Razan Knag ⁽¹⁾*, Badeeh Samra⁽²⁾ and Mohammad Ahmed⁽³⁾  

(1). Department of Agricultural Mechanization, Technical Faculty, Tartous University, Tartous, Syria.

(2). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen university, Lattakia, Syria.

(3). Department of plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen university, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Razan knag. E-mail: Razanknag@gmail.com)

              Accepted: 13/04/2022           Received: 05/03/2022

Abstract: 

This experiment was carried out in Miaar Shaker village (Tartous) in agriculture season (2020-2021) with the aim of studying the effect of spraying with salicylic and ascorbic acids on growth, productivity and quality specifications of the fruits of tomato plants in greenhouse. The design of the randomized complete sectors was followed, and the experiment included 9 treatments and 4 replications. The results showed a significant increase in growth and productivity indicators when spraying with salicylic and ascorbic acids compared to untreated control. The use of a mixture of salicylic and ascorbic acids at a concentration of 400ppm each led to a significant increase in productivity which is (5.90 kg/plant) compared to (2.94 kg/plant) for control plants. The content of vitamin c of the fruits increased when treated with a mixture of the two acids reaching (34.29mg/100 g fresh matter) while it did not exceed (18.30 mg/100g fresh matter) in the fruits of the control, in addition to improving the quality specifications of the fruits, including indicators (dry matter, total sugar ratio and solidity fruits…). The use of the spraying treatment of salicylic and ascorbic acids lead to a decrease in the percentage of nitrate in the fruits(53.74ppm)  compared to the  control (109.94ppm).

Keywords: Tomato, Salicylic acid, Ascorbic acid, Greenhouse.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Noura Jamal ^(1)* , Ramez Mohammad⁽¹⁾ and Mahmoud Alio^(2).

(1). department  of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). department of Agricultural Economy, Faculty of Agricultural, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Noura Jamal. E-Mail noura.jamal@tishreen.edu.sy)

Received:22/03/2022            Accepted:12/05/2022

Abstract: 

The response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal proportions of different diameters of Golan 2 wheat bran to produce Arabic bread, to verify the impact of two independent variables: the ratio of addition and the size of bran diameters on the response factor, namely the rheological characteristics by Mixolab apparatus and the sensory characteristics of Arabic bread. This study was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Food Sciences at the Faculty of Agriculture university of Tishreen university and in one of the private ovens between 2020-2021 The experimental values were selected based on the results of the initial experiments where bran diameters greater than 1000 microns were excluded as a result of their negative impact on various rheological and sensory properties, less than 1,000 microns of bran were used at ratios (5-20)%. It was found that the optimal conditions for the maximum use of bran while maintaining sensory characteristics are 250 micron diameters by 14.1%, where the tests of Mixolab showed that the reduction of bran diameters reduced the time needed for the development of dough and gave longer time in the stability of the dough, and the results of baking showed the increase in the rise of the loaf with the decrease in the size of bran diameters, this indicates improved quality properties for the resulting bread.

Keywords: Response surface methodology, bran, rheological, Arabic bread, Golan2 wheat, different diameters.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohammed Dosh Aldaemes^(1)*

(1). Researcher in the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Head of Food Technology Division, Hama Center, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammed Aldaemes Email: dr.aldaemes@yahoo.com)

Received :25/02/2022                    Accepted: 4/04/2022

Abstract: 

The aim of the research to studying and evaluating the impact of saponins in quinoa seeds using treatment wet and dry methods, and the impact of these factors on the taste properties of the quinoa seeds. Work on the quinoa class /NSL-106398/ was planted at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Hama during the 2020 season, was tested /8/ different coefficients in the dry and wet methods using normal water, /4/ different coefficients in the dry and wet methods using alkaline water (0.1n NaoH) different at the time of soaking, boiling and roasting to determine the best treatment (with the lowest saponins, best taste). The results showed the treatment (8) which were (seeds washed with water and soaked for 24 hours + shaking with shawl water and dragging of foam for 30 minutes + boiling of seeds for 30 minutes + roasting of hot air + roasting to light brown.) was the best to dispose of bitter bait and to obtain high tasty Specifications, with an average of / 4.93/ with a very good final score on the Lykart scale, followed by treatment (7) (seeds washed with water and soaked for 24 hours + shaking with shawl water and dragging of foam for 30 minutes + boiling of seeds for 15 minutes+  roasting to light brown) with an average of my account /4.60/, and treatment (11) (seeds washed with normal water and soaked for 3 hours + alkaline water treatment 0.1 n + boil seeds for 15 + hot air drying + roasting until light brown.) with an average of my account /4.60/ and with a very good as result on the Likert scale, the research indicates that these parameters are used to get rid of the bitter taste in the quinoa seeds and insert them into local meals whether whole grains or flour added as supporting material.

Keywords: quinoa, saponins, wet method of washing and soaking in water, sensory properties.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ghufran Ali Hassan^*(1) and Somaya Khalaf Badawi^*(1)

(1). Researcher in the Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Ghufran Al Nuaimi, email: drem15712 @yahoo.com)

Received :16/06/2021                    Accepted: 16/02/2022

Abstract: 

The current study aimed to evaluate the use of flax gum and Arabic gum obtained from the local markets of the province of Mosul and to study the physical properties and the possibility of using them in the food industries, including ice cream. The results of the sensory evaluation of the produced ice cream showed the possibility of using Plant gums in the manufacture of milk ice cream, as the flax gum showed a desirable flavor to the consumer as it was similar to the flavor of walnut, while Arabic gum did not appear in it for its crumbly ice texture. The percentage of yield for gum flax is 81%, which is a very good percentage compared to Arabic gum, as it was 45%, which is a very low percentage, and it was found that it is somewhat unsuitable for its use in milky ice cream. The deflation rate in flax gum was 3.7%, and in Arabic gum, it was 0.33 because there is a direct relationship between rent and deflation. The rate of beating after the 15th minute was 80% in flax gum, and it decreased significantly in Arabic gum, reaching 45%. The percentage of Fusibility in flax gum after 30 minutes was 33.3%, while the percentage increased in Arabic gum by 71%, where the Fusibility is affected by several factors, including the amount of air combined during mixing and ice crystals.

Keywords: flax Gum, Arabic gum, yield, the phenomenon of deflation, ability to whisk, Fusibility property.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Samaher sakkour^(1)*, Ramez Mohammad⁽¹⁾, Sheiam Sulaeman⁽¹⁾ and Nesrin Naksho⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tichreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). NCBT, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Samaher sakkour . samahersakkour@outlook.sa).

Received 7/02/2022                 Accepted: 5/04/2022

Abstract: 

It was shown that all isolated fungi had capacity to produce xylanase. Xylanase from Trichoderma harzianum, The maximum xylanase activity was found at 30 ^°C temperature,7 pH, 5% w/v  concentration pods, 192 hour incubation time. Xylanase from T.viride , The maximum xylanase activity was found at 25 ^°C temperature,6.5 pH, 4% w/v  concentration pods, 120 hour incubation time. Xylanase from T.longibrachiatum, The maximum xylanase activity was found at 35 ^°C temperature,7 pH, 4% w/v  concentration pods, 168 hour incubation time. Xylanase from T.asperellum, The maximum xylanase activity was found at 40 ^°C temperature,6 pH, 4% w/v  concentration pods, 168 hour incubation time. 

Keywords: xylanase, Trichoderma spp, temperature, pH, concentration pods, incubation time.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Enas AlMghawesh ^{(1) *}, Sameer Slik ⁽²⁾, and Faten Hamed ⁽¹⁾

(1). Food Tech Dept, General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research, Damas, Syria

(2). Food science department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus university, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr.Enas Almghawesh, E-mail: brighteyes.sy@gmail.com)

Received: 2/04/2022         Accepted: 27/04/2022

Abstract: 

This study was conducted to produce a therapeutic functional yoghurt by using soy milk, cow milk, and different mixed ratio from each other by using lactic acid bacteria , with vital motivations consisting of Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 . Microbial and sensory attributions of the manufactured yoghurt were conducted, and the vital force for the product during the first, seventh, and fifteenth days of the storage period at 4±1^°c were studied. The results of microbial analysis showed that the vital force of the starter culture, and probiotic bacteria lasted for 15^th days in all of the manufactured samples with enumeration above 10⁶ colony / g. As compared to the control (cow yoghurt) sample produced from (25%soy+75%cow) was in the second grade for taste scale, and for bacterial counts as a probiotic product with a logarithm value of (6.967) colony / g .While the control soy yoghurt, and soy yoghurt with lactose got the highest assessment for texture scale.

Key words: Dairy alternative, probiotic, soymilk, functional yoghurt.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rawa Youssef ^{(1) (2) *} , Nabil Hasan Abo Kaf ⁽¹⁾ ,Rafeek Aboud⁽²⁾

(1). Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Scientific Agricultural Research Centre, Lattakia, Syria, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Rawa Youssef, E-mail: rawa.m.youssef@tishreen.edu.sy).

Received: 3/01/2022       Accepted: 31/03/2022

Abstract: 

Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a dangerous and difficult pest to manage because of the larval feeding habits, it is attacking all aerial parts of the host (leaves, stems and fruits) cultivated and wild plants with a high preference towards the species of Solanaceae plants especially tomato and other Solanaceous crops in greenhouses and fields. The aim of the study was Survey and Identification of new species of Hymenopteran Parasitoids from Larvae of Tomato Leafminer T .absoluta (Meyrick).The samples of infested tomato plants by Tomato leaf miner T. absoluta were collected from a greenhouse and fields during (March/2019 to August/2021) from Lattakia and Tartus provinces. The species were identified by using specific keys to subfamilies, genera and species, they belong to four different superfamilies: Ceraphronoidea, Chalcidoidea, Chrysidoidea, Platygastroide. And three species and two genera: Aphanogmus clavicornis Thomson, 1858 (Ceraphronoidea: Ceraphronidae) Larval actoparasitoid, Goniozus nephatidis (Muesebeck) (Chrysidoidea:Bethylidae) larval gregarious Ectoparasitoid, Pteromalus sp. Swederus, 1795 (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) larval Ectoparasitoid, Diglyphus isaea (Walker 1838) (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) larval gregarious Ectoparasitoid, and genus  Telenomus sp. (Platygastroide: Platygastridae) egg parasitoid. The most widely spread of these species was Diglyphus isaea (95 adults)(75.39%) then genus Pteromalus sp. (9 adults) (7.1%),and Goniozus nephatidis  (6 adults) (4.7%), followed by Telenomus sp. (4 adults) (3,2%), and  Aphanogmus clavicornis )2 adults) (1,6%) These identified species in this paper is the first record of parasitoids on Tomato leafminer larvae T .absoluta (Meyrick)  in Syria

Keywords: Tomato Leafminer, parasitoid, Hymenoptera, Tomato. Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mohamed Haji^{* (1)}  , Dahs Aiz Al- Din ⁽¹⁾ , Zakaria Al –Naser⁽¹⁾

(1). Dept.  of Plant Protraction, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Mohamed Haji E-mail: mohamad.a.haji92@gmail.com).

Received:18/10/2021              Accepted: 19/03/2022

Abstract: 

The study was carried out in the laboratory of pesticides in Plant Protection Dept. Faculty of agriculture / Damascus Univ. during 2019-2020 . The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ethanol plant extracts from leaves of Inula viscos L , Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Melia azedarach  and Tagete spatula L.  and pesticides, Thiamethoxam (Neonicotinoids), Chlorpyrifos-ethyl (Organophosphates), on Brevicoryne brassicae Linnaeus, 1758. (Hemipter: Aphididae), Azadirachtin (Nime oil) and Cypermethrin (Pyrethroids) in laboratory’s conditions. Results proved that ethanol extract of I. viscos and  E. camaldulensis, leaves significantly exceed on the all other extracts treatments on the insect of Brevicoryne brassicae. Also, Thiamethoxam insecticides was significantly exceed on the all other pesticides treatments. Efficacy of the tested ethanol plant extracts and insecticides increased by the concentrations extracts and increasing.  Results showed that the LC50 values obtained for 48 h were, 591.17 , 658.41, 816.32 and 2366.87 ppm for I. viscos, E. camaldulensis, M. azedarach and T. spatula respectively. Where, he LC50=151.54, 180.36, 220.50 and 265.32 ppm values for Thiamethoxam , chlorpyriphos ethyl, Cypermethrin and Azadirachtin respectively.

Keywords: Brevicoryne brassicae, Plant extracts, Pestcides.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Emad Altinawi^(1)*, Fahed Albiski⁽²⁾ and Jaoudat Faddoul⁽³⁾

(1). Department of Biotechnology, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria.

(2). National Commission for Biotechnology (NCBT), Damascus, Syria.

(3). Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University.

(*Corresponding author: Emad Altinawi E-mail: emademalti66@gmail.com, ).

Received:18/05/2021              Accepted: 14/03/2022

Abstract: 

The research was carried out in the laboratories of Plant Protection Research Directorate and the Biotechnology Department of the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research during the period from April 2018 to the end of December 2019. The diseased potato plant samples (Solanum tuberosum L.) (cv. Spunta) infected by the Vascular wilt and Dry rot on the tubers were collected from many research centers AL Ghab, Tartous, and Homs, and stations Jmmaza, Jussie, Ghota and Srugaia (AL-Zabadani) of the General Commission of the Agricultural Scientific Research in Syria over two seasons 2018 and 2019. F. oxysporium  had  been defined from  the fungal community, eight isolates of F. oxysporium. f. sp. tuberosi  (FOT) monospores according to Van Dieghem by using the Hanging Drop method. Isolates were identified morphologicaly and microscopically. The pathogenicity tests of the isolates were carried out stem and roots of potato plantlets (cv. Spunta). The data was recorded on four replicate (plantlets) from each treatment in addition to the control after 60 day from infection by standard for the stems and roots between (0-5). The results revealed that isolate FOT23 was the most virulent compared with other isolates, While the isolate FOT28 was the least virulent.

Key Words: Solanum tuberosum, F. oxysporum. f. sp. tuberosi, (cv. Spunta), Pathogenicity tests, Virulence, Fusarium vascular wilt.  

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Muslim Ashor Al-Etby * ⁽¹⁾ and Ayad A. AbdelKader ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Muslim Ashor Al-Etby E-mail: muslim.abdel_wahed@uobasrah.edu.iq)

Received:25/06/2022               Accepted: 23/10/2022

Abstract: 

This study included 13 regions: Basra, Babel and Wasit Province from Iraq. A total of 505 honeybee workers was used for this study. The geometric morphometry wing technique was used for identification Iraqi honeybee strains by applying computer program, the results of current study showed that the bee population distributed in two evolutionary lineages, the first one is   evolutionary lineage C of the northern Mediterranean and southeastern Europe, and the evolutionary linage M of the western Mediterranean and northwestern Europe. Whereas the subspecies were diagnosed to the Apis mellifera intermissa that was included in the population group of the Grendland, Al-Baradiyah, Al-Harith, Hamdan, and Yusufan region, While the Apis mellifera mellifera was identified for each of the populations of Al- Gunaina, Shatt Al-Arab, Karmat Ali and Qurna region, Whereas the Apis mellifera carnica was identified for the population group of Al- Kharbtlia, Al-Tanuma, Babel and Wasit Province, This study is considered the first time of its type in Iraq.

Keywords: Diagnose, geometric wing, morphology, Iraq, honeybee races identification, Identifly.

Full paper in English: pdf