Ziad Sarhil^*(1)

(1) . Directorate of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding Author:M. Ziad Sarhil, E-mail: sarhilziadof@yahoo.com).

Received: 18/08/2022                 Accepted: 26/10/2022

Abstract

The main objective of the research is to descriptive economic analysis of the costs and revenues of Basma tobacco production in Lattakia Governorate, in addition to studying and analyzing the economic indicators related to the economic efficiency of the agricultural season (2021-2022). Calculating its volume according to the Stephen – Thompson equation, where the initial field data were collected through a personal interview with farmers based on a form specially prepared for the purpose of the research. As a result of the study, the average annual net profit achieved from the dunum planted with fingerprints amounted to 796853 SP/dunam/year, while the profitability factor in relation to the invested capital amounted to 52.4%, and in comparison to production costs 69.5%, and it is considered a very good indicator in the field of agricultural investment, as The profitability rate is equivalent to about 69 Syrian pounds for every 100 Syrian pounds invested annually, and the turnover rate of variable assets is 2.2, which is evidence of the efficiency of investing available resources, and increasing productivity. The results also showed that the economic efficiency index amounted to 1.69, which is greater than the correct one. , which indicates the efficient and optimal utilization of fixed and variable capital, and the feasibility of Basma tobacco production in Lattakia Governorate. The research concluded that there is a need to increase interest in the cultivation of biomass tobacco while encouraging and motivating farmers to increase the areas planted with this crop, given the economic savings it achieves for rural families, diversifying sources of income, and improving their standard of living.

Key words: Tobacco, production costs, economic efficiency, profitability coefficient, capital payback period.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Omeima Khalid^(1)*, Taha Mohamed⁽¹⁾and Saifeldin Ibrahim⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of science and Technology; Khartoum North; Sudan.

(*Corresponding Author: Dr. Omeima Khalid, E-mail: omeimaKhalid@gmail.com,).

Received:3/04/2023                  Accepted:23/10/2023

Abstract: 

The research aimed to know the use of mobile phones by extension workers in conveying information to farmers in Khartoum State, by identifying some functional characteristics and measuring the use of mobile phones by agricultural extension workers in the process of disseminating agricultural information. To achieve the previous objectives, the research relied on the descriptive analytical method. A comprehensive survey was conducted of all agricultural extension workers, numbering (49) extension workers. The primary data collection was based on a questionnaire sheet, interviews and observation. As for secondary data, it came from references, reports, previous studies and the Internet. The data was entered into the computer and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program in order to reach the frequency distribution and percentages of the data, and use the Chi-square test and correlation to test the relationship between the research variables. The research reached many results, including: 75.5% of the respondents specialized in agricultural extension and rural development, 40.8% of the respondents sometimes use mobile phones, and 65.4% of the extension workers deliver information about technologies using phone calls and text messages. There is no significant relationship statistics between the specialization of extension workers and the reasons for using the mobile phone, and the absence of a moral relationship with statistical significance between the reasons for using the mobile phone and the information that was sent to farmers to learn about them via the mobile phone. The research came out with the following recommendations: The Technology and Extension Organization should provide training courses related to the use of mobile phones for extension workers and farmers. Extensors should strive to develop themselves in making optimal use of the mobile phone to contact farmers on a permanent and ongoing basis in order to provide information about technologies and address the problems they face.

Key word: Agricultural Extension, Agricultural Extension Worker, Information Communication Technologies.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ismail Imran ^(1)*

(1). Agricultural Economics, Directorate of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Lattakia, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng: Ismail Mohamad Omran E.mail: Ismail.omran86@gmail.com)

Received:25/06/2022          Accepted: 13/11/2022

Abstract: 

The research aims to study the comparative advantage and the impact of government support provided to the citrus crop in the Syrian coast using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), in order to evaluate the subsidy policies used, and to choose the most appropriate policy to support the crop, and to achieve the previous goals, the study relied on secondary data for 2018, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Reform The descriptive analytical approach was used to present the policies to support the citrus crop, and to introduce the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), in terms of its construction mechanism, and ways to use it in analyzing and evaluating policies. The results of the research showed that the citrus production system in the Syrian coast is competitive, and is characterized by a comparative advantage, in addition to the lack of support for citrus prices, meaning that there is a tax charged on the agricultural product, and thus citrus growers get a lower profit, and the local prices of inputs are lower than the prices This means that citrus producers obtain financial subsidies by purchasing production inputs at a lower price if their trade were free. However, the real percentage of government support for the agricultural product is very low, due to the low value of the producers’ support factor.                                             

Key words: citrus yield, agricultural support, agricultural policies, production costs, comparative advantage.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Abdel Nasser Al-Omar ^(1)*,  YassinAL Mohsen, ⁽²⁾, Zuhair Salam ⁽¹⁾, Hussein Al-Sulaiman ⁽³⁾, Nabil Al-Hallaq ⁽³⁾ and Mazen Dib⁽³⁾

(1). Animal Health Research Department. Hama Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research. Syria.

(2).  Animal Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hama, Hama, Syria.

(3). Ministry of Agriculture and Agro Reform , Directorate of Animal Health, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Abdel Nasser Al-Omar . E-Mail: abdnaser64@gmail.com).

Received:17/10/2022          Accepted: 27/10/2022

Abstract: 

The study was carried out on female Awassi sheep, aged 1-2 years, in (56) herds belonging to breeders in the governorates of  Damascus countryside and Hama (Syria) during the period 2018-2020 in order to conduct serological surveys about  the spread of some diseases in order to confirm or deny infection. Serological tests were conducted on (1531) blood samples to detect Toxoplasma gondii, chlamydia and  brucellosis in the laboratories of the Animal Health Directorate in Damascus. ELISA, and statistical analysis was conducted through the test of variance and the Chi-square test using the (SAS, 2002) program. (1487) blood samples were tested for the detection of blood parasites (theileria, Babesia and  Anaplasma) by means of a blood smear stained with Giemsa stain and examined under a microscope, and the results were recorded properly. The results showed the presence of infection with T. gondii infection in Awassi sheep, and the average prevalence rate was 14.82% (227/1531) in the governorates of rural Damascus and Hama, and the prevalence of positive samples was (12.20% (160/1311) in the herds of Hama Governorate, while the percentage was ( 30.45% (67/220) in the herds of rural Damascus countryside, the prevalence of chlamydophilia abortus (0.58%), and its rate in Hama governorate was (0.68%), while it was absent in rural Damascus (0%), and the average prevalence of brucellosis was (1.24%) and that the prevalence rate in Damascus Suburbs Governorate was lower (0.90%) than its prevalence in Hama Governorate (1.29%). The total prevalence of blood parasites (Thaleria, Anaplasma, Babesia) was 5.96% in rural Damascus Suburbs and 11.34% in Hama. The analysis of variance showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the tested herds in the two governorates, and these differences in the infection rate were attributed to Differences in management and breeding systems. The total prevalence of blood parasites (Thaleria, Anaplasm, Babesia) reached 5.96% in rural Damascus Suburbs and 11.34% in Hama. The general cases of mixed infection with bacteria and blood parasites together amounted to 0.78% (12/1531) of the total sheep tested, which means the need to continue good health management of sheep herds and take biosecurity measures and health and veterinary care.

Key words: serological studies, prevalence, Awassi sheep, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Nebras Kadhim Abbas ⁽¹⁾ and Nihad Abdul-Lateef Ali^*(1)

(1).  Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture University of Al-Qasim, Green, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Nihad Ali. E-Mail: dr.nihad@agre.uoqasim.edu.iq).

Received:12/06/2023          Accepted: 25/07/2023

Abstract: 

  This experiment was conducted from 19/3/2022 to 2/7/2022 in the poultry farm of the Department of Animal Production affiliated to the College of Agriculture / Al-Qasim Green University for a period of 16 weeks. In the experiment, 105 laying hens of the Lohmann brown type were used, at the age of 50 weeks, divided into four stages. Each stage of 4 weeks was randomly distributed to 5 experimental treatments for each treatment of 21 birds, and each treatment included three replicates per 7 birds, the groups were added to a basic diet in the following quantities (0-100-200-300-400) mg Proanthocyanidin / kg feed. The main results of the study are as follows: The third, fourth and fifth treatments recorded a significant decrease (P≤ 0.05) in the concentration of the enzyme Aspartate transaminase (AST) in the blood serum. As for the enzyme (ALT) Alanine Aminotransferase, the second, third, fourth and fifth treatments recorded a significant decrease (P≤ 0.05) compared to the first treatment. (The control. There was a significant improvement (p≤0.05) in the concentration of estrogen hormone (pg/ml) in blood serum in the third, fourth and fifth treatments at the fourth productive period, compared to the first treatment (control). The second, third, fourth and fifth treatments showed a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins in the egg yolk when stored for different periods compared to the first treatment, with a significant improvement (p≤0.05) in the level of high-density lipoproteins. Proanthocyanidin treatments recorded a significant (P≤ 0.05) improvement over the first treatment (control) in the concentration of glutathione (µmol/mol) and the concentration of catalase and superoxide dismutase (µmol/mol) in egg yolk when stored for three periods (0, 30, and 60) day, while a significant decrease (P≤ 0.05) was recorded in the concentration of Malondialdehyde in the egg yolk (µmol/mol) compared to the first treatment (control).                                                                

Keywords: Proanthocyanidin, physiological characteristics, oxidation indices of eggs.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Melad Anwar Khalil ^(1)*, Hasan Tarsha⁽¹⁾ and Ryad Kussaibati ⁽¹⁾

(1). Hama university, Hama, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Melad Anwar Khlel  . E-Mail: meladkhlel@hotmail.com).

Received:15/10/2021          Accepted: 21/11/2021

Abstract: 

An experiment was carried out to study the impact of using millet of Proso variety, produced in Syria in the diet on performance parameters of broilers, issued from broiler breeders fed on a diet in which the main energy source was also millet. The chicks were randomly distributed into 2 groups of 125 chicks each. Chicks of each group were randomly assigned to 5 replicates of 25 chicks each. Chicks of the first group were fed a control diet in which maize was the main source of energy (control), and chicks of the second one were fed a diet containing millet instead of maize. Results showed significant improvement (P<0.05) of the live body weight at 42 days of the birds fed on the millet diet, compared to control birds which fed on maize diet (2283.23, 2093.44g respectively). The feed conversion ratio was also improved (1.66, 1.75 respectively). No differences in the quantity of feed consumed, carcass yield, and relative weight of breast, thigh, and liver were found between the birds of the 2 groups. These results confirm that maize could be replaced by Proso millet in broiler, issued from broiler breeders also fed on Proso millet with improved performances.

Keywords: performance, Broiler, broiler breeders, Maize, Proso millet. 

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

kareem Zaayr Negaud^(1)*

 (1). Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al- Muthanna  University, Iraq

(*Corresponding author: kareem Zaayr Email: karem.zaer@mu.edu.iq)

Received: 21/08/2023                 Accepted: 17/10/2023

Abstract: 

The present study examined 19 morphological and 10 numerical traits of Tilapia fish that are recorded in Al-Muthanna Governorate, included three species: Coptodon Zilli, Oreochromis aureus, and Oreochromis niloticus. The study included demonstrating the differences in the morphological and numerical characteristics of the three species, the correlation coefficient between total length and these characteristics, and length-weight relationship for the three types. The Fish samples included (60) samples, 20 for each type, which were collected from local fishermen in the three districts of Al-Muthanna Governorate, which are Al-Samawah, Al-Khader, and Al-Rumaitha. The total lengths of the samples for the three types, Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis aureus, and Coptodon Zilli ranged from (16.5-24), (16.8-23), and (17-21) cm, respectively.and their weights ranged from (100-300.6), (98-222.3), (68.7-174.7) g respectively. the value of (b) for length-weight relationship was (3.14, 2.55, and 2.34) for O. niloticus, O. aureus, and Coptodon Zilli, respectively, the number of rays in the dorsal fin of Coptodon Zilli and Oreochromis aureus ranges between (12-13) spines and for Oreochromis niloticus was (11-13). On the other hand, the number of spines ranges between (14-16) for Coptodon Zilli, (15-16) for Oreochromis aureus, and (16-18) for Oreochromis niloticus. The number of rays in the anal fin of the Oreochromis aureus, and Oreochromis niloticus ranges from (9-10) rays, and (8-10) rays for Coptodon Zilli. The number of spines in the anal fin of the three species was 3, while the number of rays and spines in the pectoral fin was 5 rays and one spine. The number of scales on the lateral line of the three species, O. niloticus, O. aureus, and Coptodon Zilli, ranged (31-40), (27-34), and (24-31), respectively. The number of Gill reckers in the first gill arch of the three species was 27-34, 21-26, and 14-16 for O. niloticus, O. aureus, and Coptodon Zilli, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there is a strong correlation between the total length and most of the Morphometric traits of the three species, except for length of the largest ray of the dorsal fin in Coptodon Zilli, as the correlation was negative and weak with eye diameter, length of anal fin base and length of caudal peduncle, while the meristic traits did not show any correlation or it was weak with the total length

Key words: Morphometric, meristic, Tilapia, Al-Muthanna, Iraq. 

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Amir A. Jabir⁽¹⁾, Kadhim H. Younis ⁽¹⁾,  Fawzi, M. alkhwaja; Qusay, H. Al-Hamadany ^(1)*, Ghassan A. Al-Najar⁽¹⁾,  Abdul Amer R. Jassim⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Marine Vertebrates, Marine Sciences Center, BasrahUniversity , Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Qusay Hamid Al-Hamadany, E-Mail: qusayhamid@yahoo.com). 

Received: 12/09/2023                 Accepted: 17/10/2023

Abstract: 

  Different sizes and ages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Aphanius dispar and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were exposed to different voltages of alternating current (AC). The small sizes of all types of fish were found to be more resistant to different voltages and more tolerant to the electric current than the large ones. The current study showed a positive relationship between the period of exposure to different voltages with the recovery time of the first fish and the total recovery of all fish. No fish mortality was recorded at voltage 150 for all types of fish. In contrast, the highest percentage of fish mortality was recorded using voltage 220, especially common carp with an average length of (3.3 cm).

Keyword: Fish, Electric fishing, Basrah, Recovery time, Stunning time.

Full paper in English:  pdf

Ahmad Sardini^*(1)and  Adel Jammoul ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ahmad Sardini. E-Mail: rafeaahmad40@gmail.com).

Received: 21/06/2022                 Accepted: 30/10/2022

Abstract: 

The present work aims to study the effect of adding (fenugreek seeds) to poultry diets on some production indicators of broiler. The research was carried out in a private poultry house in Homs during the period between October 17 to December 1, from 2021 AD. In the experiment 90 broilers from Hybrid Ross were used, randomly distributed, at the age of one day, within three different treatments, with 30 chicks per treatment, one treatment divided into three replicates. The difference between treatments was the level of addition of fenugreek seeds, treatment T1 control treatment had eaten the basal feed without addition of fenugreek seeds, while treatment T2 representing the treatment which eating the basal feed plus 1% of fenugreek seeds to feed along the period of experiment and treatment T3 representing the treatment which eating the basal feed plus 2% of fenugreek seeds. The results showed significant increase (P<0.05) between the experiment treatments where T2 outperformed the rest of the other studied transactions, so that was the average live weight (2409) g, the average weight gain (2368) g, the average feed consumption (5008) g and the feed conversion factor (2.11). In addition to the lower mortality rate in treatment T2 compared to treatment T3 and treatment of the control.

Key   words: feed   mixtures, productivity   indicators, fenugreek   seeds, broilers.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Yazan Ali ^{(1) *}, Riyad Zidan ⁽¹⁾, Jehan Mtawj ⁽²⁾, and Jenan Othman ⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2) The General Organization for Seed Multiplication, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corrsponding author: Yazan Ali. E-Mail: yazan123no123@gmail.com).

Received: 21/06/2022                 Accepted: 30/10/2022 

Abstract: 

The research was carried out on a private farm for the production of mushrooms in the village of Stmarkho in Lattakia governorate, under dark room conditions for mushroom production in 2022. The research aimed to study the effect of adding potassium humate and cotton waste on the production and quality of oyster mushrooms. The research included 9 treatments: control (wheat straw only), adding potassium humate at 150 and 200 mg/kg, cotton waste at 2.5% and 5% from dry weight to the substrate, and four mixed treatments. after sterilization and add cotton waste and potassium humate, the substrate was inoculated using 5% oyster mushroom mycelium, and then put in polyethylene bags. each bag filled with 3.3 kg (1 kg of dry straw) of inoculated substrate (165 g spawn/bag). The results of the study showed that the addition of cotton waste and potassium humate to the substrate led to an increase in the amount of production with significant differences compared to the control, and the cotton waste treatment was superior by 5% over the control and on all other treatments with significant differences and production amounted to (373.7 g/kg wet substrate), followed by treatment Cotton waste 2.5% with a production amounted to (342.9 g/kg), and came in third place the treatment of potassium humate 150 mg with a production amounted to (335.5 g/kg).  The results also showed that adding cotton waste and potassium humate led to improve the qualitative properties of the mushroom in terms of the percentage of protein, and the cotton waste 5% treatment achieved the highest percentage of protein amounted to (3.99%), and the cotton waste 2.5% treatment achieved the highest percentage of ash amounted to (1.1%),while there were no significant differences in terms of the percentage of carbohydrates.

Key words: oyster mushrooms, cotton waste, potassium humate, productivity, quality characteristics

Full paper in Arabic: pdf