Ayman Hejazy* ⁽¹⁾,Wael Sief ⁽²⁾ ,Hadi Nasrallah ⁽¹⁾ and Janet Alkenani⁽²⁾

(1). General Commission for Agricultural Scientific Research, Damascus, Syria^.

(2). Food and Agriculture Organization, Damascus, Syria Office,Syria.  

(*Corresponding author: Ayman Hejazy, E-Mail: siraiman@yahoo.com).

Received:12/05/2023          Accepted:12/02/2024

Abstract: 

The research aims to reduce pumping costs during the irrigation cycle of the agricultural season, and to reduce the irrigation gap at the peak of actual irrigation needs in irrigation projects by managing the available water source during the entire agricultural season, which enables the decision maker to make the best decision. a computer program called, irrigation management in irrigation management projects, has been developed, it manages the irrigation gap by creating irrigation schedules according to the actual cultivated areas, and according to the priority criterion if there is more than one crop planted in the same period, in addition to determining the daily crops that require irrigation according to the proposed area in the agricultural plan’s, calculating the necessary irrigation time, and determining the optimal drainage required to be provided from the irrigation source during the irrigation cycle. this software is suitable for use on an unlimited number of crops proposed to the user and on an unlimited number of irrigation sectors, but working on it requires preparing the necessary files, that includes information about the area irrigated in irrigation sector, the number of hours of operation and drainage of the water source, in addition to providing the program with the irrigation needs of all crops within a five-day irrigation cycle.

Keywords: irrigation management, irrigation tables, irrigation gap, crop pattern.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Tablo Abdulrahim Ahmed ^(1)*

(1). Environmental Science and Health Dept, College of Science, Univ. of Salahaddin-Erbil, KRI, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Tablo Ahmed, e-mail: tablo.ahmed@su.edu.krd, tablo.ahmed@su.edu.krd,  phone: +964-750-745-8908).                        

Received:29/12/2023               Accepted: 26/02/2024

Abstract: 

More than two million people are thought to live in Erbil City, Northern Iraq, where this work was conducted. During low-level periods, the city’s sewage discharge can reach 77760 m3/day, and during high-level periods, it can reach 108000 m3/day. Local farmers use about 225 hectares of dispersed farmland, all irrigated by raw sewage water, to produce raw vegetables for the local market. Some toxic heavy metals, namely Pb, Ni and Cu bioaccumulation rates in sewage, soil and some uncooked vegetables in five different locations/ farms were followed up (only bioaccumulation rates of Lead values were ranging from 45.09 to 67.21mg.kg-1 in the soil of the studied locations. Nickel concentration values were from 15.03-29.79mg.kg-1, and copper was ranging from 34.06 to 49.94 mg.kg-1which are within the range of (MPL).

Keywords: Wastewater, Pb, Ni, Cu, Bioaccumulation, Polluted soil.

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Bashar Tobo^(1)*_,Ahmad Mahmoud⁽¹⁾, Fadi Kazangi ⁽¹⁾ and Manal Fida⁽²⁾

(1). General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research, Syria.

(2).Department of Ecology and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Bashar  Tobo, Email: bashar.tobo33@gmail.com, Tel:                    0932239713).

Received: 27/09/2023                      Accepted: 23/01/2024

Abstract: 

The study aimed to find out the germination of the seeds of Moringa Adans and Jatropha curcas under the influence of three agricultural media, namely: A. Al turph (T), B. brutia. Nursery soil (S), C. A mixture of turf and nursery soil (TS), in proportion (1: 1). The research was carried out during the year 2021 within the laboratories of the Department of Forestry and Environment Affiliated to the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Bouqa – Latakia according to the complete random sectors system. Several quantitative indicators of seedling growth and development were studied. As for the final germination of moringa, the turf medium achieved the highest germination rate (86%), significantly superior to the mixture medium, which achieved the rate (83%). In contrast, the germination rate in the nursery soil medium reached 79%, which is lower than the two germination media studied . The results indicated that the turf medium continued to be significantly superior to the control medium, starting from germination, passing along the vegetative and root groups, and reaching the average dry weight of these two groups and for most specie.

Keywords: agricultural media, Moringa Adans, Jatropha curcas, turph.  

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Anas Kiwan *⁽¹⁾ , Maher Hasan ⁽²⁾ and Wasim Mohsen ⁽¹⁾

(1). Sweida Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(2). Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Anas Kiwan. Email: anas.kiwan@damascusuniversity.edu.sy).

Received: 27/09/2023         Accepted:7/03/2024

Abstract: 

The research was conducted in the Kiswah region, Rif Dimashq Governorate, during the 2023 season, to study the effect of liquid Composeek Treatment (compost tea enhanced with Biochar and Wood Vinegar) on the growth and yield of pea plants. The experiment involved five concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ml/l) of the commercial liquid composeek compound, in addition to the control treatment, were foliar sprayed. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized block design, and data were analyzed using GenStat software version 12. The results indicated improvement in the study parameters when using the liquid composeek, where plant height (53.12, 59.40, 65.35, 70.19, 80.14, 89.20 cm) for the experiment treatments respectively ranked higher. The leaf nitrogen content percentage also increased (10.29%, 14.29%, 18.29%, 32%, 57.14%) for concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mL/L, respectively) compared to the control (1.75%). The concentration of 5 mL/L showed significant superiority over all treatments, reaching (67 pods/plant, 7.15 g/pod, 7.8 seeds/pod) for the parameters (number of pods, pod weight, number of seeds per pod, respectively) compared to the control (35 pods/plant, 4.5 g/pod, 5.9 seeds/pod, respectively).

Keywords: Pisum sativum L., Wood Vinegar, Biochar, compost tea, Composeek, Growth, yield.

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Amal Al-Hafary ^{* (1)} ,  Hani Ibraheem⁽²⁾and  Mohammad Saed Al-Shater⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of soil sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(2). General Organization of Remote Sensing, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Amal Al-Hafary, E-mail amalalhafary8@gmail.com).

Received: 12/11/2023           Accepted: 26/02/2024

Abstract: 

The research was completed in the Eastern Ghouta area of Damascus countryside governorate in 2022-2023 with an area of 211 km2, field samples were collected from 72 sites with two depths (0-30 and 30-60 cm), totaling 144 samples, and the coordinates for each point were documented using a GPS device. Some analyzes were performed (mechanical composition, pH, EC, organic matter, field capacity), the linear regression equation was applied to predict future values of field capacity based on primary soil data, then maps were drawn showing the spatial distribution of field amplitude values for both depths in the study area using Model Maker in ERDAS IMAGINE satellite image processing software. The results showed that the majority of the soils of the studied area were clayey texture, non-saline, with a pH light to medium alkalinity, and a variation in the content of the soil of organic matter. The results also showed that the values of field capacity as moisture and weight content were high in most samples, a strong positive significant correlation was observed between field capacity on the one hand and both salt, clay and organic matter.

Keywords: Field Capacity, Mathematical Model, Functional Equations, Linear Regression, Eastern Ghouta. 

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Nizar Harba⁽¹⁾, Nizar Mualla⁽¹⁾and Weam Al-Taweel^(1)*

(1). Crop Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*corresponding Author:  Weam Al-Taweel, E.mail: aboalabd876@gmail.com).

Received: 19/09/2023                     Accepted: 7/01/2024

Abstract: 

Planting local peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) treated with a spray with the amino acid putrescine during the 2021 agricultural season in the city of Jableh (Ain Shaqaq village) in Latakia Governorate. According to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and in a one-time split arrangement with three replications, the main plots included spraying with saline solution at different concentrations, and the split plots included the number of irrigation times. This is for the peanut variety (local) that was treated with a spray with the amino acid polyamine, three times and with a time difference of 15 days between each time, with different concentrations of salt water, which are (0 – 2000 – 4000 – 8000 – 12000ppm). With the aim of studying the effect of spraying with polyamine and different concentrations of salt water starting from the flowering stage  On some qualitative characteristics of peanuts. Salt concentrations, especially high ones (8000-12000 ppm), affected most of the qualitative traits studied and led to their general decrease, albeit insignificantly (phenols (1.96-2.02%), sugars (4.51-5.28%), protein ((20.67-21.66%), carotene (5.26%) -5.99 total chlorophyll (141.52-152.01 micrograms/g) and oil (46.87-46.92%, respectively. The amino acid putrescine also worked to reduce the stress of the salt solution and in some cases to increase the ability of peanut plants to tolerate salinity, especially with regard to the characteristics of the phenolic content. Sugars, protein and oil.

Keywords: peanuts, salt stress, amino acids, putrescine.

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Mais Daher* ⁽¹⁾,  Saleh Qabili ^(1), and Sawsan Haifa⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(* Corresponding author: Mais Daher, e-mail: maisdaher00@gmail.com, Tel: 009699467087).

Received: 21/02/2024                     Accepted: 3/10/2023

Abstract: 

The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering- Tishreen University- Latakia during the 2022/2023 agricultural season by planting seeds of four genetic-environmental types of Lathyrus sativus L.(Latakani, Tartousi, Homsi, and Shami) in plastic bags with a capacity of 5 kg of soil. These bags were distributed according to a completely randomized design with three replicates. The research aimed to evaluate the behavior of some morphological, morphysiological and productive traits of the studied genotypes under different levels of sodium chloride salinity (0, 3, 6, 10 and 15 mmho/cm) in order to determine the effect of salinity levels and the most tolerant genotype for future use in breeding or cultivation programs in lands affected by salinity. The results indicated that the values of all the studied traits decreased significantly (P<0.05), and increasingly proportional to the salt concentrations used (3, 6, 10, 15 mmho/cm). The Homsi genotype was superior in control conditions and under conditions of salt stress, especially at high levels of 10 and 15 mmho/cm, and significantly (P<0.05) in most of the traits studied compared to the other genotypes. The results also showed that the largest percentage decrease under the applied salinity levels was primarily noticeable in the characteristics of plant leaf surface area  at Tartousi genotype (5.07 cm2/plant) at the concentrations of (15 mmho/cm), leaf weight at Tartousi genotype (0.6 g) at the concentrations of (15 mmho/cm), number of branches at Tartousi genotype (2.33 branch /plant) at the concentrations of (15 mmho/cm), pod length at Shami genotype (1cm) at the concentrations of  (15 mmho/cm) and its weight at Tartousi genotype (1g) at the concentrations of (15 mmho/cm) and the number of seeds at Tartousi and Shami genotypes (1.67 g/plant) at the concentrations of (15 mmho/cm) and their weight at Tartousi and Shami genotypes (1g) at the concentrations of (15 mmho/cm). This indicates the possibility for using these traits to screen genotypes that are more tolerant to salt stress. The research concluded to grow Homsi genotype in control conditions, and under salinity conditions, whether at low levels of 3 mmho/cm or high levels of more than 10 mmho/cm, because of its superiority in most of the morphological, morphysiological, and production traits studied.

Keywords: Lathyrus Sativus L.; Morphysiological traits; Productivity; salt stress.

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Ahmed Soufi*⁽¹⁾ and Ahmed Darkalt⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Renewable natural resources and the environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(* Corresponding author: Dr. Ahmed Soufi, E-mail: 7mada.movo9@gmail.com, phone: 0991266905).

                             Received: 12/12/2023                Accepted: 12/02/2024

Abstract: 

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar spraying with salicylic acid  on vegetative growth of safflower under saline conditions in Damsarkho village, Latakia, Syria in 2023. A factorial trial based on a randomized complete design (R.C.D.) with three replications was used.  The treatments consisted of four salinity levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 ml/cm2) and four salicylic acid concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mmol).  Traits such as plant height, number of branches, leaf content of chlorophyll, proline, MDA and number of seeds per plant were measured.  The results of the study showed that salinity levels and salicylate concentrations significantly affected (P<0.05) the studied properties and indicators, and as salinity increased, the properties of all studied indicators decreased.  Comparisons of averages indicated an improvement in the vegetative growth Characteristics, biochemical indicators, and studied plant productivity when treated with salicylic acid, especially at a concentration of 1 mmol.  The interaction between salinity and salicylic acid led to significant effects on the studied indicators. Low concentrations led to a relative improvement in the studied morphological, biochemical and production characteristics, and the A2S1 treatment outperformed all treatments and the control. In contrast, the high concentration led to negative effects.

Keywords: salicylic acid, salt stress, safflower.

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Safaa Razouk^*(1), Ghassan Yacoub⁽²⁾ and Wael Habib⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Bouqa Agricultural Research Station, General Commission for Scientific and Agricultural Research, Latakia, Syria.

(*Correspondent: Safaa Razouk. E-mail: alshrookcenter@gmail.com    Phone:0999610342   )

                             Received: 21/12/2023                Accepted: 26/02/2024

Abstract

The study was implemented in Latakia Governorate for the 2021-2022 season, and targeted a random sample of citrus growers of 380 farmers distributed among the citrus growing areas in this governorate. Data were collected using a field interview method according to a preliminary form prepared for this purpose with the aim of identifying the factors affecting risk in… Citrus cultivation, and included data related to production costs, production marketing methods, and technical characteristics of citrus farms, in addition to the economic and social characteristics of these farmers. The research used a descriptive and quantitative analysis methodology using the SPSS program. The results showed that there is a significant risk in citrus production. The percentage of farmers in the risk category in general was about 60.8%. About 28.2% of them were able to overcome these risks and achieved positive deviations in net income compared to the total sample, while 32.1% failed to overcome the risk and were exposed to negative deviations in income. Net resulting from citrus cultivation. The study recommended the necessity of adopting the most environmentally and economically efficient class structure to confront the risk, and reconsidering the class map and updating it to suit changing and emerging risks.

Key words: Risk analysis, Discriminating Analysis, Citrus production.

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Salam Ibrahim^(1)*, Wael Habib⁽¹⁾ ,Atie Arab⁽¹⁾ and Ibrahim Abdulla⁽²⁾

(1). Center of Scientific Agricultural Research, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Agricultural Economics,  Faculty of Agriculture, Hama University.

( *Corresponding author: Dr.Salam Ibrahim; Email : Salamibra2@gmail.com).

Received: 1/10/2023                       Accepted: 23/01/2024

Abstract: 

The study was conducted in 2021, included 30 silkworm breeders in Lattakia ,Tartous, and Hama governorates, and the study aimed to clarify the economic and social importance of the project of mulberry silkworm rearing and natural silk production at the level of producing families in Syria, and to determine the most important problems facing  silk breeders and workers in this field. The Data were analyzed using descriptive and quantitative analysis methods, in order to classified The producing families and determined their economic characteristics. The results showed that The role of women was considered to be major in the silkworm rearing activity with a participation rate of 62.9%. The results also showed that the sericulture project is one of the successful and acceptable projects according to investment and economic efficiency scales, the net profit was 9574 SYP per kilogram of cocoons , and it increased to 232017 SYP per kilogram of silk threads. The total economic efficiency index was 2.8 points for producing cocoons, and increased to 4.4 points for producing silk threads, which explains the preference for the production of silk threads compared to the production of cocoons. The results also showed that breeders face numerous problems and difficulties, including a lack of official interest in supporting and organizing sericulture activities, marketing difficulties, and a shortage of sufficient labor.

Key words: Mulberry silkworm, natural silk, economic efficiency

Full paper in Arabic: PDF