fayez Al-Mikdad ⁽²⁾

(1). Socio-Economics, General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research, Administration of Economic and Social Studies Research, Damascus, Syria.

(2). Socio-Economics, Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Damascus, Syria.

(*Correspondence author: Dr. Hani Al-Hassoun, E.mail:Sehany2009@gmail.com).

Received: 4/01/2023                        Accepted: 25/01/2023

Abstract: 

The study was conducted in Hama Governorate, second stability zone, during agricultural season (2017/2018), relied on primary data for a simple random sample consisted of 400 farmers, and secondary data for the time series (2004-2018). Aimed to reach optimal winter cropping pattern which minimizes water use, using Operations Research Methodology. The results showed that reaching optimal winter pattern that achieves the lowest optimal use of water in agriculture, within the constraints of water and land resources, in addition to; preserving the diversity of prevalent winter crops production in the research area, requires reducing areas of anise, golden winter onions, garlic, cumin, spring potatoes, beans and chickpeas by (79%), (73%), (65%), (22%), (15%), (12%), (6%) respectively. In favor of increasing wheat and barley areas by (85%), (42%) over their average areas during (2016-2018), and excluding all other winter crops areas. The results of comparison with prevailing cropping pattern also showed that the optimal pattern requires larger quantities of water by (48.03%) than quantities of water for the prevailing pattern, because of increasing the area of optimal by (41.6%) over prevailing. And the production cost of the optimal cropping pattern is greater by (34.17%) than prevailing one, in contrast, the optimal cropping pattern achieves an increase of (30.41%), (27.32%) in total production value and net profit, compared with the prevailing cropping pattern during the period (2016-2018).

Keywords: Operation Research, Liner Programming, Simplex, Optimal Cropping Pattern, Hama

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Nour Fadel^(1)* and  Ibrahim Saker⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Tishreen, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Nour Fadel, e-mail nouraf9899@gmail.com.)

Received: 17/11/2022         Accepted: 16/1/2023

Abstract: 

The research aims to study the economic feasibility of the production of mushroom seeds of both oyster and Agaricus. The descriptive curriculum and the case study methodology have been adopted to conduct this study. The fungus seed production project is a winning project, but it needs technical expertise, but this project can recover invested capital within an excellent period of time (1.26 years), generating profitable profits, if ideal and appropriate technical conditions, and has reached the profitability factor for production costs (143.7%), which is a very good indicator, while for invested capital (79.3%).The research recommends a series of recommendations, the most important of which is to encourage agricultural investors to enter into mushroom seed production through the provision of loans through agricultural banks, and to encourage existing centers to continue production and expand their productive capacity.

Keywords: Seed, mushrooms, Oyster, Agaricus, return feasibility.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohamed Yahya Daws⁽¹⁾*, Taha Yassin Al-Adimi⁽¹⁾ and Ali Qasim Ismai⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Developmen, College of Agriculture, Sana’a University, Sana’a Republic of

(*Corresponding author: Mohamed Yahya Daws. E-Mail:  Mohamed.daws2017@gmail.com).

                                  Received: 21/09/2023                     Accepted: 15/11/2023   

Abstract: 

The study aimed to identify the impact of some personal and economic characteristics of farmers on adopting modern technologies for tomato crops. The study was conducted in the Dhamar and Ibb governorates of the Republic of Yemen for the 2021-2022 season. The researcher used a social survey approach, through personal interviews, and a questionnaire form to collect data. The study relied on descriptive and quantitative analysis in data processing, using SPSS and EXCEL statistical analysis programs. The results showed that 80% of farmers adopted the seedling technique, 78% adopted the improved variety technique, 76% adopted the plastic shade netting technology, 74% adopted the mulch technique, and 32% adopted the tunnel farming technology for seedlings nursery. The results showed that 64% of farmers had a high adoption level, 16.7% had a medium adoption level, and 19.3% had a low adoption level. The correlations between the various variables were analyzed using the Pearson coefficient, and it was found that there is a positive significant correlation at the level of 1% between the level of adoption of modern technologies for the tomato crop and each of: gender, educational level, average ownership, and the degree of communication with extension, while a negative significant correlation at the level of 1% was found between the level of adoption and each of: age and number of family members. The study also highlighted that the most important problems and obstacles to adopting tomato technologies were transportation and production costs, insect and disease infestation, lack of loans, and lack of training. To improve the productivity and quality of the tomato crop, the state, represented by the concerned authorities, must address the problems that hinder the adoption of modern agricultural technologies and develop the necessary solutions to achieve effective agricultural development and improve the country’s economy.

Keywords: technology, tomato yield, farmers’ adoption, the effect of social  and economic factors. 

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Urwah Suleiman^(1)*

(1). Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Directorate of Agriculture of Latakia.

(*Corresponding author: Urwah Suleiman, Email: orwasul@gmail.com).

Received: 26/07/2022                   Accepted: 11/01/2023

Abstract: 

The research aimed to study the social characteristics of the population surrounding forests and their relationship to the various encroachments in some areas of forests affected by fires in Lattakia Governorate. A questionnaire was directed to the local population living in the vicinity of the forest areas, in order to collect socio-economic information about the study area. The descriptive analytical method was adopted. The statistical analysis program (SPSS) (19) was used to calculate the studied correlations, the Chi-square test, the coupling coefficient (PHI), and the T test for independent samples. and two way ANOVA analysis of variance test. It was found that the sex of the population is related to the process of forest encroachment, as the value of the coupling coefficient (PHI) was 0.609, at the level of significance (Sig) 0.0001. The chi-square value of the relationship between the level of education and forest encroachment was 11.262, with a degree of freedom of 3 and a significant level of 0.01, which is smaller than 0.05, so there is an effect of education level on forest trespassing

Key words: Forests,  fires, encroachment,  chi-square, coupling coefficient, Lattakia

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Abdullah Rizk Ahmed Nasser ^{(1) *}, Taha Yassin Al-Adimi⁽²⁾  and Ali Qasim Ismail⁽³⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, College of Agriculture, Sana’a University, Yemen.

(*Correspondent: Mohammed Mohammed Yahya Daws, Email: Mohamed.daws2017@gmail.com)

Received: 21/09/2023                Accepted:16/11/2023

Abstract: 

 The research aimed to study the most important factors influencing wheat farmers’ adoption of a set of modern technologies provided to them by the Food Security Project, which are: tillage technology, wheat variety Research 37, wheat variety Sheba, wheat variety Research 13, seed quantity, and the recommended harvesting  technology, in Dhamar and Ibb governorates of the Republic of Yemen for the 2021-2022 season. The study relied on descriptive and quantitative analysis in processing the data, and the correlations between various variables were analyzed using Pearson’s coefficient. The results of the significance analysis showed that there is a positive, statistically significant correlation between: educational level, marital status, degree of communication with agricultural extension, ownership of animals, ownership of agricultural machinery and equipment, and the degree of adoption of modern agricultural techniques at the 1% and 5% level. The results are that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between: age, source of income and the degree of adoption of modern technologies at 5%. The most important recommendations were the need to the state to intervene by imposing control on agricultural input traders, exempting them from taxes, and providing a sufficient quantity of improved seeds

 Key words: Crop, Classify, Quantity of seeds , Harvest.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Amal Tarrab ^(1)*, Mohammed. Al-Azem ⁽¹⁾ and Fadel Kaadeh ⁽²⁾

(1). Dept of Food Engineering Technologies, Faculty of Technology Engineering University of Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Dept of Biotechnology Engineering Technologies, Faculty of Technical Engineering, University of Aleppo Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Amal Tarrab, E-Mail: Amaltarrab90@gmail.com)

Received: 23/11/2022                Accepted:20/01/2023

Abstract: 

The study included the pasteurization of orange juice by intermittent pasteurization method at a temperature of 65 C⸰ for 30 minutes, using a water bath. The pasteurization process and tests were conducted in the Food preservation and processing laboratory at the Technical Engineering College of the University of Aleppo in April. The most important physical and chemical quality characteristics of fresh and pasteurized juice were studied, where The heat treatment of the juice by the intermittent pasteurization method had a significant effect on the value of vitamin C and the soluble solids (P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences in the total acidity and pH at a significant level (P > 0.05), and the total color differences (ΔE) increased in the pasteurized juice compared with the fresh juice, and it was possible to obtain a safe juice free of bacterial and pathogenic pollutants.

Keywords: pasteurization, quality, microorganisms, orange.    

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Walaa Tahhan ⁽¹⁾, Safaa Al Kilane ⁽¹⁾, Salah Kawas ⁽¹⁾  and Mahmood Abbas⁽²⁾

(1). Dept. of Renewable Natural Resources and Envitoment, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Aleppo University.

(2). Climate and Meteorological, Directorate of Climate and Meteorology, Damascus.

(*Corresponding author:Walaa Tahhan, Email: walaatahhan49@gmail.com)

Received: 13/08/2022         Accepted: 23/11/2022

Abstract: 

This study aims to study the current state of temperature at Damascus station and the changes that occurred and the correlation with carbon dioxide concentration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Atmosphere near Earth surface has increased significantly and has been very significant over time, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. There has been a clear and significant increase in the average annual temperature and the average monthly temperature in April through October, and the biggest rise has been in summer months (June, July, and August), there has been a significant correlation between the average temperature and carbon dioxide concentration (R = 0.86). High temperature in Damascus is due to the increase in the average of annual minimum temperature, mainly the increase in the average monthly minimum temperature in summer months. The correlation coefficient between average annual minimum temperature and time was significant (R = 0.895), in addition its relationship with carbon dioxide concentration has been very significant (R = 0.84). There has been also a rise in the average of maximum temperature, but at a lower rate than in the average of minimum temperature, the correlation coefficient with time (R = 0.7) and the correlation coefficient with carbon dioxide (R = 0.7).

Keywords: climate_ Temperature_ Concentration of carbon dioxide

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Hanny Mahfod^{* (1)}, Akram Alblkhy⁽¹⁾ and Wassem Adela ⁽²⁾

(1). Soil Science Dept ,Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria. 

(2). Agricultural Research Center of Al-Gab, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria. 

(*Corresponding author: Hanny Mahfod. E-Mail: hanimhfood69@gmail.com).

Received: 21/09/2022         Accepted: 8/11/2022

Abstract: 

 This research was carried out at the Al-Gab during 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid according to randomized complete block design, to study effect of potassium fertilization on yield, content of protein and content of some nutrients in quinoa plant in Al-Gab area. Seven levels of  potassium fertilization (0-12.5-25-37.5-50-62.5-75 kg K₂O/ha) were used. The results showed that the addition of potassium fertilization significantly increased the content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in leaves and grains, Also the results showed that the addition of potassium fertilization significantly increased the content of the protein in grains and the grain yield, the highest grain yield in two seasons (3.32, 3.28 t/ha) was obtained when 75 kg K₂O /ha was added, without significant differences between it and the levels 50 and 62.5 kg K₂O /ha.

Key words : quinoa, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, protein.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf