Amna agila^(1)*, Jamil aedris⁽²⁾,Abd-alrazegabd-alnasser⁽³⁾, and Nwara mohammed⁽²⁾

(1). Faculty of Education, Omar al -Mukhtar University, Libya.

(2). Faculty of Agriculture, Omar Al -Mukhtar University,  Libya.

(3). Ministry of Agriculture, Libya.

(*Corresponding author: amna Agila, E-Mail: amnamazek@gamil.com).

Received: 24/02/2024                 Accepted:1/08/2024

Abstract: 

This study aimed to know the changes in the growth rate and its dry weights when treating the Botrytis cinerea fungus with different concentration of extract of some plants (Arum cyrenaicum, Artemisia annua,Atriplex halimus, Ephedra alata, Leucaena leucocephala,  Anabasis articulata and Urtica urens), aqueous , a methanol  and hexanal. All extracts showed an inhibitory effect on growth of the fungus, but the inhibitory effectiveness differed depending on solvents and extracted  plants ranged from 5.7 to 80.5% and the aqueous extract of the Ephedra sp. was more effective in inhibiting fungal growth compared to hexanolic and methanolic extract. The extract of theEphedra sp. and Urtica urens plants showed the highest effect on the growth of the fungus while the extract of the Anabasis sp.  Plant had least effect. 

Key words: plant extracts, inhibitor efficiency, Botrytis cinerea.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Amal KhdrMlhem * ⁽¹⁾ Mohamed Matar ⁽¹⁾  and QusayAlrhaeyh ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria

(2).General Commission for Scientific, Agricultural Research, Latakia,Syria. 

(*Corresponding author: Amal Mlhem, E.mail: amalalmlhem00@gmail.com.).

Received:12/06/2023                              Accepted :9/08/2023

Abstract: 

The research aimed to test the efficiency of the fungicide carbendazim and isolates of the fungus Tricoderma asperillum and the bacteria Bacillus subtillis, in addition to salicylic acid, in controlling wheat root rot disease caused by some types of the genus Fusarium sp. In Lattakia, Science 2021, two wheat cultivars were used: durum (Sham 7) and aestivum (Sham 10). The seeds of both cultivars were sown in artificially prepared soil with two ferocious isolates of the fungi F. solani and F. culmorum (each separately) isolated from wheat plants. Infected with the disease in the region, the results showed that after 35-40 days of sowing the superiority of carbendazim in reducing the incidence and severity of infection with the fungus F. solani, where the percentage of reduction was 58.16% on the aestivum wheat cultivar and 54.19% on the durum wheat cultivar, followed by the treatment of the fungus T. asperillum (56.42% and 52.51%), then the treatment of B. subtillis (56.89% and 51.07%), respectively, and the differences were not significant between them, as was the case with the fungus F. culmorum, as carbendazim recorded the highest reduction rate (70.37%). And( 63.95%), respectively, followed by Tricoderma asperillum (66.86% and 61.98%), then B. subtillis (65.39% and 59.98%), respectively, and the differences were not significant. While treatment with salicylic acid did not seem effective in combating the disease.

Keywords: common root rot, wheat, chemical and biological control, Fusarium sp.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Osama Radwan ⁽¹⁾ and Hamsa balkes ^(1)*

(1). Ecology and Forest Department Faculty of Agriculture- Tishreen Uni. Lattakia- Syria .

(^* Corresponding  author: Hamsa Balkes, E-Mail: hamsabalkes@ gmail.com )

Received:20/03/2023                               Accepted:30/07/2023

Abstract: 

The study site was on the 16^th Tishreen dam in Lattakia in 2021-2022 in the spring and autumn seasons, which aimed to knowing the changes in the plant biodiversity resulting from the construction of 16^th Tishreen dam. This study was carried out in three different locations: riverbed before the lake, 16^th Tishreen lake and the riverbed after the dam (8 replicates were taken for each site) in addition to studying the effect of distance from the bank, where this factor was taken to seven different distances. The results showed in the spring season that there were significant differences between the site according to the specific richness, as 60 plant species were recorded on the riverbed before the lake, 67 plant species on the 16^th Tishreen lake and 34 plant species on the riverbed after the dam. This result was confirmed by Shannon’s wiener, as the value of plant community coverage recorded 4.04 on the riverbed before the lake, 3.71 on the 16^th Tishreen lake and 3.34 on the riverbed after the dam, this mean the number of plant species decreased by half in the sites after the dam in comparison with sites before the dam. While no significant differences were recorded according to the distance from the bank. As for the analysis of the results in the autumn season, no significant differences were recorded between the sites nor according to the distance from the bank when conducting the analysis according to the specific richness and Shannon’s wiener.

Keywords: Plant biodiversity, 16th Tishreen dam, riparian plants. 

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Sanaa Sheekh^*(1), Bolus Khoury⁽¹⁾ and Majd Darwish⁽¹⁾

(1). Crop Department, Agriculture Faculty, TishreenUniversity, Lattakia, Syria

(^* Corresponding  author: Sanaa Sheekh, E-Mail: sanaaobaidsheekh@gmail.com)

Received:25/03/2023                               Accepted:10/08/2023

Abstract: 

This study was carried out in AL- SHEER -LATTAKIA during 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons. Five bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were used, namely; L-1300, L-1302, L-68017, L-66233, L-68467. Half diallel mating method was followed to get 10 hybrids. The hybrids and their parents were sown in the second season, using a randomized complete block design with three replications to estimate general combining ability GCA, specific combining ability SCA, genetic components, and both mid and better parent heterosis for traits: days to heading, grain filling period, spikelets/spike, flag leaf area, and grain yield per plant. The results showed the control of non-additive gene action was controlled at the inheritance of (days to heading, grain filling period). Exhibiting the predominant role of additive genetic variation in the inheritance of (spikelets/spike, flag leaf area, and grain yield per plant). Three parents had high general combiners effects for grain yield, (L-68467), (L-1300) and (L-68017). The derived progenies of these parents in the breeding program will have high gene inheritance. Many hybrids with desirable specific combining ability effects were obtained from parents with desirable general combining ability effects, which also have both mid and high parents heterosis, including (L-1300* L-68467) and( L-68017* L-68467). Thus hybrids could be used for selection in segregating generations in order to reach high yielding wheat lines.

Key words: Bread wheat, Combining ability, Genetic components, Heterosis                             

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Majd Darwish*⁽¹⁾ Rabie Zaine⁽²⁾ Nizar Moualla⁽¹⁾ and Haneen Mohamad⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Agricultural Scientific Research Center, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Majd Darwish. E-Mail: majds26@yahoo.com).

Received:28/06/2023          Accepted:20/08/2023

Abstract: 

The experiment was carried out at the Scientific Agricultural Research Station (Setkhiris-Lattakia), during the period from mid-May to June of the year 2022, by applying foliar spraying with potassium humate (k-humate) at concentrations of (0- 0.5- 1- 1.5) g/L and in two stages after forty and sixty days of transplantation of three tobacco varieties (Virginia VK51- Burly R21- Katrina), according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications for each treatment. The aim of the research was to study the behavior of the varieties used under the influence of foliar spraying with potassium humate and to determine the concentrations that have a significant effect on the growth and development of the plant. So, some of morphysiological characteristics as plant height (cm), leaf area (cm²/plant) and photosynthesis efficiency (g/cm²/day), and the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids (µg/g/wet weight) were recorded. The results showed a stimulating effect of foliar spraying applied at a concentration of 0.5 g/L humate potassium on most of the studied traits (leaf surface area (cm²/plant), photosynthesis efficiency (g/cm²/day), chlorophyll and carotenoids content (µg/g/wet weight)) of the three varieties, while the spraying concentration of 1.5 g/L had a significant stimulating effect on plant height (cm) in the three varieties. The research concluded that there was a variation in the response of the studied varieties to the spraying concentrations used. Compared to the control, Virginia VK51 variety showed the best response to foliar spraying with 0.5 g/L potassium humate in both characteristics of plant height and photosynthesis efficiency, with an increase of 18-55 %, respectively, and in Katrina variety at the same concentration, the increase in the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids was 44-48 %, respectively, while the Burly R21 showed the best response to the foliar application of 1.5 g/L potassium humate in leaf surface area with an increase of 20 %.

Keywords: Tobacco; Morpho-physiological behavior; Potassium humate.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Siba Abi Sin ^(1)*, Ibrahim Hamdan Saqr ⁽¹⁾, Ali Ahmed ⁽²⁾, and Wael Habib ⁽³⁾

(1). Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, (2).  Department of Economics and Planning, Faculty of Economics – Tishreen University

(3) Department of Economic and Social Studies, General Authority for Scientific Agricultural Research.

(*Corresponding author: Siba Abi Sin, E-mail:s.abesen95@gmail.com :0958372396)

Received:23/05/2023                     Accepted:10/08/2023

Abstract: 

This study was carried out in Hama governorate during the season (2022-2023) in order to predict the yield of pistachios based on climatic and temporal factors and the services provided to care for these trees. The study used two types of data, the first is the secondary data that represents the historical context of production, area, and rainfall rates, and the second is the primary data on production inputs and farm and farm characteristics, which was collected by the study questionnaire, which targeted a random sample of pistachio farmers in this governorate amounted to (132) farmers Distributed between irrigated and rain-fed areas. The results showed that an increase in the rate of rain by 1 mm per year will be positively reflected in an increase in pistachio productivity by 0.008 kg/tree. Similarly, the amount of irrigation water affected according to the elasticity coefficient of 0.273, while the organic fertilizer came in second place with an effect rate of 18.6%, then pesticides by 17.8%. As for the effect percentage of the main chemical fertilizers, it was about 13.4%, 11.5%, and 9.7% for each of the nitrogenous, potassium, and phosphate fertilizers, respectively. With the presence of a remarkable diversity in the cultivated varieties among four main varieties, it appears that these varieties can be classified according to the productivity averages in two distinct groups. It is the highest productivity, which included both Al-Bayadhi and Abu-Raiha cultivars, and the productivity ranged between (2850-3180) kg/ha. On the other hand, it was not found that there was a significant effect of each of the characteristics of the farms and the characteristics of the farm on the productivity of pistachios, except for the size of the farm, where the larger farms were more adequate than the small farms.

Keywords: pistachio, production function, production factors.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ismail  Omran ^(1)*

(1). Directorate of agriculture and Agrarian   reform, Lattakia, ministry of agriculture and agrarian reform, Syria.         

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Ismail  Omran Email: Ismail.omran86@gmail.com) .                                           

Received:31/03/2023                     Accepted:26/07/2023

Abstract: 

The research aimed to evaluate The agricultural policy for The yellow maize crop in Syria using the policy  analysis matrix (pam) and to identify the price policies adopted by the state whether it was a policy of support or imposing taxes on the producers of the yellow corn crop. To achieve this the study relied on secondary data for the year 2020 and issued by the ministry of agriculture and agrarian reform in Syria, the descriptive analytical approach was used in order to introduce the policy analysis matrix (pam). The results of the research showed that the yellow maize production system is considered competitive, and the applied agricultural price policy had positive effects on the revenues, as the revenues at local prices were higher than their counterparts at economic price. Yellow  corn, and a profit for the farmer, through the state bearing additional costs to protect and support producers, and therefore the research recommended the need to continue to support the requirements of yellow corn production and to provide high-yielding seeds at reasonable price for farmers, and to study international prices of crops periodically for guidance when setting prices for crops local.

Keywords: producer support coefficient, nominal protection coefficient, Domestic resource cost coefficient, comparative advantage, policy analysis matrix(pam).

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Wael Wardeh^*(1), Ali Nisafi ⁽¹⁾, and SaraJ Rayya ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University,
Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author Email: Wael Wardeh  Email: Wardah_wael@yahoo.com)

Mobile: 0960003634).

Received: 12/02/2023         Accepted: 31/08/2023

Abstract: 

The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of early detection and screening for subclinical mastitis in 200 Holstein Friesian cows  at Al-Bustan farm in Latakia province, Syria for a period of three months in 2019. The cows were managed under a semi-open system with an automatic milking system, and samples were collected from quarters of cows that were free of any clinical signs of mastitis. Results showed that there was no significant difference in milk production before and after the infection, as the infection was detected and treated quickly within the first few days of occurrence. The period required for cows to return to normal production after treatment and complete recovery was approximately 10.5 days, and this period had a significant effect on cow productivity by 1%. The percentage of spoiled production (unusable milk) was 56.8%, while the percentage of decreased production (usable milk) was 43.2%. The cost of veterinary care was 22,800 SYP per head, and the cost of losses due to spoiled milk and decreased production was 177,792.1 SYP per head. The total cost of lost and spoiled milk, treatment, and veterinary care in cases of subclinical mastitis was approximately 200,592.1 SYP per head. The results of the study showed that early detection of subclinical mastitis plays a crucial role in the success of treatment and reducing expected economic losses, as well as reducing veterinary costs and improving milk quality by reducing the amount of spoilage that affects the net income of the farm.

Keywords: Sub clinical mastitis, California test, Mastitis Detector Dramiński, Holstein-Friesian cows, Veterinary Costs. 

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ali aloush^(1)*

(1). Directorate of Agriculture Deirzour, Al- Furat university, Deirzour, Syria

(* Corresponding author: Ali Adnan Aloush, E-Mail: ali83aloush8383@gmail.com, Phone: +963955275483)

Accepted:7/06/2023                         Received:9/08/2023

Abstract: 

To investigate the effect of different levels of chamomile flower in the fodder mixture on some blood indicators in a private poultry farm, 90 km east of Deir Ezzor, in 2021, (400) chicks from the commercial hybrid Hybrid were used in the experiment. They were divided into four groups, each group containing (100). Chick, each group was divided into four replicates, each replicate included (25) chicks, all experimental birds were subjected to the same rearing conditions, except for the fodder mixture, where they were fed on a traditional fodder mixture to which chamomile was added at a rate of (0-500-1000-1500) g / kg, it continued The experiment was (49) days. The immune indicators of the birds were detected by conducting tests to detect gumboro, Newcastle, and bronchitis diseases (bronchitis). The mortality rate was twice during the experiment, once in the middle of the experiment at the age of 35 days, and once at the end of the experiment at the age of 49 days. The results showed a significant decrease. In the rate of pathological infection between the control group and the three experimental groups, the differences were significant in the second and third groups, compared with the first control group and the second group, to which 500 g chamomile was added per 100 kg of feed. Also, the mortality rate decreased in the experimental groups compared with the control, and the decrease was significant in the last group to which 1500 g chamomile was added per 100 kg of feed.

Keywords: Matricaria Chamomilla, Newcastle disease, Bronchitis disease, Gamboro disease, mortality rate, Hubbard

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Heba Sakour * ⁽¹⁾ and Bushra alissa ⁽¹⁾

 (1). Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Heba Sakour. E-Mail: hebaa.sakour@gmail.com).

Received: 11/07/2023                Accepted: 30/07/2023

Abstract: 

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of egg weight, shape, and shell thickness indicators on hatchability and chicks weight at hatching of Japanese Quail. For this purpose, 405 eggs were used. The eggs were divided into three groups: The first included 135 eggs for weight treatments Pw and was divided in turn into three categories: small eggs Pws (>10 g), medium eggs Pwm (10-12 g), and large eggs Pwb (<12 g), the second included 135 eggs for shape index treatments Ps and was divided in turn into three categories: elongated eggs Ps1 (>73%), normal eggs Ps2 (73-77%), and round eggs Ps3 (<77%), and the third included 135 eggs for shell thickness treatments Pl and was divided in turn into three categories: thin Pln (>0.28 mm), medium Plm (0.31-0.29 mm), and thick Plk (<0.32 mm). The eggs were incubated in the hatchery of the poultry laboratory for 17 days. The research concluded that there was a strong significant correlation (P≤0.05) between egg weight, hatchability, and chicks weight at hatching, and the treatment Pwb gave the best results 92.33% and 9.97 g respectively. It was also noted that there was a significant effect of the shape of the eggs on hatchability and chicks weight at hatching, where the treatment Ps1 achieved the best results 94.31% and 9.89 g, respectively. On other hand, it was found that there were no significant effect of egg shell thickness on hatchability and chicks weight at hatching.

Keywords: Japanese quail, egg weight, shape index, shell thickness.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf