Ali Abeedo*^{(1) (2)}, Mohamad Kanouh⁽²⁾, and Haifa Alsayeda⁽²⁾  

(1)  Pesticide Test Research Department, Plant Protection Research Department, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.  

(2) Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ali Abeedo:  Email:aliabeedo265@gmail.com)

Received:7/07/2021            Accepted: 19/10/2021

Abstract: 

The present study was conducted at plant protection department laboratories (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Damascus) during 2020. This work aimed to estimate the effect of two chemical acaricides, Chlorpyrifos and Spiromesifen, and the effect of plant extracts of Melia azedarach L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn against the eggs and adults of strawberry spider mite, Tetranychus turkestani under laboratory conditions. The relative efficiency and LC₅₀ of tested acaricides and plant extracts had been determined. The results showed significant differences in the adult mites’ mortality after the exposure to residues of acaricides and plant extracts between the control and the treatments. There were no significant differences between the two acaricides despite of the difference between their mode of action. According to LC₅₀ value, the toxicity of Spiromesifen to adult mites was 9.3 times higher than Chlorpyrifos, the toxicity of M. azedarach extract was 1.55 times higher than E. camaldulensis extract. Egg mortality rate had been determined after direct spray by tested acaricides and plant extracts. There were significant differences between the control and the treatments.

Keywords: Strawberry spider mite, Chlorpyrifos, Spiromesifen, Plant extracts, Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Relative efficiency, Toxicity index.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Muataz Haidar^*(1), and Jaoudat Faddoul⁽²⁾

(1). Diseases Department, Plant Protection Research Department,  General Commission for Scientific  Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.
(2). Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus,Syria.
(*Corresponding author: Muataz Haidar, Email:moatazhidar986@gmail.com)

Received:  29/08/2021             Accepted: 24/10/ 2021

Abstract: 

The efficacy of two species of Trichoderma and mycorrhizal fungi was tested against the pathogen of black-scale disease, Rhizoctonia solani, in a pot. The results showed that biological agents stimulated plant growth and increased the length of the plant, the wet weight of the aerial shoot and the root total, and crop production. Results showed that mycorrhizal fungus was significantly superior to T. viride and T. harzianum in reducing the percentage of severity infection on the stem which, they were (25%, 33.3%, and 41.7%) respectively. But when we added the three biological agents, the percentage of severity infection reduced significantly to (11.44%), In addition to the reduction of the number of sclerotia on tubers and the percentage of severity infection on tubers reduced to (7.04%) the superior significantly in other treatments. Results showed the use of chemical fungicide (Moncut) with biological agents supported the role of these biological agents in reducing the infection severity.

Keyword: Rhizoctonia solai, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, Mycorrhiza.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Faten  Bakor, ⁽¹⁾, Anwar Almouemar⁽¹⁾ , and Zakaria Al Naser*⁽¹⁾

(1)Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Zikeria Al naser,:. E-Mail: zinzanasera@gmail.com )

Received:  29/08/2021                   Accepted: 11/11/ 2021

Abstract: 

This research has aimed to study the effect of repeated spraying of glyphosate on Solanum elaeagnifolium plants in uncultivated fields in three different locations in the Syrian governorates, Deir Ezzor (Al-Jufra area), Aleppo (Dayr Hafir), and Rural Damascus (Mseilha) during the period between 2018 and 2020. The results obtained that the repetition of the pesticide spray 3 and 6 times during the years of the study did not change the physical composition, salinity, pH and calcium carbonate in all study sites. Whereas, spraying glyphosate 3 and 6 times increased the percentage of organic matter and phosphorus available, with a significant difference with the control. The values of available phosphorous were (236 & 296 mg / kg ) Aleppo , (312& 363 mg / kg ) Deir Ezzor and (336 & 395 mg / kg) Rural Damascus  in control and plot treated with 6 times of glyphosate, respectively. Also, repeated spraying with glyphosate in the treated soils led to increasing the average general population of bacteria and fungi. These indicators have increased with the increase in the number of times the pesticide was sprayed. The total count of bacteria after 6 times of spraying the pesticide was 18.12, 15.78, and 19.57X10⁴ / g soil in Deir Ezzor, Aleppo, and Rural Damascus, respectively.

Keywords: Glyphosate, S. elaeagnifolium, microbial, Soil.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Walaa kashkash^(1)*, Rashid Kharbotli ⁽²⁾, and Fahd Sahyouni⁽³⁾

(1).Hama Agriculture Directorate, Hama, Syrian

(2). Department of Horticulture  ,Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University ,Latakia, Syria

(3).Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria

(*Corresponding author:  Walaa keshkesk . E-Mail    sywalaa26@gmail.com)

Received:  4/06/2021                     Accepted: 24/10/ 2021

Abstract: 

This research was conducted on pistachio trees of the camel tusk variety with age (30 years of cultivation). With the aim of finding out the effect of fertilization (2019-2020) in the village of Taybat Imam of Hama Governorate within two years.  With boron, whether sprayed on the leaves or adding it to the soil in the productivity of these trees, the following are the most important results that were reached: Fertilization with boron, whether it was added to the soil or sprayed on the leaves, contributed to the production of trees and improved the quality of their fruits compared with the control. Greater than ground fertilization in most traits. The studied experience. The highest percentage of contract and largest tree production was found in the Maameltene trees So that the percentage of the contract reached (T7-T9) while the contract percentage did not exceed (32.77) (Kg / tree),  and production (56.85)% (T9) in the treatment trees. in treatment of the witness (12.66) and production% (49.43) Kg The lowest percentage of falling fruits and the lowest percentage of empty fruits reached (T5).Respectively% (7.08),% (64.20)% The highest percentage of cracked fruits and the highest fruit clearance percentage. (T7) were investigated by treatment trees Respectively% (33.02)% (43.65)%.

Key words: pistachio nuts, production, fruit specifications, fertilization with boron

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Kais Ali ⁽¹⁾ *, and Issa Kabibou ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Soil and Land Sciences. Faculty of Agriculture. Tishreen University. Lattakia. Syria.

(* Corresponding author: kais ali, E-mail: kaisttali721@gmail.com)

Received:  8/07/2021                     Accepted: 19/10/ 2021

Abstract: 

The experiment was carried out in Tartous Governorate – Beit Ismail village for the two agricultural seasons (2019-2020), according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications for each treatment, and with seven study treatments separately by adding them in the forest. Or sprayed on the leaves or both on the bean plant, on some soil chemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity S/M, organic matter %, effective lime %, total nitrogen % and phosphorous-potassium (ppm)), and morphological properties (plant height, root number, total root weight, vegetative total weight, and exclusive number (number of pods). The results show that the treatment (adding soil + spraying) of the biofertilizer was significantly superior to all treatments, as the plant height reached (129.667 cm), the weight of the root total (59.10 g), the number of root nodes (48.33 kknots/root, the number of pods (12.5 horns/plant). ), while the treatment of forest litter extract (in addition to the soil + spray) with the weight of the vegetative total (225.5 g), and we note that there are no significant differences between the bio-fertilizer treatments and the forest litter extract in terms of its effect on soil properties, growth and productivity of faba bean plant.

Keywords: EM1, forest cover, bean plant, Soil Properties, Morphological and Productive traits

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Muhammad Abdel Aziz ⁽¹⁾ Ammar Zyoud ⁽²⁾ , and Fatima Antar ^(1)*

 (1). Department of Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia , Syria.

(2) Agricultural Research Centre in Al-Ghab, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Hama, Syria.

(*Corresponding author, Fatima Antar, Email:  anter fatemah@gmail.com)

Received:  30/05/2021                   Accepted: 14/10/ 2021

Abstract: 

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Ghab to study the different effects of irrigation schedules and fertilization with potassium and zinc and the interaction between them on some qualitative indicators of sorghum cultivar (Zraa 7). This was done by designing the split complete random sectors for two times and three replications, where irrigation dates were distributed to the main plots (7,14,21 days) in addition to the control treatment (14 days without adding potassium and zinc fertilizer), while the secondary treatments included potassium fertilization rates (60,80, 100 kg/ha), and sprayed with zinc (0.4, 0.8, 1.2 kg/ha). In Salhab village in Al-Ghab area – Hama governorate, during the agricultural season 2020. The results indicate that the highest percentage of protein was obtained in the leaves (11.7%) when using the 7-day irrigation schedule with K100 and Zn0.4 potassium fertilization (noting that the zinc and potassium added are impure). And carbohydrates (24.99%) at irrigation time of 21 days with potassium K100 and Zn1.2 fertilization dose. And for fat (21.61%) when the irrigation date is 7 days with the dose of potassium fertilization K80 and zinc Zn0.8 and for moisture (9.21%) the date of irrigation is 7 days with the dose of potassium fertilization K60 and zinc Zn0.4 (9.21%). And for ash (11.82%) when the irrigation time overlapped 7 days with the potassium K80 and Zn0.4 fertilization dose.

Key words: potassium, White corn, irrigation, fertilization, zinc.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Safa B. A.AL-Aboudy⁽¹⁾, and Sundus A. Alabdulla^(1)*

(1).Field Crops Department, Agriculture College, Basrah University,Iraq.

(*Corresponding author, Sundus A. Alabdulla sundus.mohammed@uobasrah.edu.iq)

Received:  22/11/2021                   Accepted: 4/02/ 2022

Abstract: 

The study was conducted in Agriculture College farm / Basra University (Karmat Ali), during autumnal season / 2020, to study the effects of Nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 150, 200 and 250 kg N ha^-1), and three split application of nitrogen fertilizer which is: (¼ after two weeks of sowing, + ½ after the first cut + ¼ after the second cut , ½ after two weeks of sowing + ¼ after the first cut + ¼ after the second cut, ⅓ after two weeks of sowing, + ⅓ after the first cut + ⅓ after the second cut), on N,P,K concentration ,green forage yield and quality of the hybrid of Sudangrass. The results showed that the  level 200 kg N ha^-1 was superior and gave the highest green forage yield of 66.196, 82.407 and 20,533 μg ha^-1,for the three cuts respectively.The  second split application of nitrogen fertilizer achieved the highest green forage yield in the first and second cuts  were  57.382 and 71,855 μg ha^-1. The interaction  of  200 kg N ha^-1 with The  second split application  gave the highest green forage yield at the first cutting while, at the second cutting the level of 200 kg N ha^-1 with The second split application gave the highest average green forage yield .

Keywords: Sudangrass, Nitrogen   fertilizer, Splitting, Forage yield, Protein.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Sokrat Ahmad*⁽¹⁾  Muhamad Manhal Alzoubi ⁽²⁾  and Issa Kbaybu ⁽¹⁾

(1) Soil and Water Science Department, Agriculture Faculty, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2) Natural Resources Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR),Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Sokrat Ahmad, E-mail: Socrates.82.sy@gmail.com)

Received:  25/08/2021                   Accepted: 4/11/ 2021

Abstract: 

Biogas technology mainly depends on Anaerobic digestion of organic wastes. It is considered one of the most spread technologies worldwide to treat the agro-residues in an economical and effective way. Moreover, it protects the environment from pollution and produce Methane gas as a renewable source of energy as well as the production of biogas fertilizer (digestate). Anaerobic co-digestion experiment was conducted of olive mill wastewater with cattle manure at a ratio of (60:40) using the digester located at Zahid Research Station for organic farming in Tartous Governorate. The aim was to minimize the adverse effects of OMWW on the environment, measuring the amount of produced biogas, and to evaluate the biogas fertilizer leftover at the end of the digestion process. There was a delay in biogas production due to the decrease in the pH of the fermentation solution at the beginning of the digestion process and to the acidic nature of the OMWW. After 15 days of feeding the digester, the biogas started to release and continued for 45 days, and the total production reached 195.4 m³ at a constant pressure of 0.02 bar. The results of the digestate analysis at the end of the digestion process showed a decrease of organic matter percentage and increase of pH compared to the organic wastes used in addition to good amounts of macro and micro nutrients. This study proves that mixing of OMWW with cattle manure is promising in enhancing biogas production and removing high organic load of OMWW.

Kew wards: Anaerobic digestion, Olive Mill Wastewater, Biogas, Digestate.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Dima Shareef ^*(1), Wael Ali⁽¹⁾ , and Wala’a Adra⁽¹⁾

(1). Forestry and Environment Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dima SHareef. E-Mail: dimashareef147@gmail.com)

Received:  11/06/2021              Accepted: 14/10/ 2021

Abstract: 

This research aims to construct some mathematical equations, used for estimating the total height of pinus brutia trees(pinus brutia). Some statistical methods were done to assess model goodness then  select the best one to estimate the height of  brutia pine trees in  Balloran, 40 kilometers north of Lattakia . This will enable us to estimate woody stock and in turn helping  in forest  management of the site. 20 circular  plots with a radius of 11.3 meter were sampled. All variations in the study area were taken into account. Diameter on breast height dbh of all trees in plots were measured. In order to construct height curves 30 tees covering diameter range were selected and there diameters and heights were also measured. Where 15 trees were used to construct models of height curves and determine the constants, and another 15 trees were used to test the quality of the models. For tree height modelling several mathematical equations were used:. Michailoff, Prodan, Petterson, Parabel, Logarithmic, Freese and  Korsun. Tthe models were  quantitatively examined by calculating average model bias (ē) which tests the systematic deviation of the model from the observations, average model bias % or relative bias (ē %), model precision which is defined as the standard deviation of the bias (Se and Se%), model accuracy which describes the distribution of the total differences between predicted and observed values (mx and mx %). Logarithmic model was selected for tree height modelingof brutia pine   in the area of study. The future studies can be based on the current work in order to help in forest management of the site of study and  similar areas.

Keywords: Height curves, pinus brutia– Model goodness, basal area –baloran region.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Batool Salameh^{* (1)}, Leila Habib ⁽¹⁾, and Areej Adra ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of soil and water sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University- Lattakia-Syria.

(2). Department of Environmental Chemistry, Higher Institute for Environmental Research, Tishreen University. Lattakia. Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Batool Salameh. Email: Batoolzaka@gmail.com)

Received:  15/04/2022              Accepted: 27/07/ 2022

Abstract: 

The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of surfactant-modified nano-zeolite to adsorb phosphate anions from aqueous solutions. Nano- zeolite prepared by grinding Syrian zeolite ore taken from Tel Alsis area (south west Damascus) to nano-scale, this sample called Natural Nano Zeolite (NNZ). To prepare surfactant modified nano-zeolite, samples of NNZ treated with Hexadecyl Trimethyl  Ammonium Bromide (HDTMA-Br) to achieve many levels of surface coverage, the used HDTMA concentrations were 50, 100, 200, 300% of external cation exchange capacity, the obtained samples called SMZ1, SMZ2, SMZ3, SMZ4 respectively. Phosphate adsorption was investigated in a batch system from aqueous solution of P concentrations ranged between 0 to 60 ppm.  Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-radushkevich models used to discuss adsorption data and parameters. The results demonstrated that: NNZ had low capacity to adsorb phosphate from aqueous solution. Adsorption isotherms curve takes the linear form for NNZ, whereas it was Langmuir form in SMZ samples. Langmuir model fit better to the adsorption data in SMZ samples, whereas Freundich was better for NNZ sample.  The coverage of nanozeolite with HDTMA increase its capacity to adsorb phosphate compared to NNZ. Maximum adsorption capacity, calculated from Langmuir model, was it reach to 4289 µgP/g when nano-zeolite treated with HDTMA (300% of ECEC) (SMZ4).The calculated adsorption energy by the use of Dubinin-Radushkevch model demonstrated that adsorption mechanism was physic between phosphate anion and modified surface. The research was conducted in 2021.

Keywords: Phosphate, adsorption, nano-zeolite. surfactant modified zeolite.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf