Rima Ghafari*⁽¹⁾, Najwa Mouslemanie ⁽¹⁾, Abdullah Katta ⁽²⁾ and Imad-Aldeen Alkhalaf ⁽¹⁾

(1). Dept. of Botany, Faculty of Science, Aleppo University, Syria

(2). Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aleppo University, Syria

(* corresponding author: Rima Ghafari, mail: mirago82@yahoo.com)

Received: 23/03/2021                                 Accepted: 4/07/2021

Abstract

This research aimed to determine the red laser (He-Ne) irradiation effect with wavelength (635) nm and capacity (5) mWat/ cm² on seed germination parameters of sesame (Sesamum indicum), the research took place at the laboratory of plant ecology and pollution, the laboratory of Nano science (7) and the ecology garden, faculty of science, university of Aleppo, between June and July 2020.  the seeds were divided into two main groups, the first group containing the dried seeds which were irradiated for graduated periods (1,5,10,15) min. the second group of seeds were soaked in water for (3) hours and irradiated with the red laser for the same time as dried seeds, then both groups were transferred to sterile petri dishes (9) cm containing two wet Whatman papers, After (14) days of the experiment the seedling parameters such as germination percentage and mean germination time, length and weight of seedling shoots and roots were measured respectively. The results showed that the highest germination percentage was for dry sesame seeds irradiated for (5) min (92%) compared to the control seeds (83%). While the highest value for the mean germination time was observed when the dried seeds irradiated for (15) min with a result of (0.92 seed/day) compared to the control seeds (1.62 seed/day). The results of Sesamum indicum shoot and root lengths and weights showed that the significant statistical differences were notable at 15 min of laser irradiation compared to the rest of irradiation periods, the results also showed that the dried seeds of sesame were more affected by the red laser irradiation than the pre-soaked seeds. It can be concluded that the red laser irradiation had enhanced the Sesamum indicum seedling parameters.

 Keywords: Laser, seed germination parameters, Sesamum indicum.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Razan khoury^*(1), Bolus Khoury ⁽¹⁾ and Mahmoud Alio⁽²⁾

(1). Crop Department, Agriculture Faculty, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2) Agricultural economics Department, Agriculture Faculty, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

 (*Corresponding author: Razan Khoury, E-Mail: razankhoury5@hotmail.com).

Received: 24/03/2021                                 Accepted: 14/07/2021

Abstract

The research was carried out during the summer session of 2018/2019 at the countryside of Lattakia governorate to assess the performance of four commercial varieties of sweet yellow corn in terms of their resilience with the cultivation conditions in the Syrian coast regarding the most important economic and agricultural traits to suggest the best ones for cultivation. The averages of many traits (Days to silking, plant height, ear height, ear diameter, number of rows per ear, number of kernel per row, grain starch content and ear yield per plot) and many statistical indicators that are useful in determining the differences between the tested varieties were estimated, and the statistical analysis of the averages was performed by the method of analyzing the components of variance A.N.O.V.A., and the significant differences between the varieties and compared to the grand mean  were determined on the by using Duncan’s Test.The results analysis of variance showed the availability of significant differences between the varieties, and the results were supported by the results correlation and regression analysis, as the results showed the superiority of the Casper variety compared to the grand mean in the traits (Ear yield per plot, plant height, ear height and ear diameter) which their values reached (752.93) g/plant, (230.16) cm, (120.24) cm, (4.66) cm respectively. Maybe cultivated for several years and make sure of its adaptation to the climatic conditions of Syrian coast, to approve the results.The highest positive and significant signs of correlation were recorded between ear yield per plot on the one hand, and each plant height, number of kernel per row and days of silking which were (0.93, 0.91, 0.90) respectively. The regression analysis supported this result as the percentage of ear yield per plot was (86%, 82% and 81%) respectively.       

Keywords: sweet yellow corn, Ear yield per plot and their components, variance, correlation, regression.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Intisar Abdalrahman Awad Alseed Fadl Allah*⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economic in Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources in  University of Bakhtalruda, Aldueim, Sudan

(*Corresponding author:  Dr. Intisar Fadl Allah. E-Mail: eintisar78@gmail.com)

Received: 7/02/2021                 Accepted: 24/03/2021

Abstract

The study  was conducted in Al-Jabalain at the White Nile State, Sudan during the period (1970-2019)to analyze the effect of rainfall and agricultural adaptation strategies on sesame yield in the mechanized rainfed subsector, primary data and Secondary data were collected to  study the yield variability , rainfall rates and agricultural adaptation strategies from the annual reports of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Sudan Meteorological Authority, observations, personal interviews, design and distribution 160 questionnaire forms were answered by farmers in the targeted area. Primary and secondary data were analyzed using coefficient of dispersion, correlation, simple regression and  percentages. The study found that the fluctuation of rainfall during the study period led to decrease in the yield of sesame, which represent the cash crop of the farmers in the area. As a result of the fluctuation of rainfall and the continuous decline in the yield of sesame, farmers developed a number of agricultural strategies as alternative solutions to maintain the production, including early cultivation, sowing of good quality seeds, implication of the proper crop rotation and storage system. The study recommended the development of the meteorological station in Al-Jabalain, using water harvesting technology, development of agricultural adaptation strategies invented by farmers in order to ensure high crop productivity

Key words: Rainfall, Agricultural adaptation strategies, Sesame, Productivity, Mechanized rain-fed subsector.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Falak Alsataihi * ⁽¹⁾, Mohamad Taher Anan ⁽²⁾ and Amjad Masso⁽³⁾

(1). Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, AlBaath University, Homs, Syria.

(2). Department of mathematical Statistics and Programming, Faculty of Science, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Falak Alsataihi, E-Mail: falakalsataihi@yahoo.com).

Received: 31/03/2021                     Accepted: 4/07/2021

Abstract

The research studied the methods of generating short-term hierarchical time-series forecasts and applying them to soft wheat production data in Syria, which were classified by region and then by city for time-series from 2006-2018. Where four methods were discussed, namely Top-down, Bottom-up, Middle-out and Optimal Combination, and one of the criteria for testing the quality of prediction methods, which is MASE, was applied to find out the best-performing method to be adopted in research related to this research in order to facilitate and speed up the completion of calculations. The results showed that all four methods differ from each other in general. As a result of the pilot study, it was found that the performance of the Top-down method is better than the performance of the rest of the methods in forecasting, and it was predicted for three future years after 2018, where the results indicated an expectation of an increase in the production of the soft wheat crop at all levels of the hierarchical structure of the studied series.

Keywords: Hierarchical Time Series, Bottom-up approach, Top-down approaches, Middle-out approach, Optimal combination forecasts.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Issa AL-Hachami * ⁽¹⁾

(1) Direct. Agric. in waist , Ministry of Agriculture, waist, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Issa AL-Hachami, Email: essa119924@yahoo.com)

Received: 3/03/2021                                   Accepted: 10/06/2021

Abstract

The wheat crop is one of the most important strategic food crops in Iraq and a major source of agricultural income. The production of this crop is affected by the extent of the success of the economic policies pursued by the state through its agricultural policies, especially the policies directed towards supporting production requirements or supporting production prices. In order to find out the features of the agricultural price policy and the impact of changing the exchange rate, the policy analysis matrix for the year 2020 was calculated, in addition to some important indicators associated with it, as the results indicated the existence of support for the local product and a subsidy for the traded inputs and that investment in wheat cultivation achieves special profits for farmers.,  and  producer subsidy ratio,   at the exchange rate for 2020  and the exchange rate in 2021, as it turned out, their values decrease  values are about (0.19, 0.07, 0.3, 16.7) respectively, therefore,  thus, the exchange rate for the year 2020  In favor of the product more, As for the comparative advantage of production, the increase in the exchange rate has led to a decrease in the cost of the local resource and thus increased international competitiveness, especially for farms irrigated by surface runoff. We recommend increasing the price support of productive inputs and supporting production prices and targeting more aid for smallholders and by following clear and stable agricultural policies based on scientific foundations that take into account any influential changes.

Keywords: Wheat, the nominal protection coefficient, domestic resource cost, exchange rate.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Khaled Kassem Kaid Saleh (1) *

(1). Department of Economics and Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agricultural Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
(*Corresponding author: Dr. Khaled Saleh. E-Mail: dralodynieconomic@gmail.com)

Received: 22/03/2021                    Accepted: 29/07/2021

Abstract

The agricultural development acquired its significance from the importance and validity of the agricultural sector in which it works and moves. The agricultural sector is considered to be the main source for the capitation and liberates the man power. At the same time the agriculture sector is the cardinal resource to support the local industries with the basic raw material and a wide market to process its goods. Therefore, the agricultural development is considered to be the necessary first steps to accomplish the comprehensive development. The current study adopted the Path Analysis approach to examine the agricultural factors that affect rainfall in Yemen Republic through (2000-2020). The findings showed that the Path coefficients calculated by the two ways are identical. The findings also showed that the variables that have direct effect on GDP are Water irrigation and Labor productivity respectively.
Keywords: Yemeni Agriculture, Influencing Factors, Agricultural Production, Path Analysis Method.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Khetam Edrees *⁽¹⁾, Ghassan Al Abdallah ⁽²⁾, Nisreen edrees⁽¹⁾ and Mohammad Anwar Abdul ghani⁽²⁾

(1). Economic and Social Studies Department, Agriculture Research Center Homs, General Commission for Scientific and Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(2). Agriculture Research Center Homs, General Commission for Scientific and Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria.

(*Correspoding author: Dr. Khetam edrees. E-Mail: vera_yahoo@hotmail.com).

Received: 24/03/2021                                 Accepted: 29/07/2021

Abstract

This research aimed to study the structure of breeding sheep costs in Homs’s province in 2015; to achieve its goals, it adopted a standard, economic, statistical analysis of primary data by a questionnaire of a sample had been taken from sheep breeders following six possessory categories. The descriptive analysis results showed that the fodder cost was the highest, whereas the depreciation value was the lowest in proportion to the total costs. The average cost amounted of breeding of one animal was (5007.35) S.P The meat production return was the highest. The total production cost’s function was estimated, and derived with a view to reaching the achieved capacity of the economic efficiency. The flock’s optimal size achieved (100) % of the economic scales amounted to 700 heads with an expected total cost of 3020250 SP. The economic capacity curve increases by the flock size increasing to a maximum of (100) % of the flock’s optimal size, which minimizes the costs; then, it starts to decline as production gets higher than that .The economies of capacity increases as long as the total average cost decreases; that means the breeder can reduce the average cost of production one head by expanding the size of the flock produced; then, the flock was divided according to the productive ewes percentage into four categories: ≤40%, (40 to 49)%, (50 to 59) %, ≥60% of productive ewes. The results showed that the category’s return which had ≥60%, was extremely higher among the rest categories and the more the percentage decrease, the more return decline; where the lowest was in the category contained less than 40% of productive ewes.

Keywords: Descriptive Economic Analysis, Production Costs, Optimal Production, Economic Efficiency, Economic of Capacity, Productive Ewes.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Muad A. Kiyyam^{(1 )*}, Mohammad A. Alnaeem⁽¹⁾and Mohammad S. Tarawneh⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Jerash university, Amman, Jordan.

(2). Department of Agricultural Economic and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Jerash university, Amman, Jordan.

(*Corresponding author: Muad Kiyyam. E-Mail: m.quam@jpu.edu.jo).

Received: 21/03/2021                                 Accepted: 5/08/2021

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the level of application of sustainable agriculture practices in the production of date palm in the Jordan Valley and to identify the most important practices conducive to sustainability in date palm cultivation in the Jordan Valley region. A sample consisting of 222 farmers from the study population was randomly selected. Among the most important results that it reached. The low application of sustainable farming methods in production processes in a way that is integrated with other forms of traditional agricultural practices، the lack of acceptance or involvement of farmers in the programs that aim to increase the level of their application of agricultural sustainability practices. The lack of farmers’ willingness to use modern techniques for soil conservation and biological or integrated resistance in pest control and the agricultural cycle. In addition, the use of drip irrigation and energy-saving systems such as solar energy، biogas، etc. and the absence of a plan، the study of the market. The appropriate times for restoring and launching the products. That facilitates use and the balance between supply and demand. The study recommended the necessity of applying sustainable agricultural methods in production processes in an integrated manner with other forms of traditional agricultural practices. Which will positively affect the volume of production and accordingly improve farmers ‘incomes، encourage farmers’ involvement in programs that aim to increase the level of their application of agricultural sustainability practices. Using Modern techniques for preserving the soil and using biological or integrated resistance in pest control while focusing on using the agricultural cycle.Use drip irrigation and energy-saving systems such as solar energy and biogas. Prepare an action plan for production and work on managing the stock in a scientific manner and in an order. That is easy to use and study the market and the appropriate times for the introduction of date palm products. Moreover, the balance is between supply and demand.

Keywords: Date palm cultivation, sustainable agriculture, regression analysis.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ahmad Al-sahwan^*(1), Darwich Cheikh⁽¹⁾ and Nerouz Ferdawi⁽¹⁾

 (1). Dept. of economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Ahmad Al-sahwan. E-Mail:  ahmadalsahwan@gmail.com).

Received:  29/07/2021              Accepted:  17/01/2021           

Abstract

The aim to study the impact of the price policy on irrigated barley productionin Hama Governorate. To reach this objective, the impact of the barley price has been studied on the planted areas and the economic indexes of the crop during (2005-2018). The results show that the annual change rate of irrigated barley areas is increasing by ca. 2,043.7 ha at the country level. The annual change rate of irrigated barley production is also increasing by. 5,253.8 ton and the yield are also growing by 35.52 kg/ha. However, the annual change rate of the barley area is growing by 533.6 ha at the Hama Governorate level which reflects the change in the annual farming rotation by the farmer und they turned to barley production because of its need for very simple agricultural supplies and processes. In the selected barley farms, the average total costs reach 992157 SP/ha and the total output reaches 1,906,556 SP/ha. The net profit is 914,399 SP/ha, the balance point for production capacity reached (0.31), the farm productive efficiency reaches 2.79. However, the total productive efficiency is 1.92 which indicates to the economic efficiency of irrigated barley production in the study area. In addition, the results indicate the occurrence of governmental subsidies to barley production. Whereas the higher was the price in the last season by one SP/kg the bigger are the planted areas by 88.3 ha. The higher the global price of barley by one SP/kg the more areas planted with irrigated barley which means that the government subsidy led to an increase in the barley areas by 3.6 ha in Hama.

Keywords: irrigated barley, productive and economic efficiency, price policy.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

ALmouthana Aziz Hasan ^{(1) *}

(1). Socio-Economic Studies Department at Latakia Research Center, General Commission for Scientific   Agricultural   Research (GCSAR).

(*Corresponding Author: Dr. ALmouthana Hasan, Email: almouthanahasan@yahoo.com)

Received: 27/03/2021                                 Accepted: 14/07/2021

Abstract

The study aimed at analyzing the marketing efficiency and marketing margin of the orange crop trade in Syria, by relying on the preliminary data of a random sample of farmers with 352 farmers and a sample of traders with a total of 100 merchants. The study showed an increase in marketing costs in general. Both the farmer and the warranty trader have 59.2% and 36.9% of the total marketing costs. In addition to the difficulty of transporting the crop to the markets outside the province and the high costs, where the merchant of the guarantee when marketing outside the province of 9.6 SP/kg, and the shipping dealer 10.9 SP/kg. The farmer achieved a profit of 8.8 SP/kg with a marketing efficiency of 66.3% according to the first indicator, 11.7% according to the second indicator, while a loss of 1.8 SP/kg when the crop was sold to the dealer. In addition, the marketing efficiency decreased according to the value of sales for the wholesaler when purchasing from the shipper from 23.4% to 2.8%, because of the multiplicity of intermediaries when buying through this marketing method. The share of farms in the consumer retail price was 57.25%. Accordingly, the study recommended reducing the marketing costs and improving the conditions of transport to the markets of other governorates, reducing the number of intermediaries and traders in the marketing process, and providing detailed marketing information for the prices, supply and demand levels in each local and foreign market and according to the items.

Keywords: Oranges, Marketing Margin, Marketing Efficiency, Farm Prices, Marketing Process.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf