Alya Jameel Ali*⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture,  University Of Basrah,

Basrah,Iraq

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Alya Jameel Ali,  alya.ali@uobasrah.edu.iq )

Received:5/06/2021            Accepted: 30/12/2021

Abstract: 

The aim of the research was to study the antioxidant properties of methanol, aqueous and acetone extracts of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill. Var. Hass) taken from the markets of Basra Governorate in Iraq and imported from Nairobi (Kenya), including testing the effectiveness of avocado seed extracts in inhibiting the oxidation of linoleic acid and its ability to capture The extracts of two types of free radicals (DPPH, NO), were compared with the standard antioxidant properties such as alpha-tocopherol, catechins and ascorbic acid in different ways and the evaluation of oxidation of beef burger was carried out by estimating the carbonyl proteins of meat by (DNPH) method.. The results showed the high ability of the extracts to inhibit the peroxides of the linoleic acid emulsion. The more efficient extract was the methanolic extract, the aqueous extract and the acetone extract respectively. The percentage of methanolic, aqueous and acetonic extract of DPPH free radical ranged (29.1-73.0), (22.0-65.1) and (17.4-61.4)%, respectively at concentrations (50-250) microgram/ml, while the scavenging of nitrite oxide ranged (28.9-81.9), (20.9-75.9) and (15.7-61.0)% for the ethanolic, aqueous and acetonic extract, respectively, for concentrations (100-1000) micrograms / ml, and the results also showed the activity of the samples to inhibit burger beef proteins oxidation by estimating proteins carbonyl. With different concentrations of extracts when stored in cold storage for 15 days. The bioactivity of avocado seeds provides an added value for organic waste in addition to its economic value

 Key words: Avocado seeds, Antioxidant properties, Protein Carbony.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Sawsan Mahmood^*(1), Ali Ali ⁽¹⁾, Mohamad Ayhem Darwesh ⁽²⁾, Wissam Zam ⁽³⁾

(1) Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Tartous University, Tartous, Syria.

(2) Faculty of Medical Engineering, Andalusia University, Tartous, Syria.

(3) Faculty of Pharmacy, AL- Wade University Homs, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Sawsan Mahmood. E-mail address: sawsanmahmood480@gmail.com ).

Received: 20/05/2021                                Accepted: 27/01/2022

Abstract: 

This research was carried out in the fermentation technology laboratory in department of the Food Technology of the Faculty of Technical Engineering at Tartous University, in 2021.Optimization of fermentation processes for the production of yeast is very complex, and it is necessary to use a method to optimize the fermentation system and to operate the biological fermenter under optimal conditions in order to obtain the maximum possible amount of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In this work, the Response Surface Methodology method (RSM) was used to aim optimization of the fed-batch fermentation system with the aim of achieving a higher production of yeast based on grape juice as a sole source of carbon compared with the production obtained from the batch fermentation system. The aim was to determine the optimum feeding rates for both substances glucose and nitrogen that are supplied to the fermentation medium through the fed- batch fermentation system so that the desired result is achieved, which is to obtain the maximum possible production of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results demonstrated the success of using the surface response method (RSM) to determine optimal rates of glucose and nitrogen feeding during certain periods of nutrient fermentation where maximum biomass production was obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (42.03 g /L) using glucose feed rate values of 0.0314 (L /h) and the nitrogen feed rate is 0.0274 (L /h), and the fermentation power of the yeast obtained was 480 ml.

Keywords: Response Surface Methodology, optimization, fermentation, Fed-batch fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Full paper in English: pdf

Roula Hamoui^*(1), Naim Al-Husien⁽¹⁾, Rasha Taouz⁽²⁾, Yehia Khamary⁽¹⁾,  Rand khayata⁽¹⁾, George Janji⁽³⁾ , and   Mohamad Alazem⁽⁴⁾

(1) Aleppo research center, General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Aleppo, Syria.

(2) Directorate of internal trade and consumer protection of Aleppo, internal trade and consumer protection Ministry, Aleppo, Syria.

(3) Department of food science, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Aleppo University. Syria.

(4) Department of food science, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Aleppo University. Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Roula Hamoui, E-Mail: roula31@hotmail.com).

Received: 19/09/2021         Accepted: 30/12/2021

Abstract: 

This research was carried out at the laboratories of the Plant Protection and Food Technology Departments, at Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Aleppo. Thyme essential oil was extracted with hydro and steam distillation, and the effect of the extracted oil on the growth and activity of some Pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli ,Salmonella typhi) was tested with Cup Assay Method (CAM) in different concentrations of thyme essential oil (4-6-8-10) µg/L with the use of some antibiotics as a control sample to compare the efficiency of the oil with reference antibiotics, the inhibitory essential oil effect against the tested bacteria was estimated by measuring the inhibition diameter in millimeters.  After that, Soft spreadable cheeses were made laboratory, after sterilization of cheese, the extracted oil was added at a concentration of 1% to determine the impact of the oil in Inhibiting the growth of species of bacteria, and storing the cheese as long as possible. The results showed, the yields of thyme essential oil were 5 and 1.7 % respectively, andthe aromatic thyme oil extracted by water and steam extraction methods inhibited the growth and activity of bacterium (Escherichia coli ,Salmonela typhi) with the higher ability of Gentamicin antibiotic and the same ability of antibiotic in inhibiting the growth of bacterium (Listeria monocytogene), while the inhibitory effect of this oil was less than the inhibitory effect of antibiotic against bacterial growth (Bacillus cereus) when extracted by water distillation and greater than the effect of Gentamicin inhibition of the growth of the same type of bacteria. The ability of thyme essential oil to eliminate the studied bacteria has been observed on (Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli) compared with the control sample for each type of bacteria studied, which indicates the efficiency of thyme oil in the protection of chees as well as being a flavoring material.

Keywords: Essential oil, Thyme, Bacteria, Antibiotics, Soft spreadable cheeses.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Naim. Al-Husien* ⁽¹⁾ and Reham Abo -Alkanj ⁽¹⁾

 (1).Aleppo Centre of Scientific Agricultural Researches, GCSAR, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Naim Al-Husien. E-Mail: naiem64@hotmail.com).

Abstract

Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses that threaten wheat cultivation in the world and the Arab region. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the response of some promising lines to the drought using some morphological and biochemical markers.The research was carried out in the Laboratory of Biotechnologies of the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research / Aleppo Research Center in 2019. The reaction of eight promising durum wheat genotypes to drought stress using polyethyleneglycol at 5% concentration and compared with distilled water in controlled conditions according to cultivation system on surface the agar, based on morphological markers, protein was extracted from wheat seeds and protein samples were separated on the polyacrylamide gel by SDS-PAGE system.The experiment was carried out using RCBD design with three replications under lab conditions. The data were analyzed and the means were compared using LSD at 5% using Genstat V12.0. The TASSEL software was used to perform a genetic correlation using the general linear model (GLM) between molecular markers and studied traits. The morphological and biochemical results showed that genotype 22 is the best genotype, having the largest number and highest density of the bands, followed by Sham 5, which was lower by one band than genotype 22 in the treatment 5%, Whereas the worst response to drought was morphologically, genotype 14, and this corresponded with the results of the biochemical study where there were no changes to the alleles (bands) increase or delete a band, but were only in the density of the band. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there are a number of protein markers associated with more than one trait. Drought tolerant genotypes under stress were found to increase the dimater of the root and the surface and volume of the root in an attempt to adapt to stress. Detection of the presence of proteins such as dehydrins, heat shock proteins and drought- induced proteins can be useful markers for the early selection of drought-tolerant genotypes and their introduction in breeding programs.

Key words: Wheat cultivars; Drought Stress; SDS-PAGE; chaperones, dhn; PEG6000; TASSEL

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Yamen Maksoud ^(1)*, and Tamim Alia ⁽²⁾

• Latakia Scientific Agricultural Research Center – Food Technology Division
• Tishreen University – The Higher Institute for Environmental Research.

(*Corresponding author: Yamen Maksoud, E-Mail: maksoud.yamen@gmail.com)

Abstract

ISO/IEC 17025 enables laboratories to demonstrate that they operate competently and generate valid results, thereby promoting confidence in their work both nationally and around the world. It also helps facilitate cooperation between laboratories and other bodies by generating wider acceptance of results between countries. Test reports and certificates can be accepted from one country to another without the need for further testing, which, in turn, improves international trade. In this study, the reality of Al-Henady Research Station’ Laboratory affiliated to the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR) was evaluated in light of the requirements of ISO 17025: 2017. The results of the evaluation showed that the main reasons for the mismatch were due to the lack of risk assessment, the uncertainty of the measurement uncertainty, the lack of documentation, the non-periodic calibration of the devices, and the lack of metrological traceability of the measurement results. It was also noted that the laboratory does not meet the requirements of the management system. The potential risk assessment of the laboratory was performed using the Failure Mode Effects Analysis method (FMEA). A methodology for the application of the standard has been formulated and methods have been proposed to overcome possible difficulties of implementation. In addition, a number of recommendations were made, including the need to educate customers on sampling methods to ensure the correctness of the test results and the need to establish an internal maintenance team and start applying the requirements of the standard, especially items that do not cause any additional burdens to implement.

Keywords: General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research_Al-Henady Laboratory, Laboratory Accreditation, Testing and Calibration laboratories, ISO 17025:2017.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Wasim Mohsen^(1)* and Khzama AL-kountar⁽¹⁾ , and Maysa Amer⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Biotechnology, Al Suwayda Scientific Agricultural Research Center General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr.  Wasim Mohsen, E-Mail: wasimmo6@yahoo.com)

 Abstract

This study was carried out in the Al-Suwayda research center during the period 2016-2019, seven American rootstocks of grapevine which is resistant to Phylloxera insect have been studied in vitro for their response to drought stress treatments, these rootstocks are775P VGVA 12,140Ruggeri  UBA05,  161 49 VGVA5, 157 11C UBA01 1103 Paulsen UBA01, Kober  5BB  UBA01, 779P UBA04. polyethylene glycol ( PEG₆₀₀₀ )has been used for drought stress treatments, explants between 2-3 cm with two leaves have been planted in WPM liquid medium with ( 1mg/L Kin + 0.2 mg/L IBA + 0.2 mg/L GA3(  andadded to it ( PEG₆₀₀₀ )in this concentrations 0,2,4,6, and 8%, with paper bridges, used to carry explants, the results were taken 60 days after planting for the rate of survival plants, shoot length, shoots number, leaves number, roots length, roots number and the extent of drought damage, then the resistance plants were acclimated. The results show a difference in rootstocks response to water stress based on the studied parameters. Progressive reduction in the studied parameters occurred as PEG₆₀₀₀ concentrationincreased compared with control. Kober 5BB rootstock record a high level in shoots length reaching 6.78 cm on 2% PEG₆₀₀₀, treatment,it also recorded the average number of leaves was 7.2 leaf on the same one, while it did not register any significant difference between the control 2% PEG₆₀₀₀ treatment for shoots number, but for roots length it has recorded an average 9.7 cm. while 140Ruggeri did not register any significant difference between the control and the treatments for roots number excluding the treatment containing 8% PEG₆₀₀₀ which has recorded an average 1.01 root. drought injury varied depending on the rootstock and PEG₆₀₀₀ concentration, the deadest plants were observed on 8% PEG₆₀₀₀, the results show that Kober 5BB rootstock has the lowest level of injury degree reaching 1.3, while 161 49 rootstock has the highest level of injury degree reaching 1.8. Using the in-vitro screening was an effective technique and a quick method to evaluate the variability between grape rootstocks and its resilience to water stress.        

Keywords: American grapevine rootstocks, water stress, in-vitro culture_.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

 Naim. Al-Husien* ⁽¹⁾ , Reham Abo -Alkanj ⁽¹⁾ and Ghenwa Lababidi⁽²⁾

 (1). Aleppo Center of Scientific Agricultural Researches, GCSAR, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Faculty of Technical Engineering, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria

(*Corresponding author:  Naim Al-Husien. E-Mail: perfume-1990@hotmail.com)

Abstract

Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., is one of the most spread and important rusts in warm humid areas due to its constant annual spread. It is recorded annually in the main wheat growing areas in Syria. Relying on slow rusting / horizontal resistance varieties is the best way to manage the disease. The aim of this study was to identify some Lr genes that give slow rusting in 44 durum wheat genotypes using molecular markers. Three resistance genes Lr68, Lr67, Lr46 were identified in 44 genotypes using specific SSR primers. The obtained results showed that the gene Lr46 was the most presence in the studied genotypes, found in thirteen genotypes, while the gene Lr68 was absent in all genotypes, regarding a slow rust gene Lr67, it is suggested more specific molecular marker be applied to this gene than that used. Using these genotypes carrying vertical resistance gene Lr46 as resistance horizontal sources in a wheat breeding programs.

Key words: Wheat leaf rust, Puccinia triticina, slow rusting, Lr, molecular markers

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Munir Al-Nabhan^(1)*, Firas Asaad⁽¹⁾, Ahmed Fahd Al-Rai⁽¹⁾, and Ziad Al-Issa⁽²⁾

 (1) General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Hama Center, Hama.

 (2) General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Directorate of Cotton Researches, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Munir Al-Nabhan,E-mail: mo.alnabhan@gmail.com(

Abstract     

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera; Aleyrodidae) is an important pest on cotton in the world, and many technical reports have referred to the importance of agricultural methods for degreasing their damage. This research aimed to study the impact of the environmental and agricultural factors on B. tabaci on Syrian cotton varieties. This work was carried out in a cotton field at the hama research center in 2018 season. The treatments were applied in experimental plots 4×4m in three replications. Results of yellow traps and field observations showed that B. tabaci began to appear in early July at the flowering date, and increased gradually until the end of the season. The highest density of B. tabaci nymphs was on the lower leaves, then the middle and then the upper leaves with significantly differences in all tests. The infection rates on cotton varieties; Aleppo 124, Aleppo118, Niab, Raqqa5, Aleppo 90 and Aleppo 33/1 were  decreased respectively, with significantly differences. Tests the impact of irrigation and plant density were carried out on two varieties Aleppo124 and Aleppo 33/1 .The influence of irrigation rate at 100% and 80% of field capacity caused 6.9 and 2.6 nymphs /leaves respectively with significantly differences, while there was no effect to the plant density on the whitefly density.

Keywords; cotton, Bemisia tabaci, varieties, irrigation, plant density, infection rates.   

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mouhiddine kalkha^{( 1)*}, and Ali.AL-saram ⁽²⁾

(1) Researcher in General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, GIS-RS Department, Hama, Syria.

(2)  Engineer in agriculture Ministry, Damascus, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Mouhiddine kalkha , Email: m.kalkha77@gmail.com )

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to determine the appropriate potential groundwater in Masayf ccatchmentas a decision to support the Rural Sustainable Development Strategy (Syria), using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS), which covers an area of 598.15 km², during the period 2018-2019. Database created for factors that contributed in groundwater storage processing (precipitation, slope, land use/land cover, drainage line, lineaments, geology, and lithology). Spatial analyses were done for each factor within the GIS environment and achieved reclassify and weighted for each factor according to priority potential sites groundwater. Finally, intersect for the previous factor was done to appears sites potential groundwater by using a raster calculator showed that the best sites were distributed in eastern northern part with 26%, while in the second degree with moderate in the middle part with 43% with ALsarut river flow and third degree with weakness sites in middle part with 32%, finally weakness sites in southern eastern part with 46%.  to support rain- fed land and supply livestock with water resource in drought years to maintain Agro-Ecological Systems in Orontes basin

Keywords: Rain Water Harvesting, Orontes Basin, Rural Sustainable Development, Spatial analysis.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohammad Ibraheem^(1)*  and, Ali Zidan ⁽²⁾

• Center of scientific agricultural research, Tatous, Syria.
• (2) Faculty of Agriculture, TU, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Mohammad Ibraheem E-Mail:, Email: mohamadali.87@hotmail.com.(

Abstract:

This work was carried out at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Tartous, in cooperation with Tishreen University, with the aim of studying the possibility of manufacturing a simple device for locally producing biochar that could be accessible to every farmer, and testing its efficiency in charring different sources of biomass and studying the economic feasibility of the process of converting agricultural residuals into biochar. The experiment included manufacturing a model of the charring device locally and testing the efficiency of charring of four renewable sources of agricultural residuals, which are the peanut shells, the residuals of the olive mill, the residuals of pruning citrus trees and the residuals of barley molasses of the beer industry. Then, the economic feasibility of this experiment was studied by calculating the profitability factor resulting from converting (1 ton) of biomass into biochar or into compost or used as an energy source, and comparing it with the value of the outputs from biochar or compost or energy expressed in the amount of gas or oil equivalent to extract the same amount of thermal energy from this amount of biomass.

The results showed that the residuals of the olive mill gave the highest conversion efficiency into biochar, followed by the residuals of pruning citrus trees, then peanut shells and the residuals of barley molasses, and also showed that the economic feasibility of the option of converting biomass to biochar with this device achieved the highest profitability factor of about (675 %) with high superiority on the other studied options.

Key wards; Biochar, charring, biomass, agricultural residuals, economic feasibility

Full paper in Arabic: pdf