Ammar Abbas.^(1)*

(1). Research Center of Latakia, General commission for scientific agriculture research, Syria.

 (*Corresponding author: Dr. Ammar Abbas, E-mail. ammarabbas1984@hotmail.com).

Received:25/08/2023          Accepted: 31/12/2023

Abstract: 

The research was carried out based on the daily climatic data of Al-Basil Airport station in Lattakia Governorate during the period 2000-2016 and it included both maximum and minimum temperatures, average relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation in order to estimate the values of evapotranspiration (ET0) during the different phonological stages of wheat crop ( Germination, tillering, stem elongation, flowering, seed formation, maturity) using the ET0 Calculator model, which is based on the Benman-Monteith equation modified according to the publications of (FAO n₅₆). Due to the large number of parameters required for the accuracy of the model, which may not be available in some cases, the values  calculated  by the model have been compared  with the values resulting from experimental equations that need less number of  inputs, the two experimental equations (Hargreaves and Evanov) were adopted. The correlation coefficient was determined between the values of the model and the values of the equations for each phonological stage of wheat crop. The results indicated the accuracy of the ET0 Calculator model, and the values of the correlation coefficient between the model and Evanov equation values were the highest in different growth stages compared to the Hargreaves equation

Keywords: evapotranspiration, model, correlation coefficient, ET0 Calculator, Evanov equation

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Salwa Sadeia ⁽¹⁾, Faisal Bakkour ⁽¹⁾, and Nabila Kridi (2)

(1). Failed crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, AL-bath University, Homs, Syria.

(2). General Commission for Scientific and Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Salwa Sadeia, E.mail : salwa.sadeia@gmail.com).

Received: 21/11/2023                           Accepted:13/04/2024

Abstract: 

The research aimed to study the effect of applying two types of vermicompost (sheep, sludge) on the leaf area and relative water content of two genotypes of soybeans (Glycine max)(Sb44, (Sb239). The research was carried out at the Homs Research Center of the Scientific Agricultural Research Commission, for two agricultural seasons. (2021, 2022), vermicompost was added at rates of (3-6-9) tons/ha. Some physiological indicators were studied (leaf area cm², relative water content%). These genotypes were planted using a split-plot design in three replicates. 14 treatments were studied, distributed as follows: a mineral control for each genotype, three sheep vermicompost treatments according to three concentrations for each genotype, as well as three sludge vermicompost treatments according to three concentrations for each genotype. The results showed that there were significant differences between the two genotypes studied for the two traits studied, as the genotype (239Sb) was superior in terms of leaf area to the genotype (44Sb),  In comparison between the treatments studied for the two genotype, the vermicompost from sludge treatment with a concentration of 9 tons/h outperformed the rest of the treatments. A study of the relative water content in the leaves showed that the genotype (239Sb) was superior to the genotype (44Sb), which indicates the ability of the genotype (239Sb) to withstand drought stress to a greater extent than the genotype (44Sb). The same was true for the sheep vermicompost treatment at a concentration of 3 tons/ha The greatest effect on increasing the relative water content in the leaves was for the genotype (44Sb), while the vermicompost treatment resulting from sludge at a concentration of 3 tons/ha was superior to the genotype (239Sb).

Keywords: vermicompost, sludge, soybeans, physiological characteristics, relative water content.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ranim Youssef * ⁽¹⁾ , Yasser Kerahili ⁽¹⁾ and Ghayath Abbas⁽¹⁾

(1). Faculty of Technical Engineering, Tartous University, Tartous, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ranim Yousef, Email: ranimyousef236@gmail.com).

Received: 22/11/2023                           Accepted:3/01/2024

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of fortified bread against common diseases such as Corona. This research was based on the fact that vitamin and mineral deficiencies are mainly the causes of many diseases.  However, malnutrition can be combated by fortifying daily eaten foods. One of the basic criteria of food fortification is the selection of appropriate food ingredients. The chosen ingredients must be from the food commonly eaten by the targeted group of people (Corona patients aged between (20 -70) years old). Moreover, these ingredients must be economically afforded and available throughout the year. Flour and bread made from it are the best food items for fortification because they fulfill these requirements. The importance of this research comes from that it proposes a process of food fortification and enrichment it where it was conducted in two stages First step is fortifying bread by adding iron and zinc due to the loss of these two elements during the milling process. The second step is obtaining flour and enriching it with vitamin (C) due to the lack of this vitamin in the composition of flour. A remarkable improvement was reached after eating the fortified bread. Positive indicators were obtained revealing improvement of patients’ conditions and occurrence of recovery. These indicators include decrease in the percentage of neutrophils which was high during infection before eating the proposed fortified bread. The range of this value was (74-48)% before eating the proposed fortified bread. Moreover, the percentage of lymphocytes increased and became in the range (20-48%)

Key words: Iron , Zinc, Corona (covid -19), Neutrophils, Lymphocytes-NLR.

Full paper in English: PDF

Abeer Moussa*⁽¹⁾ and  Zuheir Shater⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Mechanization, Faculty of Technical Engineering. Tartous University, Tartous, Syria.

(2). Department of Forestry and Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Abeer Moussa. E-Mail: Abeerceta@gmail.com).

Received: 11/12/2023           Accepted: 19/02/2024

Abstract: 

This research aimed to understand the edge effects resulting from forest fragmentation on plant species diversity in Tartous Governorate. The study was conducted in three forest sites during the year 2018 : Al-Juba Forest (Tartous), Seristan Forest (Safita), and Marah Al-Shellah (Sheikh Badr). Plant surveys were conducted using the Intercept Line Method, first at the edge of the forest and then at a distance of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 m from it, in the four directions (North, East, South, West). Compositional and functional diversity were assessed using several indices (Specific Richness, Shannon, Jaccard). The average specific richness of the total studied sites was high in the northern side and low in the southern side, especially in the lines close to the edge, but this specific richness gradually decreased in the furthest lines and in the four sides of the studied sites, converging clearly after 50 meters from the edge in general. The average specific richness according to the distance from the edge, for all the forests and lines studied together, showed an almost typical trend, as the specific richness gradually decreased when we moved away from the edge, and the standard deviation values were large, reflecting the large variation in the specific richness values in the studied sites and lines. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the first and last lines in general, as the specific richness increased significantly in lines L0 and L1 than in lines L50 and line L100. The study of life forms showed that the hemi-cryptophytes dominated in the lines near the edge, while Phanerophytes dominated in the last lines. The study of the dispersal models showed that the number of species for most types was high near the edge and then decreased away from it, except for Myrmechores, which were recorded at the edge only, and Dyzoochores, which maintained their number in almost all lines.

Keywords: edge effect, life forms, dispersal model, compositional diversity, functional diversity.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ayman Hejazy* ⁽¹⁾,Wael Sief ⁽²⁾ ,Hadi Nasrallah ⁽¹⁾ and Janet Alkenani⁽²⁾

(1). General Commission for Agricultural Scientific Research, Damascus, Syria^.

(2). Food and Agriculture Organization, Damascus, Syria Office,Syria.  

(*Corresponding author: Ayman Hejazy, E-Mail: siraiman@yahoo.com).

Received:12/05/2023          Accepted:12/02/2024

Abstract: 

The research aims to reduce pumping costs during the irrigation cycle of the agricultural season, and to reduce the irrigation gap at the peak of actual irrigation needs in irrigation projects by managing the available water source during the entire agricultural season, which enables the decision maker to make the best decision. a computer program called, irrigation management in irrigation management projects, has been developed, it manages the irrigation gap by creating irrigation schedules according to the actual cultivated areas, and according to the priority criterion if there is more than one crop planted in the same period, in addition to determining the daily crops that require irrigation according to the proposed area in the agricultural plan’s, calculating the necessary irrigation time, and determining the optimal drainage required to be provided from the irrigation source during the irrigation cycle. this software is suitable for use on an unlimited number of crops proposed to the user and on an unlimited number of irrigation sectors, but working on it requires preparing the necessary files, that includes information about the area irrigated in irrigation sector, the number of hours of operation and drainage of the water source, in addition to providing the program with the irrigation needs of all crops within a five-day irrigation cycle.

Keywords: irrigation management, irrigation tables, irrigation gap, crop pattern.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Tablo Abdulrahim Ahmed ^(1)*

(1). Environmental Science and Health Dept, College of Science, Univ. of Salahaddin-Erbil, KRI, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Tablo Ahmed, e-mail: tablo.ahmed@su.edu.krd, tablo.ahmed@su.edu.krd,  phone: +964-750-745-8908).                        

Received:29/12/2023               Accepted: 26/02/2024

Abstract: 

More than two million people are thought to live in Erbil City, Northern Iraq, where this work was conducted. During low-level periods, the city’s sewage discharge can reach 77760 m3/day, and during high-level periods, it can reach 108000 m3/day. Local farmers use about 225 hectares of dispersed farmland, all irrigated by raw sewage water, to produce raw vegetables for the local market. Some toxic heavy metals, namely Pb, Ni and Cu bioaccumulation rates in sewage, soil and some uncooked vegetables in five different locations/ farms were followed up (only bioaccumulation rates of Lead values were ranging from 45.09 to 67.21mg.kg-1 in the soil of the studied locations. Nickel concentration values were from 15.03-29.79mg.kg-1, and copper was ranging from 34.06 to 49.94 mg.kg-1which are within the range of (MPL).

Keywords: Wastewater, Pb, Ni, Cu, Bioaccumulation, Polluted soil.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Bashar Tobo^(1)*_,Ahmad Mahmoud⁽¹⁾, Fadi Kazangi ⁽¹⁾ and Manal Fida⁽²⁾

(1). General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research, Syria.

(2).Department of Ecology and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Bashar  Tobo, Email: bashar.tobo33@gmail.com, Tel:                    0932239713).

Received: 27/09/2023                      Accepted: 23/01/2024

Abstract: 

The study aimed to find out the germination of the seeds of Moringa Adans and Jatropha curcas under the influence of three agricultural media, namely: A. Al turph (T), B. brutia. Nursery soil (S), C. A mixture of turf and nursery soil (TS), in proportion (1: 1). The research was carried out during the year 2021 within the laboratories of the Department of Forestry and Environment Affiliated to the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Bouqa – Latakia according to the complete random sectors system. Several quantitative indicators of seedling growth and development were studied. As for the final germination of moringa, the turf medium achieved the highest germination rate (86%), significantly superior to the mixture medium, which achieved the rate (83%). In contrast, the germination rate in the nursery soil medium reached 79%, which is lower than the two germination media studied . The results indicated that the turf medium continued to be significantly superior to the control medium, starting from germination, passing along the vegetative and root groups, and reaching the average dry weight of these two groups and for most specie.

Keywords: agricultural media, Moringa Adans, Jatropha curcas, turph.  

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Anas Kiwan *⁽¹⁾ , Maher Hasan ⁽²⁾ and Wasim Mohsen ⁽¹⁾

(1). Sweida Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(2). Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Anas Kiwan. Email: anas.kiwan@damascusuniversity.edu.sy).

Received: 27/09/2023         Accepted:7/03/2024

Abstract: 

The research was conducted in the Kiswah region, Rif Dimashq Governorate, during the 2023 season, to study the effect of liquid Composeek Treatment (compost tea enhanced with Biochar and Wood Vinegar) on the growth and yield of pea plants. The experiment involved five concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ml/l) of the commercial liquid composeek compound, in addition to the control treatment, were foliar sprayed. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized block design, and data were analyzed using GenStat software version 12. The results indicated improvement in the study parameters when using the liquid composeek, where plant height (53.12, 59.40, 65.35, 70.19, 80.14, 89.20 cm) for the experiment treatments respectively ranked higher. The leaf nitrogen content percentage also increased (10.29%, 14.29%, 18.29%, 32%, 57.14%) for concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mL/L, respectively) compared to the control (1.75%). The concentration of 5 mL/L showed significant superiority over all treatments, reaching (67 pods/plant, 7.15 g/pod, 7.8 seeds/pod) for the parameters (number of pods, pod weight, number of seeds per pod, respectively) compared to the control (35 pods/plant, 4.5 g/pod, 5.9 seeds/pod, respectively).

Keywords: Pisum sativum L., Wood Vinegar, Biochar, compost tea, Composeek, Growth, yield.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Amal Al-Hafary ^{* (1)} ,  Hani Ibraheem⁽²⁾and  Mohammad Saed Al-Shater⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of soil sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(2). General Organization of Remote Sensing, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Amal Al-Hafary, E-mail amalalhafary8@gmail.com).

Received: 12/11/2023           Accepted: 26/02/2024

Abstract: 

The research was completed in the Eastern Ghouta area of Damascus countryside governorate in 2022-2023 with an area of 211 km2, field samples were collected from 72 sites with two depths (0-30 and 30-60 cm), totaling 144 samples, and the coordinates for each point were documented using a GPS device. Some analyzes were performed (mechanical composition, pH, EC, organic matter, field capacity), the linear regression equation was applied to predict future values of field capacity based on primary soil data, then maps were drawn showing the spatial distribution of field amplitude values for both depths in the study area using Model Maker in ERDAS IMAGINE satellite image processing software. The results showed that the majority of the soils of the studied area were clayey texture, non-saline, with a pH light to medium alkalinity, and a variation in the content of the soil of organic matter. The results also showed that the values of field capacity as moisture and weight content were high in most samples, a strong positive significant correlation was observed between field capacity on the one hand and both salt, clay and organic matter.

Keywords: Field Capacity, Mathematical Model, Functional Equations, Linear Regression, Eastern Ghouta. 

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Nizar Harba⁽¹⁾, Nizar Mualla⁽¹⁾and Weam Al-Taweel^(1)*

(1). Crop Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*corresponding Author:  Weam Al-Taweel, E.mail: aboalabd876@gmail.com).

Received: 19/09/2023                     Accepted: 7/01/2024

Abstract: 

Planting local peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) treated with a spray with the amino acid putrescine during the 2021 agricultural season in the city of Jableh (Ain Shaqaq village) in Latakia Governorate. According to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and in a one-time split arrangement with three replications, the main plots included spraying with saline solution at different concentrations, and the split plots included the number of irrigation times. This is for the peanut variety (local) that was treated with a spray with the amino acid polyamine, three times and with a time difference of 15 days between each time, with different concentrations of salt water, which are (0 – 2000 – 4000 – 8000 – 12000ppm). With the aim of studying the effect of spraying with polyamine and different concentrations of salt water starting from the flowering stage  On some qualitative characteristics of peanuts. Salt concentrations, especially high ones (8000-12000 ppm), affected most of the qualitative traits studied and led to their general decrease, albeit insignificantly (phenols (1.96-2.02%), sugars (4.51-5.28%), protein ((20.67-21.66%), carotene (5.26%) -5.99 total chlorophyll (141.52-152.01 micrograms/g) and oil (46.87-46.92%, respectively. The amino acid putrescine also worked to reduce the stress of the salt solution and in some cases to increase the ability of peanut plants to tolerate salinity, especially with regard to the characteristics of the phenolic content. Sugars, protein and oil.

Keywords: peanuts, salt stress, amino acids, putrescine.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF