Ismail Muhammad Omran (1)*

(1). Directorate of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Lattakia, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng: Ismail Omran E.mail: Ismail.omran86@gmail.com)

Received:22/01/2023          Accepted: 12/03/2024

Abstract: 

The aim of the research is to study the impact of government support provided to the olive crop Syria using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), in order to evaluate the subsidy policies used, and to choose the most appropriate policy to support the crop, and to achieve the previous goals, the study relied on secondary data for 2020, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Reform The descriptive analytical approach was used to present the policies to support the olive crop, and to introduce the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), in terms of its construction mechanism, and ways to use it in analyzing and evaluating policies. The results of the research showed that, the real percentage of government support for the agricultural product is very low, due to the low value of the producers’ support factor, and the local prices of inputs are lower than the prices This means that olive producers obtain financial subsidies by purchasing production inputs at a lower price if their trade were free. However the olive production system in Syria is competitive, and is characterized by a comparative advantage, in addition to the lack of support for olives prices, meaning that there is a tax charged on the agricultural product, and thus olive growers get a lower profit.

Key words: olive yield, agricultural support, agricultural policies, PAM.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohammed  Khalil Ibrahim^(1)* and Fadhil Rassol Al-Khfajy⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Environment Science- Environment College- Al-Qasim Green University  

(2). Department of Animal Science- Agriculture College- Al-Qasim Green University  

(*Corresponding author:   Mohammed  Ibrahim . E-Mail: mohammedkhallil86@environ.uoqasim.edu.iq)

Received:22/10/2023          Accepted: 16/01/2024

Abstract: 

The technology of green synthesis of nano-metals is considered promising, as it produces environmentally friendly nano-metals in larger quantities and can be used at low levels in broiler diets, which reduces the amount excreted in the bedding and thus reduces environmental pollution. This experiment was conducted in the farm of Al-Anwar Poultry Company in Al-Anwar Governorate. Babel, for a period of 35 days from 11/28/2022 to 1/2/2023, during which the physiological and productive response to adding copper nanoparticles and copper nanoparticles loaded on papaya plants to the diet of broilers under conditions of environmental stress (heat stress) was studied. I used 360 unsexed broiler chickens (Ross-308), and the experimental chickens were prepared from the Al-Anwar Company hatchery in Babil Governorate. The chickens were raised on the floor in cages (pens) with 18 cages, dimensions of 1.5 x 1 m², and the floor was covered with sabus with a thickness of 4-5 cm. In addition to the paper brush. The experimental treatments included (0, 8, and 16 mg/kg of Cu and NPs, 8 and 16 mg/kg of Cu loaded on papaya plants, and 10 mg/kg of papaya feed, for treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6, respectively. All experimental treatments were exposed to a temperature of (34±1°C) in all study periods. The results showed a significant superiority of the T5 treatment in the concentration of glutathione peroxidase, and a significant improvement in the MDA (Malondialdehyde) concentration in favor of the T5 and T6 treatments. It was also shown that there was a significant improvement in the concentration of the enzyme AST (Aspartate aminotransferase), glucose, and heat shock protein in the blood of the birds of treatment T4 and T5. It appeared that the activity of the enzyme SOD (Superoxide dismutase) and immunoglobulin IgM in treatment T5 and ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) and immunoglobulin IgG and protein increased significantly. In treatment T4, respectively, there was a significant improvement in uric acid concentration in favor of treatments T2, T3, T4, and T5 compared to the rest of the treatments. All addition treatments also significantly improved the level of cholesterol compared to the control treatment, and the concentration of IgA increased significantly for treatments T3, T4, and T5. There was a significant increase in the relative weight of the Fabricia pouch and Fabricia guide in the T2 treatment birds.

Keywords: Green Synthesis, Nanotechnology, Nano-Copper, Heat Stress.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Sumaia dabdoub^(1)*

(1). Al-Baath University, Homs, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Dr. sumaia dabdoub, E-Mail   smsmaanid@yahoo.com)

Received 24/1/2023          Accepted:23/2/2023

Abstract: 

The study was conducted at Al-Mukhtariya Station in Homs.  Thirty Friesian cows during a time period of six months in 2021, and experiment animals were divided into four groups according to the production season (the first, third and fifth), and added mixture of vitamins and minerals (premix) by different ratio   to the  concentrate feed mixture three all experimental groups ( 0.25 , 0.50 , 1 g/ kg ) . The objective of this research is to study the effect of supplementing different levels of mixture of vitamins and minerals (premix) on the Quantity of milk in Friesian cows of different milking seasons. The results showed that the third season is more productive compared to the second and fifth seasons, on the other hand there is a significant increase in production with 0.5 compared to 0.25 and 1 concentration. The results also revealed that the common effect of the season and concentration was remarkable in the third season with 0.25 and 1 g/kg premix.

Key words:  premix, Friesian cows, quantity of milk.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Berna Krikor Jilenkerian*⁽¹⁾

(1).Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:BernaKrikorJilenkerian. E-Mail: berkomg81@gmail.com).

Received: 25/12/2022    Accepted: 27/02/2023

Abstract: 

This research experiment was conducted in the town of Kessab in Latakia Governorate, Syrian Arab Republic, during the period 2022 (September – October). To investigate the effect of two different types of music classical (T₁) and random (T₂), in addition to the control treatment (T₀) without music on the body weight, and the behavior performance in terms of eating habit and aggressiveness for a sample of quail.A total of (180) chicks quails were randomly distributed into three treatments (60) bird each treatment and were replicated three times with (20) quails per replication, using the completely randomized design (CRD). The results showed that a statistically significant (P≤0.05)were observed among the averages of the treatments.The averages of the body weights for the three treatments at the end of the experiment period in the 6^th week were as the following: (T₁) 209.93 g, (T₂) 212.62 g and (T₀) 194.39 g. In conclusion, results of studies showed that classical and random music has positive effects on body weight and behavioralfeatures, according to the results, that music have significant effects and improved the productivity and decreased the stress factor in birds.

Keywords:Quails, Classical music, Random music, Body weight, Behavior performance.

Full paper in English: pdf

Maram Mohammed ^*(1)   and Badie Samra(1)

(1) . Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Maram Mohammed. E mail:memo49932@gmail.com,phone : 0998089967.)

Received: 1/12/2022           Accepted: 21/02/2023

Abstract: 

The research was carried out in Hama countryside during the agricultural season of 2021 to study the effect of bio-fertilizer treatment (EM1) on the growth and productivity of pepper (Capsicum annum L.). Five concentrations (0 5, 7.5, 10, 15 ml/L) of bio-fertilizer (EM1) were used as foliar spray, according to the randomized complete block design, with four replications. The results of this research showed a significant increase effect of the bio-fertilizer (EM1) on vegetative growth traits (plant height, number of secondary branches and number of leaves per plant), and on production traits (fruit-set%, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, production per plant, and productivity of a unit area), as well as on the components of the fruits (percentage of dry matter, and the content of vitamin C) compared to the control. The T3 treatment (7.5 ml/L) was significantly superior to all treatments in all studied traits, It’s  productivity recorded 58.03 tons/ha; Therefore, it can be recommended to spray the bio-fertilizer EM1(7.5 ml/L) on the shoots to improve the growth and productivity of the pepper (Qarn Alghazal) cultivar under field cultivation conditions.

Keywords: pepper, bio-fertilizer EM1, growth traits, production traits, Capsicum annum L.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Anwar ALsayed* ⁽¹⁾ and   Lubna ALbshi⁽¹⁾

 (1).General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR).

(*Corresponding author: Anwar ALsayedm,E-Mail.alsaiedanwar416@ gmail.com.)

Received: 9/12/2022           Accepted: 20/02/2023

Abstract: 

Study the effect of foliar fertilization with solutions with increased concentrations of boron (25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 0, 30) ppm on the growth and productivity of pea plant (Pisum SativumL.) Ghouta was classified during the 2019-2020 season at the Saalo Research Station of the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Deir Ezzor. The experiment was planted in dumps with an area of (2×2) m2, soil with a pH (7.8), non-saline (Ec=2.32) dS/m, clayey, poor in organic matter and with a high calcium content, which makes boron not available to the plant. The experiment was designed by the method of complete random sectors by seven coefficients with three replicates The number of experimental pieces was (21) experimental pieces and the fertilizer used is borax (11 B), The foliar spraying process was carried out in the following concentrations (30,25,20,15,10,5,0) ppm and in two stages, the first stage is the young phase (6) leaves using (10) ml of the spray solution, and the rest of the solution was sprayed (90) ml in the second stage of spraying (pre-flowering stage), Major nutrient fertilizers were added through the soil according to the recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture for all transactions, while the control treatment (0) sprayed the leaves with 100 ml of distilled water, and major nutrient fertilizers were added to its soil as in the rest of the transactions.  Organic matter was also added to the soil before planting and with regard to the treatment of the control, (100) ml of distilled water was sprayed. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the treatments when the first batch of boron was added at an early stage of plant life (stage 6 leaves). While the differences between the studied coefficients in growth indicators (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, wet and dry weight of the vegetative group, number of flowers in the plant and production) were significant when the second batch of borax (pre-flowering phase) was given.

Keywords: Foliar spraying, boron, borax, peas.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Anoud Tena⁽¹⁾ and Hassan Obead ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Anoud Tena, E-mail: anoudtena@gmail.com, phone: 0932128887)

Received: 8/01/2023            Accepted: 16/02/2023

Abstract: 

The research was carried out in the farm of Abu Jarash in the Faculty of Agriculture – Damascus University, and the analyzes were conducted in the laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture, and the National commission for Biotechnology (NCBT ) in Damascus. The cultivation was carried out for three consecutive seasons in December 2018-2019-2020, with the aim of studying the effect of foliar spraying with five concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, 1 mmol) its symbols SA0, SA1, SA2, SA3 and SA4, and three levels of irrigation (control, 75 and 50% of the field capacity) in the growth, development and productivity of two strawberry hybrids “Festival and Camarosa”. The results showed that water stress lead to a decline of physical parameters of fruit.The weight of fruit reached to 14.06 g under the irrigation level (75%), while it decreased to 10.45 g under 50% field capacity, as compared to the control (15.62 g). The percentage of decrease in fruit diameter was 46.74% in the treatment 50% as compared to the control. However, water stress improved the quality of the fruits by increasing the contents of soluble solids, vitamin C, carotenoids, and anthocyanins, while the total acidity decreased with reducing the amount of irrigation to 50% in the two hybrids, Festival and Camarosa. Spraying with salicylic acid also contributed to improving some quality characteristics of the fruits (contents of TSS, vitamin C, anthocyanins), at the same time reducing the content of total carotenoids in the fruits, while it did not affect the acidity of the fruits of the hybrid Festival, This makes the fruits taste tastier and increases their storage.

Keyword: Strawberry, irrigation Ievel, Salicylic Acid, Fruit Quality.       

   Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ammar  nbeaa ^*(1) Ali Dib⁽¹⁾ and Ali Elkhateeb⁽²⁾

(1). Horticulture Department, Agriculture College Tishreen University, Lattakia,Syria.

(2). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: ammar mouhamad nbeaa. E-Mail: ammar.nbeaa1991@gmail.com ).

Received: 14/12/2022         Accepted: 15/03/2023

Abstract: 

The study was carried out during (2020 and 2021) at Setkhiris village which belonging to the countryside of Lattakia Governorate, in citrus orchard containing (36) trees of citrus paradise at the age of 25 years old and grafted on citrumelo as root stock, to study the impact of foliar spray with mixture of macronutrients (N,P,K)(2 g/l) , mixture of micronutrients (Fe,B,Mg,Zn) (1g/l) and citric acid(1 g/l) , on the growing and fruiting properties of the citrus  paradise. The results showed positive effects of the treatments in improving vegetative growth parameter, flowering , fruiting and  fruit production    compared to the control , at treatment of multi fertilization with mixture of macronutrients, mixture of micronutrients and citric acid spray achieved the highest number of vegetative growths (9.5),and the highest percentage of fruit quide (4.22%), The same treatment also gave the largest amount of production (223.5kg/tree). and spraying treatment with mixture of macronutrients and mixture of micronutrients gave the highest value for leaf area (48.47 cm2), Also, spraying with mixture of micronutrients and citric acid gave the highest value for the total number of flowers (73.33).

Key words: citrus paradise, citrumelo, fertilize, Spray on the shoots, productive qualities.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Abboud Aljasim ^(1)*

(1). Horticulture-Agriculture Faculty- Alfurat University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Abboud aljasim. Email: abboudaljasim@gmail.com).

Received: 1/12/2022      Accepted: 20/03/2023

Abstract: 

The research was carried out during the two growing seasons 2021 – 2022 in RAQQA governorate. The town of KDAIRAN, which is located 30 km from RAQQA city, with the aim of studying the effect of spraying three concentrations of fulvic acid (1000 – 1500 – 2500) ppm on the morphological, specific and productive traits of cowpea plant. The experiment was designed according to a complete randomized block design with three replications. the results showed that the foliar spraying of the cowpea plants with fulvic acid at a concentration of (1500-2500) ppm contributed to improve the morphological traits of the cowpea, as the plant reached a length of (115 – 105) cm, respectively, and the area of the leaf surface to (21346 – 15520) cm2, respectively. Also in obtaining the best qualitative characteristics of cowpea plant, where the wet weight of the shoot reached (3.47 – 3.27)g and the dry weight (0.54 – 0.47)g, respectively. The best productivity (3570) kg/d was obtained with spraying 2500 ppm of fulvic acid

Key words: Fulvic Acid, Cowpea, Dry Weight, wet Weight, leaf surface

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rima Almouie*⁽¹⁾ and Bassam Alsaleh Alabd ⁽²⁾

 (1). Department of  Horticultur, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture,Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

 (*Corresponding author: Dr. Rima Almouie. Email: rimalmouie@gmail.com).

Received: 7/10/2022      Accepted: 20/02/2023

Abstract: 

This study aimed to estimate the morphological variations of different Balady cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. Capitata L.) genotypes grown under Baniyas ‎Conditions.‎ Fifty genotypes (Plants) were analyzed using 25 morphological traits (included leaves and heads) in order to evaluate the genetic distance and to ‎establish a dendrogram of genetic relationships between the studied genotypes. High level of diversity ‎was detected between the different genotypes. The 50 genotypes were clustered ‎in 8 distinct groups with genetic distance about 80%, ratio of head formation was 80%, the head weight ranged from 2.1 to 3.9kg. Head shape was spheric or transverse elliptic. head cover from subtending leaves was exposed, intermediate, covered. The presence of a wide genetic base in Baladi cabbadge ‎allows the selection and the combination of interesting genotypes for important characters to obtain ‎improved varieties able of competing in the local market.

‎Keyword: Balady cabbage, morphological variation, compact head, genetic distance.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf