Wasim Mohsen^(1)* and Khzama AL-kountar⁽¹⁾ , and Maysa Amer⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Biotechnology, Al Suwayda Scientific Agricultural Research Center General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr.  Wasim Mohsen, E-Mail: wasimmo6@yahoo.com)

 Abstract

This study was carried out in the Al-Suwayda research center during the period 2016-2019, seven American rootstocks of grapevine which is resistant to Phylloxera insect have been studied in vitro for their response to drought stress treatments, these rootstocks are775P VGVA 12,140Ruggeri  UBA05,  161 49 VGVA5, 157 11C UBA01 1103 Paulsen UBA01, Kober  5BB  UBA01, 779P UBA04. polyethylene glycol ( PEG₆₀₀₀ )has been used for drought stress treatments, explants between 2-3 cm with two leaves have been planted in WPM liquid medium with ( 1mg/L Kin + 0.2 mg/L IBA + 0.2 mg/L GA3(  andadded to it ( PEG₆₀₀₀ )in this concentrations 0,2,4,6, and 8%, with paper bridges, used to carry explants, the results were taken 60 days after planting for the rate of survival plants, shoot length, shoots number, leaves number, roots length, roots number and the extent of drought damage, then the resistance plants were acclimated. The results show a difference in rootstocks response to water stress based on the studied parameters. Progressive reduction in the studied parameters occurred as PEG₆₀₀₀ concentrationincreased compared with control. Kober 5BB rootstock record a high level in shoots length reaching 6.78 cm on 2% PEG₆₀₀₀, treatment,it also recorded the average number of leaves was 7.2 leaf on the same one, while it did not register any significant difference between the control 2% PEG₆₀₀₀ treatment for shoots number, but for roots length it has recorded an average 9.7 cm. while 140Ruggeri did not register any significant difference between the control and the treatments for roots number excluding the treatment containing 8% PEG₆₀₀₀ which has recorded an average 1.01 root. drought injury varied depending on the rootstock and PEG₆₀₀₀ concentration, the deadest plants were observed on 8% PEG₆₀₀₀, the results show that Kober 5BB rootstock has the lowest level of injury degree reaching 1.3, while 161 49 rootstock has the highest level of injury degree reaching 1.8. Using the in-vitro screening was an effective technique and a quick method to evaluate the variability between grape rootstocks and its resilience to water stress.        

Keywords: American grapevine rootstocks, water stress, in-vitro culture_.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

 Naim. Al-Husien* ⁽¹⁾ , Reham Abo -Alkanj ⁽¹⁾ and Ghenwa Lababidi⁽²⁾

 (1). Aleppo Center of Scientific Agricultural Researches, GCSAR, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Faculty of Technical Engineering, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria

(*Corresponding author:  Naim Al-Husien. E-Mail: perfume-1990@hotmail.com)

Abstract

Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., is one of the most spread and important rusts in warm humid areas due to its constant annual spread. It is recorded annually in the main wheat growing areas in Syria. Relying on slow rusting / horizontal resistance varieties is the best way to manage the disease. The aim of this study was to identify some Lr genes that give slow rusting in 44 durum wheat genotypes using molecular markers. Three resistance genes Lr68, Lr67, Lr46 were identified in 44 genotypes using specific SSR primers. The obtained results showed that the gene Lr46 was the most presence in the studied genotypes, found in thirteen genotypes, while the gene Lr68 was absent in all genotypes, regarding a slow rust gene Lr67, it is suggested more specific molecular marker be applied to this gene than that used. Using these genotypes carrying vertical resistance gene Lr46 as resistance horizontal sources in a wheat breeding programs.

Key words: Wheat leaf rust, Puccinia triticina, slow rusting, Lr, molecular markers

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Munir Al-Nabhan^(1)*, Firas Asaad⁽¹⁾, Ahmed Fahd Al-Rai⁽¹⁾, and Ziad Al-Issa⁽²⁾

 (1) General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Hama Center, Hama.

 (2) General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Directorate of Cotton Researches, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Munir Al-Nabhan,E-mail: mo.alnabhan@gmail.com(

Abstract     

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera; Aleyrodidae) is an important pest on cotton in the world, and many technical reports have referred to the importance of agricultural methods for degreasing their damage. This research aimed to study the impact of the environmental and agricultural factors on B. tabaci on Syrian cotton varieties. This work was carried out in a cotton field at the hama research center in 2018 season. The treatments were applied in experimental plots 4×4m in three replications. Results of yellow traps and field observations showed that B. tabaci began to appear in early July at the flowering date, and increased gradually until the end of the season. The highest density of B. tabaci nymphs was on the lower leaves, then the middle and then the upper leaves with significantly differences in all tests. The infection rates on cotton varieties; Aleppo 124, Aleppo118, Niab, Raqqa5, Aleppo 90 and Aleppo 33/1 were  decreased respectively, with significantly differences. Tests the impact of irrigation and plant density were carried out on two varieties Aleppo124 and Aleppo 33/1 .The influence of irrigation rate at 100% and 80% of field capacity caused 6.9 and 2.6 nymphs /leaves respectively with significantly differences, while there was no effect to the plant density on the whitefly density.

Keywords; cotton, Bemisia tabaci, varieties, irrigation, plant density, infection rates.   

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mouhiddine kalkha^{( 1)*}, and Ali.AL-saram ⁽²⁾

(1) Researcher in General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, GIS-RS Department, Hama, Syria.

(2)  Engineer in agriculture Ministry, Damascus, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Mouhiddine kalkha , Email: m.kalkha77@gmail.com )

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to determine the appropriate potential groundwater in Masayf ccatchmentas a decision to support the Rural Sustainable Development Strategy (Syria), using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS), which covers an area of 598.15 km², during the period 2018-2019. Database created for factors that contributed in groundwater storage processing (precipitation, slope, land use/land cover, drainage line, lineaments, geology, and lithology). Spatial analyses were done for each factor within the GIS environment and achieved reclassify and weighted for each factor according to priority potential sites groundwater. Finally, intersect for the previous factor was done to appears sites potential groundwater by using a raster calculator showed that the best sites were distributed in eastern northern part with 26%, while in the second degree with moderate in the middle part with 43% with ALsarut river flow and third degree with weakness sites in middle part with 32%, finally weakness sites in southern eastern part with 46%.  to support rain- fed land and supply livestock with water resource in drought years to maintain Agro-Ecological Systems in Orontes basin

Keywords: Rain Water Harvesting, Orontes Basin, Rural Sustainable Development, Spatial analysis.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohammad Ibraheem^(1)*  and, Ali Zidan ⁽²⁾

• Center of scientific agricultural research, Tatous, Syria.
• (2) Faculty of Agriculture, TU, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Mohammad Ibraheem E-Mail:, Email: mohamadali.87@hotmail.com.(

Abstract:

This work was carried out at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Tartous, in cooperation with Tishreen University, with the aim of studying the possibility of manufacturing a simple device for locally producing biochar that could be accessible to every farmer, and testing its efficiency in charring different sources of biomass and studying the economic feasibility of the process of converting agricultural residuals into biochar. The experiment included manufacturing a model of the charring device locally and testing the efficiency of charring of four renewable sources of agricultural residuals, which are the peanut shells, the residuals of the olive mill, the residuals of pruning citrus trees and the residuals of barley molasses of the beer industry. Then, the economic feasibility of this experiment was studied by calculating the profitability factor resulting from converting (1 ton) of biomass into biochar or into compost or used as an energy source, and comparing it with the value of the outputs from biochar or compost or energy expressed in the amount of gas or oil equivalent to extract the same amount of thermal energy from this amount of biomass.

The results showed that the residuals of the olive mill gave the highest conversion efficiency into biochar, followed by the residuals of pruning citrus trees, then peanut shells and the residuals of barley molasses, and also showed that the economic feasibility of the option of converting biomass to biochar with this device achieved the highest profitability factor of about (675 %) with high superiority on the other studied options.

Key wards; Biochar, charring, biomass, agricultural residuals, economic feasibility

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mazen Bufaur (1), Bhaa Alrahban(2), Mohammad Alallan(2), Rami Bohamdan(1), and Waed Ghanem(1) (1) Al- Sweida Research Center, Al- Sweida, Syria. (2) Scientific Agricultural Research commission, Syria. (Corresponding author: Roula Bathoush E-Mail:, Email:mazenaudy@yahoo.com.(
Abstract:
A Feld chemical experiment was executed to test the efficacy of some pesticides Supplied with summer oil on Females of Dactylopius opuntiae (Dactylopiidae; Hemiptera) which was recently recorded in Syria. Acetamiprid 20%, Chlorine- perphos ethyl 48%, Dimethoate 40%, Delta- permethrin 100q/l and summer oil were used as a foliar spray and control, Results showed that the efficacy of Acetamiprid, Chlorine- perphos ethyl and Dimethoate treatments were the best after the first and second week after spraying with Significant differences in comparative of Delta- permethrin and summer oil treatments, the efficacy of Chlorine- perphos ethyl was reduced with Significant differences with Acetamiprid and Dimethoate treatments in the third week after spraying. Using summer oil alone has made a recorded efficacy on females along period of three weeks after spraying.
Keywords: Dactylopius opuntiae, Acetamiprid, Chlorine-perphos ethyl, Dimethoate, Delta-permethrin, and Summer oil.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Leen Almukaddem ^(1)*, Wael Habib ⁽²⁾ , and Jamal Alali ⁽³⁾

(1). Tartus Center for Scientific Agricultural Research, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(2). Department of Agricultural Economy. Faculty of Agriculture, Albaath University, Syria.

(3). Latakia Center for Scientific Agricultural Research, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(*Corresponding Author: Dr. Leen Almukaddem. E-Mail: leeno1411@yahoo.com)

Abstract

As Syria enters its eleventh year of the crisis, the problem of food insecurity has increased, and become a very important issue at the local and global level. The aim of this research is to measure the farm households’ food security status in the coastal area, using a set of internationally approved measures, which are the Food Consumption Score (FCS), the Reduced Coping Strategies Index (rCSI), and the Food Security Index (FSI). The research relied on collected preliminary field data using a questionnaire form during last quarter of 2019, the research was conducted on a random stratified sample of 382 farm households distributed between Lattakia and Tartous governorates based on their percentage of the total number of households. The results showed that FCS gave the lowest level of food insecurity among households, followed by the FSI, while rCSI gave the highest level of household food insecurity, where the value of these three indicators was (20.6, 21.6, and 47.2%) respectively. The study recommended the necessity of using multiple indicators to measure the different dimensions of food security, and using a combination of indicators can improve the measurement of food insecurity, as this reduces the false possibilities, whether positive or negative and the misclassification of households’ food security status.

Keywords: Food Security, Food Security Indicators, Coping Strategies, Food Consumption Score, Syria

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Luna Ahmad^*)1( , Ramzi Murshed⁽²⁾, Mouwafak Jbour⁽¹⁾, Fahed Albiski⁽³⁾ , Hijazi Mando^(3), and Hana almfeshi⁽⁴⁾

• Horticulture Research Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.
• Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Damascus, P. O. Box 30621, Syria.
• General Commission for Biotechnology, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Damascus, Syria.
• Animal Wealth Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:Dr. Luna Ahmad, Email: ahmadluna@yahoo.com) 

Abstract

The research was carried out during the period 2016-2020 to collect, characterize and cultivate some of the Syrian wild strains of oyster mushrooms found in the southwestern Hama region. Several wild Syrian strains of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp. were collected, cultivated and their productivity and chemical composition were studied compared to a control (a locally cultivated commercial strain M2175 of Mycelia company of Belgium) in a completely randomized design. The studied six strains (S5, S7, S11, S13, S15, S17), were collected from locations with altitude that ranged from 419.71 to 813 m above sea level, morphologically described, then isolated and purified on PDA, and then cultivated on wheat hay after preparing their spawns on durum wheat grains. After harvesting, readings related to the fruiting body (and fruiting clusters productivity and biological efficiency were calculated. The chemical content of fruitbodies was studied. The results showed a good level of spread and ecological diversity of the fungus, with wide variations between the collected strains in terms of their morphological characteristics, especially in the color, shape and diameter of the cap. The dimensions of the spores ranged between (3.41 and 4.35) microns in width and (8.52 and 10.85) microns in length, while the strains did not differ in the nature of their lateral fruiting on the host’s trunk and inward rolled margin of the cap. The results of strains cultivation on wheat hay indicated that there are clear differences between them in the indicators of fruitbodies growth and productivity, where the average diameter of the cap ranged between 7.57 and 10.74 cm, the average diameter of the stem 1.45-2.40 cm, the average length of the stem 1.70-3.40 cm, and weight of fruitbody 20.2-54.36 g. The average number of fruitbodies of the studied strains per cluster ranged between 9.40 and 28.20, the average number of clusters ranged between .3.33 and 4.67 clusters, the average weight of the fruit cluster ranged between 336. and 503.8 g, the average productivity ranged between 232.25-326.73 g/kg, and the value of biological efficiency varied between 87.11-110.43%. Analysis of the chemical content of studied strains showed significant differences, S17 and S13 characterized by a high content of dry matter and protein, and the S17 also had a high content of ash, fat and fiber. The strain showed good protein content of 19.12-33.36%. The highest content of fiber was in the S5 and S17 strains (22.17 and 19.51%, respectively). As a result, all strains were good. S13 and S17 were selected as the best strains in terms of the most important productive and quality characteristics.

Keywords: oyster mushroom, wild collected, productivity, chemical composition, biological efficiency.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohamed Abd Elaziz ⁽¹⁾ Hussam Khalasi⁽¹⁾ , andLubna Barhom^*(2)

• Department of Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University

Lattakia, Syria.

• Department of Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:lubna barhom. E-Mail: lubnabarhom@gmail.com)

Abstract:

  The research was carried out during the two seasons (2019-2018) and      (2020-2019) in Tartous Governorate, with the aim Study the relationship between grain yield and  some drought tolerance indicators for several types of soft wheat strains  : ACSAD 1256, DOMA 58847, DOMA 58585, DOMA64453, ACSAD 1149 and two approved cultivars. DOMA 2 and DOMA 4 under protected conditions. it was found that there were Significant differences between the two seasons in grain yield under control conditions, stress and drought tolerance indicators (STI), (MSTI), (MP), The correlations of the stress tolerance index  showed a strong positive significant correlation with the modified drought tolerance index( MSTI), and  mean  geometric productivity MP and  the correlations showed the correlation of the  stress tolerance index STI, a strong positive significant correlation with the modified drought tolerance index MSTI, and the mean geometric productivity MP at both treatments. The best parameters that were positively correlated with grain yield under control and stress conditions are indicators: Drought Tolerance Index STI, mean geometric productivity MP                                                              

Keywords: drought stress, grain yield, indicators of drought, Triticum aestivum

.Full paper in Arabic: pdf                                                                                                         

Alaa Ibrahim^)1(*, Najwa Ali⁽¹⁾, Aminah Issa⁽¹⁾, Abeer Habib⁽¹⁾, and Ghadah Ballol⁽¹⁾

• Ciano station, Scientific Agricultural Researches center of Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Alaa Ibrahim. E-Mail: alaasoeb@gmail.com).

Abstract

  This investigation was conducted in 2019. The present study was carried out in a field at the citrus experimental station in Ciano, the General Corps of Scientific Agricultural Researches. The fruit maturity development of orange trees (Washington Navel 141) budded on seven citrus rootstocks (Sour orange, Citrumelo 4475, Citrumelo 1452, Troyer Citrange, Carrizo Citrange, Macrophylla, and Cleopatra Mandarin) and farmed in 1989 have been studied. The results showed a significant increase in fruit fresh weight in trees grafted on Citrumelo 1452 by (107.93%) compared to the increase in fruit fresh weight in trees grafted on Sour orange by (58.65%). Fruit peel thickness significantly increased by (6.68%) in trees grafted on Troyer Citrange compared to those grafted on Sour orange, Citrumelo 4475, and Macrophylla whose fruit peel thickness decreased by (22.65, 13.55 and 11.46%, respectively). The largest significant increase in total soluble solids (%) was in trees grafted on Macrophylla by (57.29%), while total acids (%) significantly decreased by (74.25%) in trees grafted on Cleopatra Mandarin.

Keywords: Navel, Maturity, Fruit, Cleopatra, Citrumelo.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf