Mohsen*⁽¹⁾, Kh. AL-kountar⁽¹⁾, M.Amer⁽¹⁾ and O. Aljbaii⁽²⁾

(1). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural research, Al- Suwayda Scientific Agricultural Research Center

 (2). Damascus University

 (*Corresponding author: Wasim Mohsen, email: wasimmo6@yahoo.com )

            Received:   22/11/2024                   Accepted:  6/4/2025

Abstract: 

The research was carried out in Al-Suwayda research center during the period 2016-2019, seven American rootstocks of grapevine which is resistant to Phylloxera insect have been studied in vitro for its response to drought stress treatments, these rootstocks are775P VGVA 12, 140Ruggeri UBA05, 161 49 VGVA5, 157 11C UBA01 1103 Paulsen UBA01, Kober 5BB  UBA01, 779P UBA04. polyethylene glycol ( PEG₆₀₀₀ ) has been used for drought stress treatments, explants between 2-3 cm with two leaves have been planted in WPM liquid medium with ( 1mg/L Kin + 0.2 mg/L IBA + 0.2 mg/L GA3(  and added to it ( PEG₆₀₀₀ ) in this concentrations 0,2,4,6, and 8%, with paper bridges used to carry explants, the results were taken 60 days after planting for the rate of survival plants, shoot length, shoots number, leaves number, roots length, roots number and the extent of drought damage,   The results show a difference in rootstocks response to water stress based on the studied parameters. Progressive reduction in the studied parameters occurred as PEG₆₀₀₀ concentration increased compared with control., where each of the rootstocks, 140 Ruggeri, 775/p, 157/11C and Kober 5BB is the lowest decrease in most of the studied indicators. This indicates their good tolerance of the applied drought stress, while the rootstocks, 779/P 161/49 could not tolerant the drought stress well compared to the rest of the studied rootstocks, as the studied indicators decreased significantly.  The highest percentage of plants in plants was 8% PEG6000. Kober 5BB rootstock record a high level in shoots length reaching 6.78 cm on 2% PEG₆₀₀₀, treatment, it also recorded the average number of leaves was 7.2 leaf on the same one, while it did not register any significant difference between the control 2% PEG₆₀₀₀ treatment for shoots number, but for roots length it has recorded an average 9.7 cm. while 140Ruggeri did not register any significant difference between the control and the treatments for roots number excluding the treatment containing 8% PEG₆₀₀₀ which has recorded an average 1.01 root. drought injury varied depending on the rootstock and PEG₆₀₀₀ concentration, the deadest plants were observed on 8% PEG₆₀₀₀, the results show that Kober 5BB rootstock has the lowest level of injury degree reaching 1.3, while 161 49 rootstock has the highest level of injury degree reaching 1.8.

Keywords: American grape origins, dry stress, plant tissue transplantation.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Muhammad Sulieman^*(1), Nidal Darwish ⁽¹⁾, Sawsan Haifa⁽²⁾, and Hayan Suleman⁽¹⁾.

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture engineering, Latakia University, Latakia. Syria.

(2). Department of Soil and Water sciences, Faculty of Agriculture engineering, Latakia University, Latakia. Syria.

 ( *Corresponding author: Eng. Muhammad Sulieman. EmailMuhammad.suliemann@gmail.com – Muhammad.sulieman@Tishreen.edu.sy  )

Received:   25/11/2024       Accepted:  23/4/2025

Abstract: 

The research was conducted in Latakia Governorate, during the year 2024, and aimed to analyze the descriptive characteristics of the water basin in Latakia governorate, assess the utilized dams, and estimate the contribution of irrigation water to agricultural production growth, based on the descriptive-analytical approach. The results indicated that the storage volume prediction equation, based on rainfall, shows that the main dams reach their maximum storage capacity (324.3 million cubic meters) when annual rainfall is 1526 millimeters/year. The relative weight of the irrigated tobacco area reached 41.2%, and the contribution of irrigation water to productivity increase was approximately 20%. The relative weight of irrigated area for eggplant, zucchini, and tomato was 99%, 92%, 85.2%, respectively. The contribution of irrigation water to productivity was about 75% for eggplant, 7% for zucchini, and 86.6% for tomato. The relative weight of the irrigated area for olives reached to 0.4%, and 23.5% for apples, while citrus is grown entirely under irrigation. The contribution of irrigation water to apple productivity was 27.7%. the research recommends utilizing the water surplus in Latakia for irrigation to enhance agricultural production, and expanding the use of modern irrigation methods to increase the contribution of irrigation water to crop productivity.

Keywords: Water– statistical analysis – Agricultural production – Dams-Latakia.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Zuheir Shater ⁽¹⁾, Bassam Al-Saleh Al-Abed ⁽²⁾ and Hala Mansour^*(1)

(1). Professor, Department of Forestry and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Syria.

(2). Lecturer, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Hala Mansour, hala18mansour6@gmail.com )

Received:   16/1/2024         Accepted:  2/6/2024

Abstract: 

This research aims to study the invasive activity of the tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima in Latakia Governorate, to determine the invasion risk, and to contribute to providing proposals to control it before it turns into a problem that costs the country a lot of effort and money. The spots of this species were identified through field tours that covered the governorate during the period 2022-2023. The sites where this species spread were identified and their environmental conditions (height above sea level, slope, exposure, nature of habitat) were described. The recorded spots were characterized in terms of area, number of individuals, and forest characteristics (diameters, heights, density). Four invasion severity degrees were identified based on this description. 102 spots, distributed throughout the entire Latakia Governorate, have been registered. The area of each spot ranged between 10 m² and 25 hectares. The recorded spots were distributed from the sea level (Wadi Qandil and Ras Ibn Hani) to 1255m (Slenfe), and at various exposures and slopes. The spots were spread across six types of habitats: building sides, highway sides, home gardens, forest edges, waterways, and agricultural land. The number of spots with very high invasion risk reached 24, most of which are located in the Slenfe, while the number of spots with low risk was only 5. These results call for urgent measures to be taken by the authorities to stop the spread of this species, especially in high-risk hotspots, and to monitor other spots.

Key Words: Plant Invasive species, Ailanthus altissima tree, Environmental conditions, Plant Invasion risk.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Nibal Alsaleh^(1)*,  Monuif Bouhasson⁽¹⁾  and Sami Alhennawi⁽¹⁾

(1). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research –Damscus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Nibal ALsaleh. E-Mail: nibalmalsaleh@gmail.com ).

Received:   12/2/2024         Accepted:  25/5/2024

Abstract

Water erosion is considered one of the most important problems facing agricultural soil in mountainous areas. In order to manage this problem, it is essential to estimate its rates and its spatial distribution. This study was conducted in Wady Atil watershed in western side of Jabal AL-Arab in swaida governorate south-western Syria, during the period 2017-2020. This study aims at estimate water erosion rates in the watershed, determine the spatial distribution of water erosion, and determine the factors affecting it. The study was conducted by using Erosion Potential Model (EPM), GIS, satellite data and field measurements. Results showed that water erosion rates ranged between 271.7-3172.2 m^₃/km²/year. Meanwhile 43.8% of the watershed area was classified as severe erosion, these areas concentrated in the eastern part, 56% was classified as moderate erosion, these areas concentrated in the western part of the watershed. Results of the statistical analysis indicated that the EPM indicators combined affect water erosion rates by 83%. Rainfall has the largest role in determining erosion rates, followed by soil, slopes, vegetation, then temperature.

Keywords: water erosion, EPM, GIS, Watershed.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mais  Zwan* ⁽¹⁾ and  Ahmad Kara-Ali⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Marine Biology -High Institute of Marine Research- Tishreen University – Lattakia- Syria.

(2). Department of Marine Chemistry- High Institute of Marine Research – Tishreen University – Latakia- Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Mais  Zwan   E-Mail : maiszwan22@gmail.com ).

Received:   29/3/2024         Accepted:  25/5/2024

Abstract: 

The process of extracting olive oil produces toxic liquid wastes known as (OMW: Olive Mill Wastewater), which causes a serious environmental problem when disposed directly without treatment due to its high content of organic and phenolic substances. The present study aims to reduce the concentrations of phenolic compounds in OMW by cultivation the bacterial strains Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus xylosus isolated from sediment and marine porous waters respectively – from the coastal area of Latakia city – in media containing OMW with different dilutions (25, 50, 100)% at 30 ^oC for 30 days. After the incubation period had elapsed, the media were distilled at 157 ^oC and the extracts were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at a maximum absorption wavelength of 275 nm. When B. cereus was used, a decrease in the concentrations of 2,6-dimethyl phenol, salicylic acid, and P-cresol was observed at all dilutions of OMW. It was also observed that the concentration of ferulic acid and Questeen increased, and the disappearance of chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, and vanillin with their presence in control extracts at all OMW dilutions. When using S. xylosus bacteria, there was a clear decrease in all the phenolic compounds studied, with the absence of chlorogenic acid and coumaric acid in the extracts of fermentation samples compared to their presence in control extracts. The bioremediation used in this study is low cost and has good efficacy in reducing the problem of environmental pollution caused by phenolic compounds in OMW with a clear efficacy of S. xylosus compared to B. cereus.

Keywords: Olive Mill Wastewater, Marine bacteria, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus xylosus, phenolic compounds, High performance liquid chromatography.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Kamel Khalil * ⁽¹⁾, Shahid Mostafa and ⁽²⁾ Rannem Aboud ⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Environmental Prevention, Higher Institute for Environmental Research, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2) Department of chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  kamel Khalil, d.kamelkhalil@tishreen.edu.sy ).

Received:   17/5/2024         Accepted:  8/7/2024

Abstract: 

This study aimed to monitor the state of pollution with some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) resulting from the M1 international Highway, using transplanted lichens as a Bioaccumulator of heavy metals. Therefore, samples of the Parmelia pastillifera were collected on 5/20/2022 from the Cedar – fir Reserve in the Slanfa area (Latakia city – Syria). Lichens samples were transported to the eastern side (prevailing westerly winds) of the M1 international highway at the beginning of the sixth month, 1/6/2022, to four locations at different distances from the highway (0 – 10 – 50 – 100 metres) and the transplanted lichens were hung with drilled nylon bags on trees in the sites at a height of (1.5-2) meters above the soil surface and left for 3 months (July, August, September). Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) were estimated at the end of each month in the laboratories of the Higher Institute for Environmental Research with the aim of studying the relationship between these 4 elements. The results showed that the order of the metal content values accumulated in the transplanted lichens in the four sites and in all samples taken was as follows: zinc > copper > lead > cadmium. The metal content values were higher than the control, positive significant correlations were recorded between the studied metals. According to the values of the accumulation factor (EC ratio), the accumulation class for cadmium and copper was (severe to moderate), and the accumulation of lead (light to moderate) and zinc was (low). The studied metals recorded a negative correlation with distance (concentrations decreased with increasing distance from the highway), but it was not significant. The study concluded with the possibility of adopting the transplanted Parmelina pastillifera as a bioaccumulator to evaluate roadside pollution with heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) under the conditions of the study area.

Keywords: Transplanted Lichens, Bioaccumulator, Heavy Metal, M1 International Highway. Syria.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Feras Alghamaz*⁽¹⁾, Mohammad Dikkeh⁽²⁾, and Younes Idriss⁽³⁾

(1). Ph. D. student. General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research.

(2). Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture University of Tishreen.

(3). Researcher – Research Director at the General Organization of Remote Sensing.

(*Corresponding author: Feras Alghamaz. Email: fghammaz@gmail.com ).

Received:   29/2/2024         Accepted:  15/5/2024

Abstract: 

This research was carried out during the 2021-2022 rainy season in the coastal region (Kassab Research Station). Four metal basins were installed on different slopes, with inclination angles of: 12%, 20%, 30%, and 57%, in order to study water erosion, estimate soil loss, and link this to the slope. The amounts of eroded soil were small in the two basins with inclination angles of 20% and 30%, as they were located between pine trees, while significant soil erosion was found and a greater amount of soil was lost in the basin with an inclination angle of 57% due to excessive slope, lack of soil surface coverage, and low organic matter. Due to the presence of soil with a loamy consistency, the tendency to erosion is severe. The reason for the decrease in the amount of soil washed away in the basin with an inclination angle of 12% is due to the low slope rate and the presence of clay texture, which is considered to be of medium susceptibility to erosion compared to other treatments. In contrast, the amount of soil washed away in the basin with an inclination angle of 12% is greater than the amount of soil washed away in the basin with an inclination angle of 12%. The slope is 20% due to the presence of forest vegetation. The study concluded that by monitoring the intensity of rain falling on mineral basins according to different tendencies, the percentage of soil loss increases with the increase in the rate of slope on loamy, loamy, and loamy soils on the one hand, and the absence of vegetation cover on the surface of the soil on the other hand.

Keywords: Water erosion, inclination angles, drifting soils, rain wrenches, mineral basins.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Feras AlKhzaim ⁽¹⁾, Aziza Ajouri⁽²⁾, Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban^*(3)

(1). Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

 (2). Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

(3). Department of Field Crop, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

(*Corresponding author: Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban. Email: Shaabany57@gmail.com).

Received:   3/5/2024           Accepted:  11/6/2024

Abstract: 

A field experiment was conducted at the Al-Sfireh Region in Aleppo using a completely randomized block design RCBD with three replicates. The search aimed to study the effect of soil application and foliar application by Zn’s chelate concentrations on the production of durum wheat variety Douma 1 and the content of Zn in soil, grain and straw through two seasons (2019/2020 and 202/2021). The treatments were foliar application of Zn by concentration (100, 150 ppm) and soil application by (150, 200 ppm) twice at tillering and spike heading, with control (without fertilizer). Results showed significant differences and superlatives of all fertilized treatments compared with control at all traits (soil, straw and grain content of Zn, thousand kernel weight and grain yield). The effect of methods of applications differs on grain yield from season to season. All foliar application treatments had superiority on soil applications for most traits. The grain yield increasing upon adding methods by 150 ppm ranged between 9.7-10.6% in foliar application compared with soil application

Keywords: Zinc Chelate, Soil Application, Foliar application, Durum wheat.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ali Sbieh*¹, Mohamed Matar², Qusay Alrhayeh¹ and  Wafaa Choumane³

(1) Agricultural Scientific Research Centre in Lattakia. Syria. 

(2) Department of plant protection, Faculty of Agricultural engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia. Syria.

(3) Biotechnology Centre, Tishreen University, Lattakia. Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ali Sbieh    E-Mail: ali_sbeeh@hotmail.com)

Received:   21/5/2024           Accepted:  26/6/2024

Abstract: 

The aim of this study is evaluating twenty-two tomato hybrids and rootstocks, widely planted in greenhouses in the Syrian coast, for their susceptibility to Fusarium wilt disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. This study conducted in the greenhouse in the Agricultural Research Centre in Lattakia, and in a greenhouse in Alideia in Jableh countryside during the years 2019-2020. The tomato seedlings were artificially inoculated with the spore suspension of the pathogen directly after planting in the pots. Disease intensity and severity were recorded, and the influence of the pathogen on plant productivity of fruits were also estimated after 100 days of inoculation in the trial of planting in highly infected soil. Results showed a big difference among tested cultivars in their susceptibility and disease severity. The high productivity hybrids (Astona, Bastona, Huda, Domna, Sentia, Sedra, Nasma, Jawaher, Ninar, Dalal, Samar, Dalina) were high susceptible to susceptible to the wilt disease, while, the rootstocks (Inpower, Empajador, Befort, Estamino, Bromeno) and the hybrids (Mandalon and Yosra) were high resistant, compared to other tested hybrids and rootstocks, which affect plant productivity, the production of fruit was decreased between (7 and 85)% according to the tomato cultivar.

Key word: Tomato, Fusarium wilt, Susceptibility, Hybrids and rootstocks, Productivity.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Fadi Abbas^*(1), Salwa Saadia⁽²⁾, Hassan Al-Shbat ⁽²⁾, and Fuad Wassouf⁽²⁾

(1). Director of researches at the Homs Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Homs, Syria.

(2). Researcher at the Homs Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Homs, Syria

 (*Corresponding author: Fadi Abbas, Email: fadiab77@gmail.com ).

Received:   28/5/2025         Accepted:  27/2/2025

Abstract: 

This research was carried out at the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, at the Homs Research Center during the 2022/2023, 2023/204 agricultural season, to study the effect of fertilizing with VC at rates of 2, 4, 6, and 8 tons. ha^-1 compared to adding 100% mineral fertilizer (225 kg of nitrogen in the form of urea 46% N, 100 kg phosphate in the form of triple superphosphate 46% H₃PO₄, 100 kg potash in the form of potash sulphate 50% K₂O/ha). Spraying treatment with VCT three times, with an interval of two weeks between spraying and the next, with half the amount of mineral fertilizer, in addition to a treatment without fertilization was considered as a control. The experiment was designed according to randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates. The results showed that the VC treatment of 8 tons.ha^-1 was superior to all the treatments studied, as this treatment achieved the best growth indicators (plant height, leaf area, and crop growth rate), and also achieved the best yield indicators (number of spikes, number of grains per plant, grain yield, and percentage protein in grains), The VC treatment 6 tons.ha^-1  achieved values similar to the 100% mineral fertilization treatment in grain yield, but superior to it in protein percentage. The treatment of spraying with VCT and the 50% mineral fertilization treatment also achieved significant differences over the 100% mineral fertilization treatment in the grain yield and protein percentage in grains. Thus, the research concluded that it is possible to replace mineral fertilization at a rate of 6 tons.ha^-1  VC to rationalize the use of mineral fertilizers and 8 tons.ha^-1  to increase grain yield. Half the number of mineral fertilizers can be dispensed with in exchange for three sprays of VCT.

Keywords: Vermicompost, Vermicompost tea, Growth, Yield, Durum wheat.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF