Afraa Haider* ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Plant Protraction, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Afra’ Mutee’ Haider, E-Mail: afraaafraa485@gmail.com ).

Received:28 / 03/ 2022       Accepted: 1 / 09/ 2022

Abstract: 

Acacia trees are considered one of the important forest trees on the Syrian coast due to the role they play in stabilizing sandy soils and using them for afforestation of poor Marne limestone soils, in addition to their importance as ornamental plants, and their important environmental role is not absent, especially as they are evergreen. In recent years, symptoms of infection were observed in the form of spots on acacia (Acacia cyanophylla Lendley) leaves in the vicinity of Tishreen University in Lattakia. This research was carried out in both laboratory and field from March 2021 until February 2022 with the aim of determining the causative factor for these spots in preparation for studies that have an interest in studying acacia diseases and other forest trees. After laboratory examination and artificial infection to investigate the causative agent of these symptoms, it has been found that the infection caused by Alternaria spp. to be the first report of this fungus on acacia in the Syrian coast.  

Key words:  Acacia cyanophylla , Alternaria spp., The Syrian Coast, leaf spots.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Zakaria Al- naser^(1)* and  Mohamad Kanouh ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Plant Protraction, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding: Dr.  Zakaria Al- naser: E-Mail:  zinzanasera@ gmail.com).

Received:27/02/2022                       Accepted: 31/08/2022

Abstract: 

The investigation was carried out during 2021 at the laboratories of Plant Protection Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University and Abu Jarash fileds. Three pesticides (Chlorpyrifos, Dimethoate (Organ-ophosphorous) and Acetamiprid (Neonicotinoid)). The ethanol  extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn, Inula viscosa L. and Mill. Lavandula angustifolia leaves, and mixture of pesticides and extracts, were evaluated against the Immature of fig gall psyllid (   Pauropsyll abuxtoni (Triozidae)) insect on ficus carica L. tree in filed. The results showed that Acetamiprid  + L. angustifolia and Dimethoate+ L. angustifolia showed significantly superiority effects on Immature.  of P. abuxtoni, in comparison with other treatments in filed tests. However, Acetamiprid followed by Dimethoate alone  and L. angustifolia showed the highest effect percentage compared with the other treatments in filed testes. Whereas, the corrected mortality percentage was, 92.65,89.19,73.12 and 69.25%, at 7^th day of second treatment in filed, respectively. While, Chlorpyrifos gave the modality percentage of efficacy on the Immature.  of P. abuxtoni in the field, were the percentage 35.69% at 7days after the second spray. In the contrast, ethanol extract of E. camaldulensis gave the lowest percentage (24.19%) of efficacy on the Immature.  of P. abuxtoni in the field,in the field tests compared with other insecticides. Also, the results showed that, the efficacy percentage increases gradually as the exposure period increases. Therefore, the ethanol extract of L. angustifolia and  Inula viscose  and mixture thyme with insecticides  can be used in integrated management of P. abuxtoni as an environmental friendly insecticide.

Key words: ficus carica , insecticides, P. abuxtoni, plant extracts.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf 

Hassan Al-Shbatt⁽¹⁾, Fadi Abbas^(2)*, Boushra Khouzam⁽³⁾ and Salwa Saadia⁽²⁾

(1). Homs Agricultural Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Homs, Syria.

(2). Field crops department, Homs Agricultural Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Homs, Syria.

(3). Natural resources department, Homs Agricultural Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Homs, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Fadi Abbas  . E-Mail fadiab77@gmail.com.).

Received: 11/03/2022         Accepted: 28/07/2022

Abstract: 

This study was carried out in the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR) at Homs Agricultural Research Center, during 2020/2021season, in order to evaluate the effects of vermi tea foliar application on some local Chenopodiaceae vegetables (beetroot, spinach, and  chard) compared with NPK fertilization and control. Vermi compost tea 1:10 w/v was sprayed two times, the first at 4 true leaves stage and the second after 15 days. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results showed that there were no significant differences between tea spraying and NPK treatment in beetroot  studied traits (plant height, leaf number,   leaves wet and dry weight, roots wet and dry weight, and total sugars in leaves), and for spinach (plant height, leaf number,   leaves wet and dry weight, leaf area, and total sugars in leaves), while NPK treatment surpassed significantly on tea spraying in chard in all studied traits. In three plants the spraying of vermi tea surpassed significantly on control without fertilization.  This study concluded that vermi compost foliar application 1:10 (w/v) can be used  in beetroot and spinach fertilization without any chemicals. But in chard this study would be continue in higher concentrations to replace chemical fertilization partially.

Key words: Vermi compost, Growth, yield, Beetroot, Spinach, chard, Chenopodiaceae.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ammar Abbas ^(1)*

(1). Agriculture research center of Lattakia, GCSAR, Syria.

(*Cprresponding author: Dr. Ammar Abbas, E. Maul: Ammarabbas1984@hotmail.com).

Received:  22/08/2022                                  Accepted: 22/08/2022

Abstract: 

This research paper aims to demonstrate the importance of using the ET0calculator model in estimating the reference evapotranspiration values, ET₀, during the phenological stages of wheat. This model ischaracterized by the ease of obtaining most  accurate values ​​of  reference evapotranspiration according to the modified Penman Monteith equation that is based on the input of climatic factors: maximum, minimum and average temperatures, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation. Obtaining the daily data of the previous climatic elements is not quite easy, so the most effective climatic factors on the calculation of  reference evapotranspiration were identified by studying the simple correlation between the climatic factors and ET₀ values, and then choosing the highest values of correlation and inserting them into multi-correlation. It was found that the highest multi-correlation values ​​during the period between germination and flowering were significantly related to the average temperature, precipitation and wind speed (r 0.9), and the multi-correlation during the flowering period showed several high values,the maximum temperature and humidity had the most effect . The solar radiation  effect was clearly shown during the stage of seed formation..

Keywords: ET₀calculator, wheat, Duma (1), phenological stage, correlation.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Sawsan Hayfa* ⁽¹⁾ Amina Alnesser⁽²⁾ and Suzan Abdullah⁽²⁾               

(1). Soil and water science department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattika, Syria.    

(2). Basic science department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattika, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Sawsan Hayfa. E-Mail: Sawsan 54ha@gmail.com)

Received:27/04/2022               Accepted: 19/07/2022

Abstract: 

A laboratory experiment was conducted in sandy soil (%Sand=72.1) planted with wheat (Triticum aestivum L) during 2019, to study the effect of sewage sludge (9 – 18 – 27) g resulting from a treatment plant, irrigating Soil with saline water (4 – 10). – 20) ms\cm on some physical chemical sandy soil properties, content of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) and effect on wheat growth. The experiment therefore consisted 12 treatments with three replicates, and plots were completely randomized. An improvement was observed in studied physical soil properties after adding sludge, such as structure soil, water holding, capacity increased, and movement water and air within the soil. Significant increase in organic matter in the soil. Treatment (27g) was superior to other compared to the control. Addition sludge modify pH and increase in the cationic exchange capacity of sandy soil, Its value increased by increasing the rate of sludge use. The study shows a high concentration of heavy metals in the soil while remaining within the normal limits as a result of addition of sludge. The study results showed a significant role of adding sludge in increasing wheat plant growth and dry matter percentage.

Key words: sewage sludge, sandy soil, wheat, heavy metals, saline water.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Samarah Hmd* ⁽¹⁾, Sawsan Haifa ⁽²⁾ and Haitham Ismail ⁽³⁾

(1). Horticulure Department, Facutly of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Soil and Water Sience Department, Facutly of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:   Samarah Hmd. E-Mail: sayahmdd@gmail.com)

Received:  8/05/2022         Accepted:8/09/202

Abstract: 

This research was conducted during (2020-2021) in laboratories of Agriculture faculty of Tishreen University and in Ain Shiqaq area Lattakia. The study focused on the seeds germination and growth of Apricot plant (Cv Klaby) under different salt concentration in irrigation water (1, 1.5, 2, 4) Mm /cm add to control (tap water). According to completely Random Block Design (CRBD) with three replications. The results showed that seeds germination negatively affected by the different levels of salinity. The studied type showed variable ratios of germination and the control treatment germinated better than other studied levels (100%), while level 4 Mm /cm germinated less than others (46.6%). The embryos of studied tybe did not germinate in hight level of salinity 4 Mm/cm. The study showed as well the superiority of level A (1 Mm /cm) over other during the different levels of salinity. The level A (1 Mm /cm) gave better growth parameters like (Stem hight – Leaf area).

Keywords: Salinity, Apricot, CV Klaby, Germination seeds, Germination embryos, Growth of plant.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rana Kasem^{* (1)}, Mazen Nassour⁽²⁾ and Sawsan Haifa^{(3 )}

(1). Directorate of Technical Services, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(3). Department of soil and water science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author. Rana Samih Kasem . E-Mail: ranakasem1@gmail.com)

Received:9/05/2022            Accepted: 1/09/2022

Abstract: 

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of adding treated organic residues (olive mill wastewater- OMW, sewage sludge -SS and biochar- B) on growth, flowering, corm and essential oil production of (Freesia hybrida. cv. yellow freesia old fashion) and grown in calcareous soil, in Lattakia, during the seasons 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The experiment was laid out in a complete random blocks design (C.B.D) included 9 treatments with 3 replications: (T1: Control, T2: mineral and organic fertilization of: (30:20:20) g\m² NPK + 2 Kg\m²  of cow manure, T3: adding 7 l\ m² of olive mill wastewater, T4: adding sewage sludge 2.5 kg\m², T5: adding 2 kg\m²  of Biochar:, T6: adding (3.5 l\m² of olive mill wastewater + 1.25 kg\ m² of sewage sludge), T7: adding ( 2 kg\ m² of Biochar + 1.25 kg\ m² of sewage sludge), T8: adding ( 2 kg\ m² of Biochar+ 3.5 l\ m² of olive mill wastewater), T9:  adding (2 kg\ m² of biochar+ 3.5 l\ m² of olive mill wastewater+ 1.25 kg\ m² of sewage sludge). Results showed that most fertilization treatments (T2, T3, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9) were significantly superior to both control (T1) and Biochar (T5) treatments which recorded the lowest values of EO_S quantity (0.0274 and 0.0299 %) in order. Results also showed differences in the essential oil composition due to the type of organic addition. The highest ratio for linalool compound, which is the main compound in Freesia’s essential oil, was recorded in sewage sludge treatment (T4) (39.85%) and mineral and organic treatment (T2) (39.23 %) with no significant differences between these two and both were significantly superior to all other studied treatments. Significantly good results were recorded in (T9: Biochar+ Olive mill wastewater+ sewage sludge) for linalool and other essential oil components. Treatment T6 (Olive mill wastewater+ sewage sludge Fertilization) led to an increase of the proportion of phenolic compound (Phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) -4-ethyl). Whereas the proportion of carboxylic acid (n-Hexadecanoic acid) increased to (18.41%) in olive mill wastewater treatment (T3). Biochar addition (T5) achieved close results to control (T1) for both yield and quality of essential oil.

Keywords: Freesia, Organic fertilization, Olive mill wastewater, Sewage sludge, Biochar, Essential oil, Linalool.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ramia Shreba * ⁽¹⁾ Badr Al Ali ⁽¹⁾ Hussam Eddin Laika ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Marine Biology at High Institute of Marine Research, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Marine Chemistry at High Institute of Marine Research, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Ramia Ahmad Shreba. E-Mail: shrebaramia@yahoo.com)

Received:24/07/2022          Accepted: 2/09/2022

Abstract: 

This research aimed in evaluating of bacterial and heavy metals contamination in marine sediments at three sites on the beach of Lattakia city during summer 2021 and winter 2022 by determining the concentrations of (lead and cadmium) as well as indicators of microbial contamination (Total Bacterial count (TB) and Fecal Coliform (FC) and Fecal Streptococcus (FS)), and the source of contamination was determined based on the ratio of Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococci (FC/FS). The results showed high values ​​of microbial contamination indicators and heavy metal concentrations in the study sites during winter and summer, respectively, where TB values ​​ranged between (1.3–3.75) × 10⁵ CFU/100g and CFU/100g (1.55–6.3) × 10⁵ and FC between (2.5–3.75) ×10³ CFU/100g and FS between (2–2.9) x 10³ CFU/100g, while lead concentrations were between (37.15–41.69) mg/kg and cadmium concentrations were between (1.67–3.14) mg/kg. The results showed also temporal and spatial changes in the indicators of the study between the different sites depending on the change in human activities, as it was noted that most study sites are polluted and not recommended for human use, while the source of pollution in the summer and winter was of mixed origin FC/FS: 0.7-4 or from an animal source (>0.7).

Keywords: marine sediments, heavy metals, bacterial pollution, FC/FS, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Raafat Albahloul* ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾ , Riad Baladiah ⁽²⁾ and Rabei Zeineh⁽¹⁾

(1). Lattakia Scientific Agricultural Research Centre, General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria

(2).Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Raafat Albahloul. E-Mail Raafat albahloul1982@gmail.com).

Received: 2/04/2022           Accepted: 1/09/2022

Abstract: 

The study was conducted under the 1^st agro-ecological zone conditions at Kassab Research Station in Lattakia, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research for the three seasons 2018-2019-2020. It aims to study the effect of conservation agriculture and supplemental irrigation on calcium (Ca) content apple fruits and their Firmness (Sd). Random block design with three replicates was used. Two major treatments (N, T): traditional agriculture and conservation agriculture, and two secondary treatments (R, S): rainfed agriculture and supplemental irrigation were used, respectively.The results showed that the treatment (NS): conservation agriculture and supplemental irrigation) was more significant at level 5% than other treatments in terms of (Ca) and (Sd), and their highest values ​​were 0.081% and 10.8 (kg/cm²), respectively. This is due to the role of conservation agriculture in improving humic acids, reducing calcium leaching, maintaining soil moisture and raising water use efficiency, as well as the role of supplemental irrigation water in reducing water stress during critical stages, thus increasing uptake of nutrients and calcium as a result of the availability of an appropriate moisture content.

Keywords: conservation agriculture, supplement irrigation, apples, consistency.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rabe’a ALhayek ^*(1), Ihab Jnad ⁽¹⁾, Muhammad Manhal Al-Zuobi ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Rural Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Damascus University, Syria.

(2). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Rabe’a ALhayek, E. mail: rabearose1976@gmail.com.)

Received:8/05/2022                         Accepted: 4/09/2022

Abstract: 

The research was conducted at Salamiah Scientific Agricultural Research Center in the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons to study the effect of green manure with Sesbania on soil properties as a phytoremediator plant when using treated wastewater to irrigate barley crop (Furat 6 variety), and its effect on reducing the accumulation of heavy metals in it. The experiment included two types of treatments: first one was the type of water quality (fresh water F and treated wastewater T) and the second one was the fertilization treatment: green manure with Sesbania (G), and mineral manure (N_G) according to Randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results concluded that green manure significantly increased mineral nitrogen content in the soil by 22.5% compared with mineral fertilization, and contributed with treated wastewater use to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, the concentration of lead was 11.92 mg.kg^-1, chromium 14.46 mg.kg^-1 and cadmium 0.379 mg.kg^-1; Compared with 12.46 mg.kg^-1, 15.98 mg.kg^-1, 0.531 mg.kg^-1 when using treated water and mineral fertilization, all concentrations were much less than the maximum permissible limits in the soil. Therefore, it can cultivate Sesbania as phytoemediator plant when using treated wastewater in irrigation, and need to monitor it periodically to prevent soil contamination when used for long time.

Key Words: Green Manure, Treated Wastewater, Mineral Nitrogen, Heavy Metals, Sesbania.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf