Nizar Harba⁽¹⁾,  Nabil Habib⁽²⁾ and  Taimaa Saud^*(3)

 (1)- Department of  Field Crops , Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University.

 (2)- Department of  Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascuse University.

 (3)- Taimaa Saud, Master student, Department of  Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture,
         Tishreen University.

 (*Corrsponding author: Taimaa Saud. E-Mail: taimaa.saud@gmail.com)

Received: 08/04/2020                                Accepted: 09/08/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out during the growing season 2018-2019 at Droukiat village, north of Lattakia, to determine amounts of nitrogen and the optimal clipping date for two dual purpose Triticale lines (Tcl1, Tcl2), under the conditions of the coastal region and its reflection on both grain and biological yields. Clipping was done at two growing stages ( G26 and G30) according to Zadock’s scale. Three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (30, 60, 90 kg N/h) were applied according to the Split-split plot design with three replications, clipping dates, nitrogen fertilizer levels and the lines were represented as main plot, sub plot and sub-sub plot, respectively. The results of research showed that the values of all traits significantly increased when applying nitrogen fertilizer at the level of (60 kg/ha), with an average of (37.88 g) for the weight of 1000 grains, and a grain yield (7029 kg/ha) and a high harvest index value (53.32), the clipping date also had an effect on the yield, as its values increased at early clipping at GS26 with an average of (12421 kg/ha) for Biological yield and an average of (4504 kg/ha) for grain yield. The interaction between the nitrogen fertilizer at the level of (90 kg/ha) and the control without clipping significantly improved the height of plant (131.51 cm) and biological yield (23277 kg/ha), while the interaction between the nitrogen fertilizer at the level of (60 kg/ha) and the clipping date at GS26 significantly improved the grain yield (8083 kg/ha) and harvest index value (60.94).

Keyword: Triticale, dual purpose, clipping, nitrogen fertilizer, grain yield, biological yield.

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Shaza Hasan Besher* (1)

(1)- National Commission for Biotechnology, Damascus (*Corrsponding author: Shaza Hasan Besher E-Mail: sh.hasan85@gmail.com).

Received: 30/01/2020 Accepted: 04/04/2019

Abstract

This research was carried out at the lab of National Commission for Biotechnology during 2018-2019, in order to determine the response of golden henbane’s callus (H. aureus), and to study its growth dynamics on growth regulators-free medium, based on the fresh weight of biomass as an indicator of the callus growth strength, also to determine the effect of the nutritive medium components and change in gene expression of Tropinon Reductase I (TR I) and Tropinon Reductase II (TR II) on the alkaloids concentration in the cellular lines of H. aureus, by estimating the mRNA transcriptional levels of these genes using Real-Time PCR technique. The results of study showed that the growth curve of callus cells in all tested medium followed the sigmoid trend, where growth speed of cells reached the highest division rate at the exponential phase (15 to 35 day) with superiority of the control medium 5C01 in biomass weight. Also the results showed that superiority of the control 5C01 was significant in alkaloid content compared with 5C, 6C and 10C cellular lines. Whereas highest concentration of alkaloids was at the exponential phase (30 days) (0.49%), (0.36%), (0.29%) and (0.21%) for hyoscyamine in 5C01, 5C, 6C and 10C lines, respectively, while the concentration of scopolamine was very low. Measurement of gene expression showed that the highest value of TR I gene expression was at the exponential phase (30 days), registered (9.781), (2.144) and (8.168) times compared to the control 5C01 in 5C, 6C and 10C cellular lines respectively. While the highest value of TR II gene expression was at the lag phase (5 days). However, this superiority in gene expression was not associated with an increase in the alkaloids concentration, this is mainly due to the failure of TR I enzyme in Tropine formation, due to its failure in competing with carbon flowing from Calystegine towards Tropine synthesis, whereas TR II enzyme induces Pseudotropine formation resulting in accumulation of Calystegine, not tropane alkaloids.

Keyword: Hyoscyamus aureus, Real Time PCR, TR I, TR II, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, Callus culture.

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Wael Mtawj * (1), Mazen Rajab(1) and Hassan Khojah (2)

(1). Biotechnology Dept, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Lattakia, Syria .

(2).Horticulture Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen, University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Rasha Taowz. E-Mail: kawtharb94@gmail.com).

Received: 15/10/2020 Accepted: 9/11/2020

Abstract

This study was conducted at Lattakia Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, during 2016/2017, In order to study the response of 18 lines of potato Marfona cv. mutagen and unmutagen that were cultured with Spunta Cv. Plants were disposed to salinity stress with different concentrations of NaCl solution (0,50, 100, 150, 200 mM). The results indicated that the existence of a negative correlation between increased oncentrations of salts in the solution and leaves tolerance between clones to salinity stress. The results showed the lines 40mM/3hr/P14, 40mM/3hr/P2, 40mM/2hr/P31, 30mM/4hr/P46, 40mM/4hr/P13 and 40mM/3hr/42 were giving the best values for leaf content from proline ranged from 0.266 to 0.278 mg/g, and the highest values for leaf content from chlorophyll ranged between 12.11 to 12.97 µg/ml.

Key words: Salinity stress, Proline, Chlorophyll, Potato.

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Shabab Nasser(1), Ali Abdalaziz(1), Naji AL-Fraj(1)ُand Alaa Hamo(1)

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(Corresponding author: Eng: Alaa Hamo. E -mail: alaasuliman@outlook.com)

Received: 20/1/2020 Accepted: 14/2/2020

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the foreign trade of sheep in Syria using the gravity model which is considered one of the important models in the external trade using panel data. The study also aimed to identify the most important factors that affect the flow of sheep into the global market during the period (1961-2013). The results indicated that the most important trading partners in Syria are Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Kuwait. The results of the estimated model showed the effect of independent variables (gross domestic product, geographical distance, and economic distance) on the dependent variable, which is Syrian sheep exports for the period (2001-2010), where there was a positive relationship between the gross domestic product and Syrian sheep exports. That is, the increase in the gross domestic product in Syria and the partner countries increases the exports of sheep. There was also a negative relationship between sheep exports and the economic distance, while the relationship between geographical distance and exports was a positive relationship contrary to the economic logic. The study concluded that the gross domestic product of Syria and the amount of sheep produced and exported annually are among the most important determinants of the flow of sheep to the global market. These factors constituted about 97% of the determinants of the flow of Syrian sheep to the global market. The study recommended the necessity of encouraging breeders to invest in sheep breeding projects, and to search for new export destinations in order to reduce the degree of risk resulting from the concentration of exports to one market.

Key words: Awas sheep, Gravity model, exports, Syria.

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Lugin Ajep(1)* and Ghassan Yaqoub(1)

(1). Department of Agricultural Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Lugin Ajep. E-mail: lwlw517023@ gmail.com).

Received: 13/10/2019 Accepted: 29/01/2020

Abstract

The aim of this research is to spread the culture of green marketing in Hamah governorate in general and AIGhab area in particular, and the extent to which it can benefit from it in the future. In addition, study of the extent to which the Syrian consumer in the AL-Ghab region has adopted products that and support the marketing of green, Data were collected during the period 2019-2018. A random sample of 377 individuals from the community was taken. According to the questionnaire, forms that were distributed to the individuals of the simple, the descriptive and statistical analysis were used in evaluation and monitoring according to the percentage method. The results of the study showed that the degree of green product was low by% (3,18) an average (3,53). There are positive trends towards green products and consumer environment with% (73,20) and% (26,79) strongly. The lack of marketing strategy capable of marketing green products in an effective manner was a disagreement of % (42,97) and (3,25) the arithmetic mean, the low economic level has The greatest impact in reducing The application of green marketing.

Keyword: Green marketing, Recycling products, AL-Ghab the area Hama, adoption

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Maya Al-Abdala(1), Safwan Abou Assaf (1), Afraa Sallowm(2)

(1). Socio Economic Directorate, Swaida Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Department Of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Damascus, Syria.

(Corresponding author: Maya Al-Abdala. E-Mail: mayaabdala6@gmail.com).

Received: 13/02/2020 Accepted: 19/03/2020

Abstract

The broiler sector in Syria is witnessing clear and continuous fluctuations in broiler production, which pays to study the structure of production costs and the optimum capacity for these projects. The research aims to estimate the optimum production volumes for broiler projects in the swaida governorate and compare them to the actual volumes. The research was carried out during the 2017-2018 season using preliminary data from a sample of broilers with 104 breeders. The research has relied on the analysis on descriptive statistical analysis methods to estimate production costs, econometrics models for estimating the cost function in the long run. The results showed that the variable costs represented 97% of the total production costs, and the cost of feed was the primary importance in the variable production costs of broiler poultry, around (69)%.The cube Function is most appropriate after entering the scale factor (number of chicks) to represent the cost function. The optimum production Scales were deviated from the actual Production in the sample, where: the difference between the maximum profit production and the optimum production of the actual production was estimated at 26734 kg and 22154 kg, which is more than the actual production as double 2.17%, 1.8%. The difference between the optimum Scale of the number’ chicks from the actual was estimated at about 17414 chicks, an increase that represented three times what amounted to about 2.68%.The difference between the value of the net profit of the Profit Maximizing Production and Optimum Size of Production from the actual amounted to more than 8.5% and 11.5%, and only 16% of the sample are not subject to this loss. The results of the breeders ’opinion showed that the most important obstacles facing the production process relate to prices, whether they are for the product or the feed price, and the study recommended the necessity of establishing feed factories in the province that depend on local resources and encouraging breeders to expand their actual production capacity..

Keyword: Optimum production, Cost function, Profit maximizing, Broiler, swaida.

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Suha Al Ahmad(1) Mohammad Taher Anan(1) Mustafa Haj Hmaidi(2) Yaeseen Karmota(1)

(1). Dept. of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Univ. of Aleppo, Postgraduate Student

(2). Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo

(Corresponding author: Suha Al Ahmed. E-Mail suhaalahmed1987@gmail.com)

Received: 02/12/2019 Accepted: 13/01/2020

Abstract

The aim of the research is to estimate the grain production function for several Arab countries, that were selected because they are considered grain producing countries: (Syria, Algeria, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Morocco, Saudi Arabia) for the period between 2014 to 2016, where the study included five variables, grain productivity is the dependent variable and the following four independent variables which are: agricultural Labour force, agricultural tractors, consumption of Nitrogen fertilizer and consumption of Phosphate fertilizer.Panel data techniques have been used to estimate the grain production function. By presenting and clarifying how to choose between the three models of the panel: pooled regression model, fixed effects model and random effects model. Several tests were used to select the best model by studying the explanatory variables that affect production.The differential models between panel models indicated that pooled regression model is the model that gives us the best estimate of the amount of production and through which we can also predict.

Keyword: The grain production function, Arab countries, Panel Models, Pooled Regression Models, Fixed effects Model, Random effects Model

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Maha Ali Abedo(1)* and IbrahimHamdan Saker (1)

(1). Department of Agricultural Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Maha Ali Abedo. E-Mail: mahaoof1993@gmail.com).

Received: 11/01/2019 Accepted: 29/01/2020

Abstract

The aim of this research was to Attitudes of Benefit from The agricultural Media and The extent of Communication with Extension Activities of Vegetable Farmers in The Jableh Region where the study was carried out during the period 30/8/2018 until 12/28/2018, through a questionnaire distributed to 190 farmers Vegetables, and was based on the descriptive analysis, and on the Likart triangular and quadrilateral scale, and after data collection the results were analyzed based on the percentages, averages and repeats, and the statistical analysis program SPSS. The results concluded that the degree of benefit of farmers from the activities established in the extension units, and of interviewing agricultural extension workers in the field, and the attendance of extension seminars was medium, while the degree of benefit of farmers from field schools and practical data was high, in addition to the lack of permanent and periodic communication of farmers with the units Agricultural extension working in their areas, and a weak, unimportant correlation was found between farmers ’ages, marital status, cultural level and extent of benefiting from extension, radio and television publications in their knowledge and experience The research recommended the necessity of activating the role of the media to increase the confidence of farmers again in the extension work, in addition to providing technical, scientific and educational work requirements, because of their impact on the degree of implementation of the extension units for their service and extension tasks

Keyword: Agricultural Media, Extension Activities, Vegetable Farmers, Likert Scal.

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(1*)Alawee Ali

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture,Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr: Alawee Ali. E -mail: alaweeali2@gmail.com)

Received: 20/7/2020 Accepted: 22/8/2020

Abstract

The importance of this research comes through analyzing the supply and demand of the wheat crop at the level of total production in Syria, which contributes to exploring the future of wheat cultivation, and in revealing the truth about the factors active between the two sides of the market. By achieving the goal of estimating the supply and demand functions, and studying their economic variables. The descriptive analysis approach and the quantitative and quantitative analysis approach were adopted, using data taken from various official sources during the period (1986-2018). The results of the research showed that the relationship between the supply of wheat crop and the cultivated area is flexible, as increasing the cultivated area by one unit will lead to an increase in the quantity supplied by 1.8 units, and the size of the population has a positive relationship with the quantity of demand for wheat, as increasing the population by one unit will lead to the demand for wheat increased by 1.8 units. The results indicated that there is a nonstatistically significant relationship between the import and export variable, the ratio of the rural population to the urban population, and the quantity of demand for wheat.

Keywords: Wheat yield, Economic estimate, Supply function, Demand function, Syria.

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Rasha Taowz * (1), Adib Faleh(1), Fateh Kateeb(2)and Muhammad Alazm(3)

(1). Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Syria.

2).Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Syria.

(3).Dept. of Food Engineering Techniques, Faculty of Technical Engineering,Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Rasha Taowz. E-Mail: rashat.310@gmail.com). Received:

25/8/2020 Accepted: 15/10/2020

Abstract

After twenty Fungal isolates belong to Aspergillus Genus were obtained from sixty four samples from Fruits and Vegetables, the action was processed in food science laboratories of Agriculture faculty in Aleppo university (2018-2019), and election the best according to its production Pectinases on solid medium. The strongest five isolates were chosen to produce Pectinases by using solid state fermentation to know the ability of the elected isolates to produce pectinases, and determinate the highest enzyme production isolate, in addition to optimize the enzyme production for that isolate (incubation temperature, incubation period, pectin concentration, inoculum volume, Suspension concentrations of spores, pH of initial medium). Four of these isolates were belong to A. niger and one were belong to A. fumigatus. Citrus peels were used in the fermentation system as pectin resource. The pectin percentage in peels were calculated and it was 5%.The results showed that the activity of pectinases which was produced by isolates from citrus fruits is higher than the other isolates, and it was 51,52 U/ml. When the optimum parameters of production Pectinases were studied, the results showed that the highest activity of pectinases was obtained at 40 ە of incubation temperature, 96 hours of incubation period, 2.5% of pectin concentration in medium, 107 spore/ml of spore concentration in fungal suspicion, 2 ml of indeed suspicion volume.

Keywords: Aspergillus, Enzym activity, Fermentation, Pectinases, Optimization, Pectin

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