Bashar Tobo^*(1)  and  Wael Ali⁽²⁾

(1). General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research, Latakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Ecology and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture,Tishreen University, Latakia , Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Bashar Tobo, Email: bashar.tobo33@gmail.com).

Received: 8/12/2024           Accepted:12/08/2024                   

 Abstract: 

This study, which was conducted in the Baluran site (Latakia Governorate), aimed to examine the crooked, burned trees of the Pinus brutia Ten. to estimate the biomass of these trees and calculate the percentage of artificial wood, fuel wood, and crooked wood. 64 circular samples were taken with an area of ​​400 m2 and a sample radius of 11.3 metres, which largely represents the statistical variation found at the site. The results showed that using the exponential equation gave good results in biomass estimates, as the coefficient of determination reached 0.95, which is an excellent value, as the exponential model can explain 95% of the measured points or values. The diameters of the burned crooked trees cut at the studied site ranged between (15-50.5) cm, with an average of 33.15 cm, covering all rows of diameters. The measured tree heights ranged between (13-20) meters, with an average of 16.6 metres. The weights of the trunks of the burned crooked trees ranged between (104.9-1171.2). ) kg with an average of 523.9 kg, the percentage of artificial wood (30.7-99.4)% with an average of 71%, the percentage of crooked wood (6.4-66)% with an average of 27%, and the percentage of fuel wood (0.4-5.7)% with an average of 1.7%.

key words: Crooked trees, Biomass, Timber wood, Firewood,  Pinus brutia.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Areej Alkeder^(1)*, Rash Aljarad⁽¹⁾, Muhammad Iyad Abbara⁽¹⁾,Nabila Kridi⁽¹⁾, Safaa Hazeim⁽¹⁾, Julia Esmander⁽¹⁾ , Nada Ghiba⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Natural Resources Research, General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Researches, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr.Areej Alkeder, E.mail:  areejalkeder@gmail.com).

Received:15/10/2023                 Accepted: 31/05/2023

Abstract: 

The experiment was carried out at the Al-Nashabiyah Research Station in the Damascus countryside governorate in the 2022-2023 season, with the aim of studying the effect of adding levels of urea with biofertilizer on some production indicators of durum wheat, Sham 7 variety. Urea was added at four rates (25 – 50 – 75 – 100). % of the fertilizer recommendation separately, and the previous four treatments were added mixed with the EM1 biofertilizer, and the treatments were compared with the control treatment without addition and the EM1 biofertilizer treatment. Using a completely randomized block design. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the control and the biofertilizer treatment in all the indicators studied on wheat, while the increase was positive under the influence of the rest of the fertilizer treatments. The four treatments of urea mixed with the EM1 biofertilizer recorded significant differences in spike length, grain productivity, and weight of a thousand grains compared to the control. The urea fertilizer treatment added at a rate of 100% of the fertilizer recommendation and mixed with biofertilizer achieved the highest grain yield of 7.08 tons/ha compared to (the control 4.33 tons/ha and the biofertilizer treatment only 4.85 tons/ha).

Keywords: durum wheat, urea,  biofertilizer, spike length,  grain yield.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Fuzia Elfituri Eltariki⁽¹⁾ and Mohamed Alsoul ^(1)*

(1).Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya.

(*Corresponding author: Mohamed Alsoul,   E-mail: m.alsoul@yahoo.com

Tel: +218911929513)

Received:9/03/2024                   Accepted: 29/07/2024

Abstract: 

was grown under varied temperature conditions (7±1; 17±1; 27±1 and 33 ±1˚C). Growth rate, dry weight, chlorophyll a content, total carbohydrate content, total lipid content and cell ultrastructure were investigated when there was growth, whereas only cell ultrastructure, and survival were investigated when no growth was observed. Tetraselmis marina was able to grow under temperature ranged from 7±1˚C to 27±1˚C, with a relatively stable growth rate (0.69-0.91 division/day) and dry weight (0.188-0.241 gL^-1) respectively. Decreasing in chlorophyll a content and total carbohydrate content were observed under low temperature; this was coupled with increasing in total lipid content. Whereas no growth observed when Tetraselmis marina was maintained at 33±1˚C. Transmission electron micrographs illustrate that, Tetraselmis marina grown under high temperature conditions (33±1˚C) forms non-motile cysts, these cysts are capable of rejuvenating when return to suitable growth temperature. 

Key words: Tetraselmis marina, cysts, behavior, survival, Biochemical composition.

Full paper in English: pdf

Abier Raouf Mahmoud Al-Qaissi *⁽¹⁾, Abdullah Abdul-Karim Hassan ⁽²⁾, and Waleed Mohammad Saleh ⁽¹⁾

(1). Agricultural Research Office –   Ministry of Science and Technology, Salah Aldin, Iraq

(2). Tikrit University, College of Agriculture, Salah Aldin, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr.AbierMahmoud Al-Qaissi. E-MailAbiers2014@gmail.com).

Received:12/06/2023                 Accepted: 2/08/2023

Abstract: 

Thirteen bacterial isolates were isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat plants (cultivar Sham 6), from different locations in Salah El-Din Governorate in Iraq for the agricultural season 2020-2021. These bacterial isolates were screened depending on the ability inhabit the pathogenic fungus Fusarium solani growth on the nutrient agar medium. The isolates Ar-7, Ar-10 and Ar-3 were significantly superior by recording the highest inhabitation, which reached 9.85, 7.33 and 6.12 mm, respectively. These isolates were molecularly identified as Psudomonas fluorescences, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis according to the matching of the nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of these isolates with the global strains recorded in the World Genetic Bank (NCBI), which matched by 99.03-98.65%. P. fluorescences significantly outperformed by recording the highest hydrogen cyanide production, as it recorded the highest absorbance of 0.894 nm, with the superiority of the treatment of a mixture of three bacterial filtrates of these isolates significantly under disease stress inducing systemic resistance of the plant by increasing the activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, which reached 1.436 and 1.046 units/ml, respectively. In addition to the superiority of the same treatment by recording the lowest infection severity amounting to 6.64%, In addition to its significant superiority over all other treatments in the wheat productivity, as it gave the highest grain weight and 1000 grain weight, reaching 20.41 g/plant and 32.82g/1000grains, compared to 7.57 g/plant and 13.7 g in the pathogenic fungus treatment.

Keywords: Rhizosphere, PGPR, wheat/ sham 6, root rot disease, Fusarium solani.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Reem  Alkhlif * ^{(1) (2)} , Mohammad Fawaz Azmeh ⁽²⁾, and Mahmoud abu Ghoura ⁽¹⁾

(1). Plant Protection department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(2). National Commission for biotechnology, SYRIA

(*Corresponding author: Reem Alkhlif, Email reem.alkhlif@damascusuniversity.edu.sy )

Received: 7/07/2023           Accepted: 13/08/2023

Abstract: 

The research was conducted in the greenhouse of Syrian National Commission for Biotechnology in Damascus during the 2021-2022 season, with the aim of studying the effect of Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza VAM Glomus spp.  and Trichoderma harzianum fungi and bacterial isolates, which were isolated from the rhizosphere of Tomato plants and Trifolium purpureum, for controlling the effect of Fusarium solani that causes Tomato wilt, in planta. Bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus cereus were identified according to several biochemical tests. Comparisons made between treatments were based on the dry weight of shoots and roots of treated and control plants, plant length, disease severity (%) according to the approved scale, and infection rate (%). The best isolates in controlling F.solani were the two isolates C33 and F63 related to Pseudomonas fluorescens with disease severity of 3.33 and 6.67% respectively, and increasing parameters of plants growth (plant height 70 and 63.25 cm, dry plant weight 5.05 and 4.75 g, dry root weight 4.35 and 4.9 g, respectively). In addition, the isolate K11 related to Bacillus cereus gave similar efficiency in disease control and growth parameters with a disease severity 6.67%, plant height 76 cm, dry plant weight 6.55 g, dry root weight 4.025 g. There were no significant differences between the results of the above mentioned parameters with plants treated with Trichoderma where results showed disease severity of 6.67%, plant height 69.75 cm, dry plant weight 6.05 g and dry root weight of 3.075 g. While, the isolate RIZN of B. cereus suppressed infection with the pathogen where disease severity became 3.33%, but it did not effect growth parameters. The greatest increase in dry weight of the roots was observed when  plants were treated with the bacterial isolate F63, neither treatment with this isolate nor treatment with VAM revealed significant differences in dry weight  when compared with the healthy control of the roots giving the following results 4.9, 4.4, and 3.25 g, respectively.

Keywords: Fusarium solani, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma harzianum, Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Amna agila^(1)*, Jamil aedris⁽²⁾,Abd-alrazegabd-alnasser⁽³⁾, and Nwara mohammed⁽²⁾

(1). Faculty of Education, Omar al -Mukhtar University, Libya.

(2). Faculty of Agriculture, Omar Al -Mukhtar University,  Libya.

(3). Ministry of Agriculture, Libya.

(*Corresponding author: amna Agila, E-Mail: amnamazek@gamil.com).

Received: 24/02/2024                 Accepted:1/08/2024

Abstract: 

This study aimed to know the changes in the growth rate and its dry weights when treating the Botrytis cinerea fungus with different concentration of extract of some plants (Arum cyrenaicum, Artemisia annua,Atriplex halimus, Ephedra alata, Leucaena leucocephala,  Anabasis articulata and Urtica urens), aqueous , a methanol  and hexanal. All extracts showed an inhibitory effect on growth of the fungus, but the inhibitory effectiveness differed depending on solvents and extracted  plants ranged from 5.7 to 80.5% and the aqueous extract of the Ephedra sp. was more effective in inhibiting fungal growth compared to hexanolic and methanolic extract. The extract of theEphedra sp. and Urtica urens plants showed the highest effect on the growth of the fungus while the extract of the Anabasis sp.  Plant had least effect. 

Key words: plant extracts, inhibitor efficiency, Botrytis cinerea.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Amal KhdrMlhem * ⁽¹⁾ Mohamed Matar ⁽¹⁾  and QusayAlrhaeyh ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria

(2).General Commission for Scientific, Agricultural Research, Latakia,Syria. 

(*Corresponding author: Amal Mlhem, E.mail: amalalmlhem00@gmail.com.).

Received:12/06/2023                              Accepted :9/08/2023

Abstract: 

The research aimed to test the efficiency of the fungicide carbendazim and isolates of the fungus Tricoderma asperillum and the bacteria Bacillus subtillis, in addition to salicylic acid, in controlling wheat root rot disease caused by some types of the genus Fusarium sp. In Lattakia, Science 2021, two wheat cultivars were used: durum (Sham 7) and aestivum (Sham 10). The seeds of both cultivars were sown in artificially prepared soil with two ferocious isolates of the fungi F. solani and F. culmorum (each separately) isolated from wheat plants. Infected with the disease in the region, the results showed that after 35-40 days of sowing the superiority of carbendazim in reducing the incidence and severity of infection with the fungus F. solani, where the percentage of reduction was 58.16% on the aestivum wheat cultivar and 54.19% on the durum wheat cultivar, followed by the treatment of the fungus T. asperillum (56.42% and 52.51%), then the treatment of B. subtillis (56.89% and 51.07%), respectively, and the differences were not significant between them, as was the case with the fungus F. culmorum, as carbendazim recorded the highest reduction rate (70.37%). And( 63.95%), respectively, followed by Tricoderma asperillum (66.86% and 61.98%), then B. subtillis (65.39% and 59.98%), respectively, and the differences were not significant. While treatment with salicylic acid did not seem effective in combating the disease.

Keywords: common root rot, wheat, chemical and biological control, Fusarium sp.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Osama Radwan ⁽¹⁾ and Hamsa balkes ^(1)*

(1). Ecology and Forest Department Faculty of Agriculture- Tishreen Uni. Lattakia- Syria .

(^* Corresponding  author: Hamsa Balkes, E-Mail: hamsabalkes@ gmail.com )

Received:20/03/2023                               Accepted:30/07/2023

Abstract: 

The study site was on the 16^th Tishreen dam in Lattakia in 2021-2022 in the spring and autumn seasons, which aimed to knowing the changes in the plant biodiversity resulting from the construction of 16^th Tishreen dam. This study was carried out in three different locations: riverbed before the lake, 16^th Tishreen lake and the riverbed after the dam (8 replicates were taken for each site) in addition to studying the effect of distance from the bank, where this factor was taken to seven different distances. The results showed in the spring season that there were significant differences between the site according to the specific richness, as 60 plant species were recorded on the riverbed before the lake, 67 plant species on the 16^th Tishreen lake and 34 plant species on the riverbed after the dam. This result was confirmed by Shannon’s wiener, as the value of plant community coverage recorded 4.04 on the riverbed before the lake, 3.71 on the 16^th Tishreen lake and 3.34 on the riverbed after the dam, this mean the number of plant species decreased by half in the sites after the dam in comparison with sites before the dam. While no significant differences were recorded according to the distance from the bank. As for the analysis of the results in the autumn season, no significant differences were recorded between the sites nor according to the distance from the bank when conducting the analysis according to the specific richness and Shannon’s wiener.

Keywords: Plant biodiversity, 16th Tishreen dam, riparian plants. 

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Sanaa Sheekh^*(1), Bolus Khoury⁽¹⁾ and Majd Darwish⁽¹⁾

(1). Crop Department, Agriculture Faculty, TishreenUniversity, Lattakia, Syria

(^* Corresponding  author: Sanaa Sheekh, E-Mail: sanaaobaidsheekh@gmail.com)

Received:25/03/2023                               Accepted:10/08/2023

Abstract: 

This study was carried out in AL- SHEER -LATTAKIA during 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons. Five bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were used, namely; L-1300, L-1302, L-68017, L-66233, L-68467. Half diallel mating method was followed to get 10 hybrids. The hybrids and their parents were sown in the second season, using a randomized complete block design with three replications to estimate general combining ability GCA, specific combining ability SCA, genetic components, and both mid and better parent heterosis for traits: days to heading, grain filling period, spikelets/spike, flag leaf area, and grain yield per plant. The results showed the control of non-additive gene action was controlled at the inheritance of (days to heading, grain filling period). Exhibiting the predominant role of additive genetic variation in the inheritance of (spikelets/spike, flag leaf area, and grain yield per plant). Three parents had high general combiners effects for grain yield, (L-68467), (L-1300) and (L-68017). The derived progenies of these parents in the breeding program will have high gene inheritance. Many hybrids with desirable specific combining ability effects were obtained from parents with desirable general combining ability effects, which also have both mid and high parents heterosis, including (L-1300* L-68467) and( L-68017* L-68467). Thus hybrids could be used for selection in segregating generations in order to reach high yielding wheat lines.

Key words: Bread wheat, Combining ability, Genetic components, Heterosis                             

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Majd Darwish*⁽¹⁾ Rabie Zaine⁽²⁾ Nizar Moualla⁽¹⁾ and Haneen Mohamad⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Agricultural Scientific Research Center, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Majd Darwish. E-Mail: majds26@yahoo.com).

Received:28/06/2023          Accepted:20/08/2023

Abstract: 

The experiment was carried out at the Scientific Agricultural Research Station (Setkhiris-Lattakia), during the period from mid-May to June of the year 2022, by applying foliar spraying with potassium humate (k-humate) at concentrations of (0- 0.5- 1- 1.5) g/L and in two stages after forty and sixty days of transplantation of three tobacco varieties (Virginia VK51- Burly R21- Katrina), according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications for each treatment. The aim of the research was to study the behavior of the varieties used under the influence of foliar spraying with potassium humate and to determine the concentrations that have a significant effect on the growth and development of the plant. So, some of morphysiological characteristics as plant height (cm), leaf area (cm²/plant) and photosynthesis efficiency (g/cm²/day), and the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids (µg/g/wet weight) were recorded. The results showed a stimulating effect of foliar spraying applied at a concentration of 0.5 g/L humate potassium on most of the studied traits (leaf surface area (cm²/plant), photosynthesis efficiency (g/cm²/day), chlorophyll and carotenoids content (µg/g/wet weight)) of the three varieties, while the spraying concentration of 1.5 g/L had a significant stimulating effect on plant height (cm) in the three varieties. The research concluded that there was a variation in the response of the studied varieties to the spraying concentrations used. Compared to the control, Virginia VK51 variety showed the best response to foliar spraying with 0.5 g/L potassium humate in both characteristics of plant height and photosynthesis efficiency, with an increase of 18-55 %, respectively, and in Katrina variety at the same concentration, the increase in the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids was 44-48 %, respectively, while the Burly R21 showed the best response to the foliar application of 1.5 g/L potassium humate in leaf surface area with an increase of 20 %.

Keywords: Tobacco; Morpho-physiological behavior; Potassium humate.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf