Ghonwa Khaddour ^(1)*

(1) .General commission for scientific agricultural research, Latakia center/ Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ghonwa Khaddour, E-Mail: ghonwakhaddour@hotmail.com, Phone: 0934797446).

                Received:8/10/2024                        Accepted:11/12/2024                                                         

Abstract: 

This research was carried out at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Lattakia Governorate during the years 2020-2022, in order to estimate the moisture tension curve for soils taken from two sites in the governorate: Al-Sanobar Station-sandy clay soil, and Buqa Center-clay soil. The moisture tension curve represents the relationship between the amount of water and water pressure in the soil, and this curve is considered one of the most important hydrodynamic properties that characterize soil and is difficult to determine. For this purpose, a simplified device that works according to the principle of hanged water column was designed and implemented so that it allows applying pressure to the soil water and calculating the amount of water for cylindrical samples with dimensions (r × h=1.2 × 2cm). The experiment was conducted following the drying path first, then the wetting path by applying pressure values within the range 0-3 kilopascals, at a rate of 3 replicates for each site. The results showed that clay soils have higher water holding capacity and moisture tension compared to sandy clay soils, where air entry value for clay samples was 0.6 kPa compared to 0.5 kPa for sandy clay samples, while the minimum degree of saturation in the drying path was (37.1, 45.3, 39.2%) for clay samples compared to (38.9, 35.3, 33.9%) for sandy clay samples. On the other hand, the maximum degree of saturation in the wetting path was (90.6, 90.2, 91.4%) for clay samples compared to (84.7, 83.2, 82.2%) for sandy clay samples.

Keywords:, Soil water retention curve, sandy and clayey soils, wetting and drying.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Abdulsalam Ali Ahmed Nasser ^(1)* and Mohammed Hezam Saeed ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts,  Sana,a University, Yemen.

(2). Renewable Natural Resources Research Center in the Agricultural Research & Extension Authority, Dhamar, Yemen.

(*Corresponding author: Dr.Abdulsalam Ali Ahmed Nasser,  Email : Shkhbaslm30@gmail.com  – Tel_ 00967770868500).

                Received:25/06/2024               Accepted:11/12/2024                                                                                         

Abstract: 

This study was carried out in the Al-Sahool Basin – Ibb Governorate  2023 with the aim of studying the morphometric characteristics of the basin, which is one of the important basins with high rainfall and its area is 433.5 km². The importance of the study is to find solutions to the water problem and changing the basin’s streams and tributaries as a result of the amount of rain, roads construction and building in those water outfalls, through knowing and calculating all the morphometric characteristics of the basin. The study relied on equations, statistical evidence, remote sensing techniques, and geographic information systems (GIS). The regression data was analyzed, the basin boundaries were determined, and the water network courses were calculated from the digital elevation model (DEM). The results of the study showed that the shape of the basin takes a triangular shape, which increases the speed and flow of surface runoff. The number of river levels reached six levels and the member of waterways reached 1000 streams with a length of 881.5km. The topographic texture of the basin reached 11.2 streams/km and that it has a soft texture that increases the amount of water flow. The slope ranged from 0 to more than 45degrees in a general direction from east to west.

Keywords: Morphometric coefficients, Water network, Discharge density, Topographical characteristics.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hanan Almhemid*⁽¹⁾, Faraj Naoum⁽¹⁾, Abdulghani Alkhaldi⁽²⁾, Ahmad Aljomaa⁽²⁾

(1). Rural Eng. Dept, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Aleppo.

(2). Cotton Research Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Hanan almhemid  . E-Mail:hananalmhemid@gmail.com).

Received:24/09/2024                            Accepted:5/11/2024                

Abstract: 

The research was carried out during the 2022 agricultural season. at Tal Hadya Cotton Research Station (Aleppo Governorate) affiliated to the Cotton Research Department – General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, which is located within the second stability zone. The study area is 267 m above sea level, characterized by a Mediterranean climate with rainfall ranging between 338 and 400 mm. And has deep red clay soil,  It was done using one type of surface drip irrigation pipe and two types of subsurface drip irrigation pipes on cotton Aleppo 118 variety, By using space of pipes (70) cm. The experiment was designed according to the randomized block design (General Treatment Structure). The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the significance level of 5% showed highly significant differences in yield between the types of surface and subsurface drip irrigation pipes at distance 70 cm, where treatment SD2 (subsurface irrigation, second pipe)significantly outperformed treatments TD (surface irrigation pipe) and SD1 (subsurface irrigation pipe, first pipe) by (101.8, 45.6)% respectively. There were also significant differences between two treatments (TD, SD1), where treatment TD outperformed treatment SD1 by (38.6)%. The results also showed significant differences in the efficiency of irrigation water use, where treatment SD2 significantly outperformed treatments (TD, SD1) by (111.8, 52.8)% respectively. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the significance level of 5% showed highly significant differences in yield between the types of surface and subsurface drip irrigation pipes, The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the significance level of 5% showed highly significant differences in yield between the types of surface and subsurface drip irrigation pipes, There werenot significant differences between two treatments at distance 140 cm, where treatment SD₁ outperformed treatment, it was worth 2944 kg/ha.The results also showed significant differences in the efficiency of irrigation water use, where treatment SD2 significantly outperformed treatments (TD, SD1) by (3.6, 23.4)% (3.6, 23.4)%% respectively.      

Keywords: Subsurface drip irrigation, surface drip irrigation, Cotton(G. hirsutum. L), Yield, IWUE.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Raghad  Al Musa^*(1), Esraa  Ethafa⁽¹⁾, Zainab  Ali⁽¹⁾, Najla  Al Garory⁽¹⁾, Sara Shareef ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of  Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Raghad Saad, E-Mail: raghad.saad@uobasrah.edu.iq).

Accepted:17/09/2024               Received:6/01/2025

Abstract: 

Roselle flowers and Berberis fruits were extracted, and the DPPH radical scavenging ability was measured at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 mg/ml, along with antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 5 mg/ml against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The active compounds were identified using GC-MS technology. The yogurt was made with 5% and 10% concentrations of cow’s milk and flavored with Roselle extract T2 and Berberis extract T3, and the control sample was made from cow’s milk T1. Yogurt was also made from Iraqi buffalo milk flavored with Roselle extract T5 and Berberis extract T6, and the control sample was made from buffalo milk T4. The physicochemical tests for the samples were also conducted. The scavenging ability of the Roselle extract ranged between 28.45 and 45.12%, and for the Berberis extract, it ranged between 27.92 and 42.85%. The diameter of the inhibition zone in the Roselle extract ranged between 1.00 and 1.1 mm, while in the Berberis extract, it ranged between 0.6 and 1.4 mm. Several active compounds were observed, including levoglucosenone, pentanoic acid, and 4-oxo-ethyl ester, among others, at varying area concentrations. The highest percentages of fat, protein, and solids in T6 at a concentration of 10% were 4.47%, 4.78%, and 0.67%, respectively. The highest values for taste, aroma, color, texture, and acceptability were recorded in T6 at a concentration of 5%, with scores of 4.54, 3.95, 4.05, 4.17, and 4.87, respectively. This indicates that the addition of plant extracts to the yogurt resulted in an improvement in its composition and physicochemical and sensory properties.

Keywords: Active compound , Antioxidant, DPPH , GC-MS , Inhibition diameter.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Aya safwan AL- bittar^*(1)    and    Omer Zammar⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, AL-Baath University, Homs. Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Aya AL- bittar. E-Mail: ayasy6781@gmail.com Mobile :0949225786 ).

Received:29/8/2024                 Accepted:17/12/2024

Abstract: 

The aim of this research was to manufacture edible biofilms to extend the shelf life of Kashkaval cheese. Accordingly, four models of covers based on milk casein protein at a rate of 5% (weight/volume) of dry matter and supported with prickly pear gel at a rate of 20% (volume/volume) with the addition of a mixture of thyme and clove essential oils together at the same addition ratio of 0.5% (volume/volume), respectively, namely (casein film) Ca1, (casein – Opuntia ficus-indica gel) Ca2, (casein – mixture of thyme and clove essential oils) Ca3, (casein – Opuntia ficus-indica gel – mixture of thyme and clove essential oils) Ca4. Then the physical and mechanical properties of the four films models were studied. The results showed that adding prickly pear gel and a mixture of thyme and clove essential oils to the casein protein solution led to an increase in the thickness of the cover and tensile strength and a decrease in solubility compared to the cover Casein alone without addition, then the chemical, physical and sensory properties of Kashkaval cheese were studied after wrapping during storage for 30 days at a temperature of 4±1°C. The results showed that the moisture, protein and fat content of the cheese increased with the increase of the materials entering into the casein coating, especially in the treatment wrapped with the composite coating (casein_gel_mixture of thyme and clove essential oils) (K5). The pH increased significantly and the acidity decreased insignificantly in all wrapped samples compared to the control cheese sample. In addition, the results of the physical analysis showed a decrease in hardness values ​​towards the coated samples and a significant increase with the increase in the refrigerated storage period, which affected the general acceptance of the cheese samples. The brightness index L* and the index a* values ​​increased significantly with the increase in the materials entering into the casein coating, while the index b* value decreased. The coated cheese samples maintained the required sensory qualities of Kashkaval cheese, as the coated cheese was sensory accepted by the evaluators, especially the cheese sample coated with the compound coating (casein_gel_a mixture of thyme and clove essential oils) K5. Therefore, this active coating can contribute to improving the quality and safety of Kashkaval cheese, which leads to extending its shelf life and maintaining quality qualities during the storage period.

Keywords: Kashkaval cheese, Opuntia ficus-indica gel, essential oils, edible bio films

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mary Hosh^(1)*

(1). Department of Plant Protection، Faculty of Agriculture، Tishreen University، Lattakia، Syria.

 (*Corresponding author: Mary Hosh,  E mail: maryhosh@gmail.com).

Received:10/07/2023          Accepted: 10/07/2023

Abstract: 

A laboratory study was conducted in 2021 in the Faculty of Agriculture – Tishreen University to find out the effect of using aqueous extracts of the leaves of the radish plant Raphanus sativus L. at concentrations of 1، 0.5، 0.25% on the growth and development of the fungal colony of Fusarium oxysporum، Botrytis cinerea، Trichoderma sp. Cultivated in Petri dishes، where the effectiveness of the aqueous extract of radish leaves was shown in reducing the growth of the three mentioned fungi at the three concentrations used in a row، especially the 1% concentration، at which the The average diameter of the fungal colony of the three fungi was 2.83، 1.50، 3.51 cm، respectively، compared to the untreated control، which was 6.33، 6.93، 10 cm respectively.

Key words: Aqueous Extracts، Radish، Raphanus sativus L، Fusarium oxysporum، Trichoderma sp.، Botrytis cinerea،.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Yasser Hammad ⁽¹⁾, Majd Darwish ⁽¹⁾and Habib Habib ^(1)*

(1). Department of Soil Science, Tishreen University, Lattika, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Habib Habib, E.mail: abo.ward.habeeb.2021@gmail.com)

Received:10/07/2023          Accepted: 19/09/2023

Abstract: 

The research was carried out in the fields of Al-Hara village of Al-Muzairah during the agricultural season 2021 using Virginia VK51 tobacco seedlings, according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates for each treatment in order to study the effect of treatment with some biofertilizers of growth-inducing PGPR bacteria on the growth, productivity and quality of tobacco plants compared to By unqualified witness. Some morphological and physiological characteristics were determined: such as plant height, total leaf area (m2/plant), yield of green and air-dry leaves (kg/dunum), and the content of air-dried tobacco leaves of biochemical compounds (total protein, soluble sugars, and nicotine (%)). The treatment with PGPR bacteria led to an increase in plant height and the total leaf area of the plant, and gave the highest yield of green leaves (3250 kg / dunum) and dry leaves (700 kg / dunum), especially when treated with organic fertilizer and a mixture of PGPR bacteria, and the quality characteristics of the tobacco leaf also improved dry as the percentage of total protein and nicotine decreased and the percentage of total soluble sugars increased. Based on the foregoing, it can be suggested to use the method of composting with a mixture of bacterial species on a larger scale, due to its significant role in stimulating the growth of Virginia VK51 and improving the quality of the resulting tobacco

Keywords: biofertilizers, PGPR, Virginia tobacco.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Merna Mohammad^*(1) and  Osama Radwan ⁽¹⁾

(1). Forestry and Environment Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Merna Mohammad. E-Mail: mernamhmad44@gmail.com) .

Received:21/06/2023       Accepted:18/10/2023

Abstract: 

This research was carried out in the Quercus cerris .subsp. pseudocerris forest in Slonfeh – Lattakia governorate in the Syrian coastal mountains region. This research aims to estimate the growth and wood yield of Quercus cerris .subsp. pseudocerris trees located in the Katif Alazzer region in Lattakia Governorate and to establish a database for the Cilician fir forest (diameters – heights – wood volume) using traditional inventories. Field measurements were conducted in the summer of 2021. Thirty circular samples were taken, the area of each sample was 400 square meters include all the variations in the site. Tree diameters measured in all samples ranged between 38.82 ± 28.86 cm, and height values for trees in all samples ranged between 20.36 ± 18.03 m.The results showed that the average diameter of Quercus trees in the studied site was 33.17 cm, and the average height was 19.46 m, while the amount of woody volume amounted to 311.25 m³ /ha at the age of 85 years, with a tree density of 324 per hectare,While the annual growth rate was 3.66 m³/ha/year.The results also showed that the highest value of the base area, which amounted to 21.69 m², was in sample No. (2), and the lowest value of the base area amounted to 0.66 m², and it was in sample (16). As for the wooden stock, a value of 17.34 m³ was recorded in sample No. (2), and the value It is 8.24 m³ in the sample (13).

Keywords: Quercus cerris subsp. pseudocerris, Wood volume, Height, productivity.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Maha Barakat^(1)* and Osamah Radwan⁽¹⁾               

(1).Department of Forestry and Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen Unversity, Latakia, Syria

(*corresponding    author: Maha Barakat, E-mail: maha.b.1987@hotmail.com).

Received:14/07/2023       Accepted:25/09/2023

Abstract: 

During this research, we created a forest database for the Kiliki fir forest (diameters – heights – wood productivity) in the fir forest in the Slunfeh area of  the Latakia governorate during the years 2021-2022 using traditional inventory, which will allow those in charge of the forestry process to preconceived for any  organization and management plan of these forest groups.The results showed that the average diameter at breast height of the samples was 38.9 cm and the average height was 15.1 m, The average base area was 107,426 m2/ha, While the average value of the wood productivity was 846 m3/ha, with an average density of 798 trees/ha.And  the superiority of the northwest slope over the rest of the slopes In terms of the values ​​of the base area and wood productivity, Where the value of the average base area was 143.2 m2 / ha, The average wood productivity was 1131.4 m3/ha, While the eastern slope achieved the lowest values ​​in terms of the average base area was ​​56.4 m2/ ha, and the average wood productivity was 431.8 m3/ ha. The measured trees were distributed according to their diameters within 5 rows with a range of approximately (10 cm) between one row and the other. The coefficient of determination R² for the Parable model is about (0.5-0.7) which is a good value, This means that the used  model can explain about (50-70)% of the changes

 in the height values ​​computed on the basis of the values ​​of diameter over breast height at a significant level of 5%.

Keywords:  Cilician fir, Wood Productivity, Cedar and Fir Reserve ,  Slunfeh , Reserves.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Reem Fayad^*(1)

(1).Directorate of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Dr. Reem Fayad. Email: fayadr788@gmail.com)

Received: 15/05/2023                            Accepted:8/10/2023

Abstract: 

Climate-smart agriculture is one of the most important strategies that enable adaptation to global climate changes and mitigate their effects on agricultural production in light of the increasing pressure on Natural resources and the increased need for food. It is not possible to achieve the requirements of sustainable agricultural development without adopting an approach that enables facing climatic challenges and guarantees the stability of agricultural production. In Syria, regenerative agriculture projects emerged as the nucleus of smart agriculture, which were implemented from February 2021 to September 2022 in six main governorates, which proved their effectiveness and achieved results. Positive application in terms of production, quality and economic feasibility, which can be considered an important step towards achieving sustainable agricultural production.

Keywords: climate change, climate smart agriculture, regenerative agriculture, sustainable development.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf