Ghufran Hujaira^{* (1)}, Omiema Nasser ⁽¹⁾, and Nabila Kreidi ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Environmental Protection, Higher Institute for Environmental Research, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:Ghufran Hujaira, E-mail: dr.mbenmahmoud@yahoo.com).

Received:14/02/2022                       Accepted:26/05/2022

Abstract: 

In order to obtain pure isolates of atmospheric nitrogen-fixing Azospirillum bacteria from local soil, and testing their efficiency in the fixation process for use as a bio-fertilizer, ten bacterial strains were isolated from soil belonging to several sites in Hamima area in Aleppo governorate. Experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Center in Aleppo on the date of 2020, the effectiveness of these isolates was tested in fixing atmospheric nitrogen by inoculating them on nitrogen-free liquid environments, with a witness that was not inoculated with bacteria. The results showed the superiority of three isolates with atmospheric nitrogen fixation, where the percentage of atmospheric nitrogen fixation for the sixth, fourth and third three isolates, respectively, reached (12.4) (8.7) (6.2) mg N/g, while the characterization results showed that the sixth bacteria is Azospirillum brasilense, and the fourth is Azospirillum lipoferum, the third is Azospirillum amazonense.

Key words: nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Azospirillum, intimate soil, nitrogen.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ahmed M. Eed ^{* (1)}, and Abdullah H .A. Al-hajj ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Ibb University, Ibb Governorate, Republic of Yemen.

(*Corresponding author: Ahmed M. Eed, E-mail: ahmedeed72@gmail.com)

Received:24/09/2022                       Accepted:16/11/2022

Abstract: 

The research was conducted at Organic Yemen Corporation (OY) greenhouses, Sana’a, Yemen within 2020 with goal of propagation of Athel trees by using three types of stem cuttings i.e. basal (bottom), middle and terminal to determine the best rooting medium and cutting type for getting the greatest rooting percentage and the best rooty and vegetative growth of rooted cuttings. The research was carried out in two independent experiments (E1; direct planting of cuttings in sand and clay medium in polyethene bags & E2; planting of cuttings under plastic tunnel in perlite medium). The research was laid out with completely randomized design (CRD) to study some root and vegetative parameters after 60 days. The results in both experiments showed significant superiority of basal cutting (86.66%-80%) against terminal cutting in rooting percentage. No significant differences were observed in the first experiment (E1) regarding number of rooted and grown eyes, but they were differed significantly in the second experiment (E2).   The research proved easily probability of propagation of athel cuttings vegetatively without using rooting hormones via direct planting of cuttings in the polyethene bags with high success ratio.

Keywords: Athel, Rooting, Stem cutting, Plastic tunnel, Polyethene bags.

 Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Randa Almehrez * ⁽¹⁾ and Ali Zedan ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Tishreen, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Randa Almehrez . E-Mail:  randaalmehrez1@gmail.com )

Received: 2/12/2021           Accepted:7/06/2022

Abstract: 

The experiment was carried out in the plant nursery of the Faculty of Agriculture at Tishreen University in 2018-2019 with the aim of studying the effect of foliar fertilization with extracts of three types of local prepared manure plus commercial foliar fertilizer, in securing sufficient level of iron in the tissues of tomato seedlings and comparing its effectiveness in compensating for its deficiency. The study was carried out using the cultivation technique in hydroponic sand cultures using plastic bags (5kg capacity) . The plants’ needs of nutrients were secured through watering with hoagland nutrient solution without iron (-Fe), and four treatments were applied to it, namely (Treatment A: bovine manure extract), (Treatment B: commercial turb extract), (treatment C: poultry extract), (treatment D: commercial foliar fertilizer named Amalgerol), with three replicates for each one. Three weeks after transplanting the seedlings and the beginning of appearing the symptoms of iron deficiency on the leaves of the plants, foliar fertilization with the extracts (spray solutions) started once every two weeks, for three times before harvest, according to the treatments. Colorful pictures were taken periodically to compare the results morphologically to be supported with the necessary chemical analyses. It was found that the plant had taken up its need of the iron element through foliar fertilization, and all the foliar spray treatments, according to their different sources, were able to raise up the level of iron to the limits of sufficiency in the foliar tissues. The values ​​of L.S.D(_0.05) for the differences between the average results of all treatments indicated that, the effects of these treatment sources in increasing the plant tissue content of iron were significant, whether in the leaves or the growing tops, and they were sufficient to cure iron deficiency on the leaves, noting the superiority of the effect of the treatment (C) of the poultry extract on the rest of other treatments and the commercial foliar fertilizer.

Key words:    iron, foliar fertilization, bovine manure extract, turb extract, poultry extract.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Daowd Al-Sayed ^(1)*

(1). General Commission for Scientific agriculture Research, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Daowd Alsayed. E-mail: daowd.alsed@gmail.com).

Received:  8/04/2022                   Accepted: 23/06/2022

Abstract: 

The addition of olive mill wastewater in large quantities causes damage to soil due to its high content of phenolic compounds, this research aims to reduce the amount of these compounds by biological treatment and test them on the Triticale plant. The olive wastewater was treated by adding biological additions before adding it to soil. A study was carried out for planting pots in the season 2020, and it was designed in a Randomized simple Complete Block by 7 treatments: control (T) (without adding wastewater), raw wastewater (OW), wastewater treated biologically by Penicillium sp (OWFP) and Aspergillus flavos (OWFA), wastewater treated by Bactria Pseudomonas sp (OWBP) and Bacillus sp (OWBB), wastewater treated by the both genus of fungi and bacteria (OW2F2B), in three replicates. The results showed that there were significant differences between all the biologically treated treatments compared to the control (T) in terms of the studied indicators. Apparently, all the biologically treated treatments were superior to the total nitrogen content in the soil, where the treatment (OWBB) reached (0.11)% over the control treatment (T), which amounted to (0.0867) without any differences between the treated treatments. (MWBP) treatment was significantly superior with (53.27 mg/kg) and the (OWFP) (OW2F2B) (OWFA) were reach (42.80), (43.84) and (47.17). For available potassium, the treatment (OWBP) was significantly superior to all treatments, reaching (730.3) mg/kg.

Key words: Olive-mill waste water, biological treatment, fungi, bacteria, mineral content N, P, K, microorganisms in soil.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Haider Hasan⁽¹⁾, Ghiath Alloush^(2)*, and Waseem Adlah⁽¹⁾

(1). Al-Gab Agriculture Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural, Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria

(2). Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Tishreen, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Haider Hasan. E-mail: haider7220387@gmail.com).

Received:  21/04/2022                   Accepted: 19/06/2022

Abstract: 

A filed experiment was conducted in Jeb Ramlah- Center for Agricultural Research in Al-Ghab during summer season 2019 according to complete randomized design (RCBD).  The aim was to evaluate the effect of increasing application rates of nitrogen fertilizer (N: 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N/h^-1), and boron application (B0=0, B1= B added to the soil (2 kg/h^-1), B2= foliar boron (1%)), on productivity components of maize crop (Zea mays L.) cv. Salameha 1. The weight of ears on plant, number of raw on ear, number of grain in a raw, weight of 100 grain, grain productivity (kg/h^-1), biological hay (kg/h^-1), and percent of protein in grain. The results show significant response of all productivity traits with increasing rates of N fertilization. Ear weights/plant, number of raw on ear, number of grain in a raw, and weight of 100 grain were in the control treatment N0B0 681g, 11.6 raw, 25.9 grain/raw, and 29.4 g/100 grain; and increased to 988, 12.4, 33.7, and 36.6 in treatment N240B0. Boron addition in either ways didn’t show a clear significant effect except for ear weight. Ear weight was in N240B0 988 g and increased significantly to 1229 g when N was applied to the soil (treatment N240B1), and to 1179 g when boron was foliar application. The highest ear weight obtained was 1378 g when N applied at a rate of 180 kg/h-1 and foliar boron application (treatment N180B2). Grain yield increased significantly with N fertilization from 6729, 7572, 7887 kg/h^-1 in the control treatments to 11894, 11156, and 12844 kg/h^-1 with 180 kg N/h^-1, respectively. Yield was not increased with increasing N rate of application to 240 kgN/h^-1. The response of biological yield was similar to grain yield. Biological yield was 48.5, 49.2, and 49.2 ton/h-1 in the control treatments (N0B0, N0B1, and N0B2) and increased in response to nitrogen application (180 kg N/h^-1) to 65.4, 67.6, and 91.2 ton/h^-1. The effect of boron application was most evident on protein content of grain which was 12.94 % in B240B0 and reaches 16.81 % for the same nitrogen application rate and boron was foliar application.

Key words: Maize, Nitrogen fertilization, Productivity Traits, Grain Yield, Biological Yield

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Fedaa Wanos*⁽¹⁾, Zuheir Shater⁽¹⁾ And Ali Thabeet⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Forestry and Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Forestry and Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author. Fedaa wanos. E-mail: fedaawanos@gmail.com)

Received:  28/10/2021                   Accepted: 26/06/2022

Abstract: 

This research aimed to evaluate the relationships between climate factors and rings- width of Cupressus sempervirens var horizontalis. For that, One sample was selected throughout the natural distribution of Cupressus sempervirens in (Abo- klyfon village) in the eastern slope of Coastal Mountains in AL-ghab region in November 2019. Cores per 7 trees were sampled. Dendroclimatology techniques were applied on them. Ring – widths refer to the rings of  tree or annual rings, Ring – width results from new growth of active cambium, clear ring results from changing of growth in seasons, then one ring refer to one year of tree’s life. The results of this research showed length of the time–series of Cupressus sempervirens̛’s ring – width among trees ranging from 96 to 265 years. Average annual growth of the first period was 2.66mm, followed by 56 years of rapid growth, After that 43 years of stable growth. followed by 77years of slow growth. Then a greater slowdown has seen in the average of annual growth being 0.99mm and a large variation in Ring – widths, Sample’s Trees formed many missing and narrow rings, In addition, There are (9) positive and (5) negative Pointer years.

Keywords: Cupressus sempervirens, Dendroclimatology, Ring – Width , AL-Ghab, Eastern slope of the Syrian Coastal Mountain Chain.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Hussam Hdaiwah^*(1), Mazen Nassour⁽¹⁾ and Issa Kbybo⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(2). Department of soil and water sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

 (*Hussam Hdaiwah , E-mail: Hussam. hdaiwah76@gmail.com)

Received: 8 /04/2022                                    Accepted: 15 /06/2022

Abstract: 

TThe research was carried out in Lattakia, in cooperation by Horticulture, soil and water sciences Departments, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University during two seasons (2018-2019) and (2019-2020). The aim of this research was to determine the role of bio and organic fertilization and phosphogypsum on some microbial groups (Bacteria,Fungi,Actinomycete) of planted soil with Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum grandiflorum). in order to getrid of phosphogypsum by safe way on environment,and as a result save the cost of  fertilization,in addition to phosphogypsum is an important source of calcium ,sulphur,and phosphorous. Bio fertilizer by EM1(2ml\m²) was applied tow times, one week after planting and one month after the first one. organic fertilization and phosphogypsum was used for 2kg/m² applied before planting. The results showed that the use of bio and organic fertilization and phosphogypsum caused an increase in EC and a decrease in pH in the studied soil , and an increase of fungi and actinomycete after addition of  the phosphogypsum with organic or bio-fertilization or together ,compared with its number in the soil before planting and compared with a control. Bacteria^,s number decreased with decrease in pH of the studied soil ,while the number increased in T1and T2 so the pH was (6.95,7.38) consecutively. Adecrease of the total number  of microbial groups in end of the flowering compared with beginning was noticed for all treatments.

Keywords: chrysanthemum, biofertilizer EM1 , phosphogypsum ,organic fertilization

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Bashar Tobo^(1)*

(1). Latakia Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Bashar Tobo. E-Mail:  bashar.tobo33@gmail.com)

        Received:24/06/2022              Accepted:20/01/2022

Abstract: 

The research was carried out in 2019 at the Management and Organization Center, which is located in the village of Mardash of the city of Suqaylabiyah on the eastern side of the Lattakia mountain range. Ten trees were felled at the site and the products of pruning the cut trees (branches, twigs and leaves) were used in the carbonization operations, And after sorting the resulting wood into two parts, the first is synthetic wood whose diameters ranged from 15 cm and above, This was excluded from the carbonization operations, and the second section: is the branches and small branches that ranged from 2 to 15 cm in diameter approximately, It is used in carbonization operations, The carbonization process was carried out in the traditional way according to several steps. Two different experiments in the field of carbonizing beaked eucalyptus wood were carried out on site by the same workers. The results of the calcification of Eucalyptus charcoal showed that for 1 ton of Eucalyptus charcoal we generally need about 6 tons of Carbonization wood. Results of the apparent properties of calcareous Eucalyptus charcoal showed that it is light weight and takes about 0.6 minutes to ignite, and about 9 minutes to fully glow if it is slow to ignite and gives smoke with an odor during ignition. It takes 19.3 minutes to extinguish and dissipate after grow, rays and annual growth rings do not appear clearly. Results of  the physical properties of  Eucalyptus charcoal showed that the specific temperature value was 0.851 cal \ g., The heat value of combustion is 282.5 cal \ g.

Keywords: Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., Timber, Carbonization, Al-Ghab, Hama, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf 

Muhammad Nael Khattab ⁽¹⁾, Nizar Harba⁽²⁾ and Elena Saleh^(3)*

(1). Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen, University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng Elena Saleh . E-Mail:  anterfatemah@gmail.com )

        Received:26/05/2022               Accepted:2/12/2021

Abstract: 

 Drought is one of the main environmental factors determining the yield of maize crop in the Mediterranean region, which calls for determining the performance, evaluation and estimation of the drought tolerance of maize genotypes, which has become the most important goal for plant breeders. The study aimed to evaluate the most important selection indicators for drought tolerance: Drought Resistance Coefficient (DTI), Golden Mean (GM), Harmonic Average Production (HM), Mean Productivity (MP), Modified Drought Tolerance Coefficient 1 (MSTIK1), Relative Drought Coefficient (RDI), Drought sensitivity index (SDI), sensitivity to drought index (SSI), stress sensitivity index (SSPI), stress tolerance index (STI), drought tolerance index (TOL), yield coefficient (YI), yield stability index (YSI), to distinguish Drought-tolerant maize genotypes with high production capacity, and the determination of the drought tolerance index most closely related to tolerance. The study included 5 genotypes of yellow maize, the study was carried out under field conditions in Dahr Barakat area of ​​Jableh countryside in Lattakia governorate during the 2021 agricultural season. Water stress was applied at each stage of growth, and the performance of the genotypes was compared with the irrigated control, the design of the complete random sectors was used with a split plot system for once and with three replications, where the genotypes (G) were occupied by the secondary plots, while the main plots were occupied by irrigation treatments. The best evidence for selection indicators of drought tolerance that was positively and significantly correlated with seed yield under stress (Ys) and non-stress (Yp) conditions are (DTI), (GM), (HM), (MP), (MSTIK1), (RDI). (STI), (GMP). Therefore, we recommend that plant breeders rely on these indicators, which clearly showed their ability to distinguish between genotypes, and use the genotypes (Ghouta 1, Nour, and C188) as parents in breeding programs and genetic improvement for drought tolerance in maize plants.

Key words: Yellow Maize, Drought Indicators, Water Stress, Seed Yield.

Full paper in Arabic:  pdf

Alaa Aboud^(1)*  Faisal Hamed⁽²⁾   and   Fahed Al-biski⁽³⁾

(1). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus (GCSAR), Syria.

(2). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(3). Department of Biotechnology, (GCB), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Alaa Aboud. E-Mail:  Discovery_ao@hotmail.com )

Received:6/06/2022            Accepted:28/04/2022

Abstract: 

The research was carried out for the benefit of the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research during (2019-2021) on 27 phenotypes of cultivated (black) berries, in addition to 3 wild cultivars in order to evaluate them morphologically and genetically. Where the formal study was carried out in the sites of Kom and Khan Arnabah (Quneitra governorate), Darbel (Damascus countryside governorate) and Hawt (Suwayda governorate) by adopting 28 formal indicators. The molecular study was carried out in the laboratories of the General Authority for Biotechnology/Department of Plant Biotechnology/, using 16 ISSR technology primers.   Results showed a difference between the local (cultivated) mulberry cultivars about morphological and agricultural characteristics, where the average percent disagreement values (PDV) for the studied site were 0.30, and the morphological cluster analysis indicated the separation of berry cultivars in a group independent of the three wild cultivars, and the 1kh phenotypes has a single cluster. The molecular study showed genetic differences between the studied phenotypes, where the average percent disagreement values (PDV) were 0.72, all the primers used gave a polymorphism of 100%, and the molecular cluster analysis clearly indicated that the genotypes of each site were unique to an independent group (Al-Koum, Khan Arnabeh, Darbul). Mantel test showed a weak and insignificant correlation between morphological and molecular data (r = 0.27). The results also showed the efficiency of the ISSR technique in determining the degree of genetic variation and distinguishing between the studied phenotypes, thus this technique is an efficient tool in genetic diversity studies.

Keywords: berries, Shami cultivar, ISSRs, Morus nigra L., Genetic diversity, Polymorphism.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf