Diana Fayad * ⁽¹⁾ and Nariman Nema ⁽¹⁾

(1). Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Homs University, Homs, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Diana Fayad. E-Mail: dianafayad685@gmail.com). 

Received:29/9/2024                      Accepted: 21/2/2025

Abstract: 

The aim of the research was to isolate bread yeast from several food sources (sweet wine, grape molasses, apple jam, artificial sweet orange juice, tamarind syrup, jallab syrup, dates) and classified into seven isolates as Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on their cultural, microscopic and biochemical properties. The yeast isolated from industrial sweet orange juice (YOJ) showed the highest fermentation power in a dough leavening test. The isolated sample was propagated in two media. The first medium (bm₁) is molasses obtained from Homs Sugar Factory after adding different concentrations of apple pomace extract (40-50-60)% using the submerged fermentation method. Physical, chemical and microbial properties of the resulting biomass were estimated. It was found that when adding 60% apple pomace extract to the molasses fermentation liquid, the dry matter value reached 29%, ash 0.132, fermentation strength 2800 cm³, and the protein value was 52%. Yeast (YOJ) was also propagated using a second medium (bm₂), which is a nutrient compound medium supplemented with many salts added to the molasses fermentation liquid. It was found that the protein value was 37% and its fermentation strength was 2000 cm³. When comparing the results of the first medium with the results of the Homs Sugar Factory medium, the 60% concentration of apple pomace extract outperformed the rest of the concentrations and the laboratory medium in terms of fermentation strength and protein value. When comparing the results of the second medium (nutrient-rich medium) with the results of the Homs Sugar Factory medium and the results of the best percentage of apple pomace extract (60%), significant differences appeared in terms of fermentation strength and protein value, and the 60% concentration of apple pomace extract was superior to both the synthetic medium and the sugar factory medium.

Keywords: fermentation strength, submerged fermentation, dough leavening, molasses, apple pomace.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Sedra Murad^(1)*, Abdel Ghani Abdel Latif⁽²⁾, Bashar Nenneh⁽²⁾

 .(1)Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Sidra Murad, Email: sidramurad227@gmail.com).

Received:9/02/2024            Accepted: 1/04/2024

Abstract: 

The research aimed to conduct an economic and descriptive analysis of the cultivation and production of Tomatoes crop using solar energy and comparing it with the traditional method, as energy sources used in pumping irrigation water, The research was conducted in 2023 in Aleppo Governorate (Al-Safira, Deir Hafer, Maskana), the number of respondents reached (86) respondents, the descriptive economic analysis method of the most important indicators of farm income and indicators of the efficiency of the use of variable, fixed, and total productive balances in the production process was used to conduct the research, The economic and commercial efficiency using solar energy was about (7.85) and (8.93), respectively, while using conventional energy reached about (4.48) and (4.81), respectively, The break-even price using solar energy and diesel was about (127.55) and (223.34) SYP/kg, respectively, while the break-even productivity in both methods was (15306.19) and (26800.63), kg/h, respectively, The research recommended maintaining the cultivation and production of tomatoes in Aleppo governorate, but rather working to expand the areas planted in it, and guiding and encouraging crop farmers to use solar energy as an alternative to the use of diesel in the production of energy necessary to pump irrigation water.

Keywords: Tomatoes, solar, diesel, Aleppo province.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Manal Feddah^(1)*

(1). Department of  Forestry and Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Manal Feddah, Email:feddamanal82@gmail.com).

Received:16/01/2024          Accepted: 9/04/2024

Abstract

The study was conducted in 2023 with the aim of comparing some of the apparent and physical characteristics of ordinary oak charcoal, Quercus calliprinos webb, produced by the traditional (dusty) and double-barrel coking methods at the sites of Al-Zafarana (Tartous) and Al-Kars (Lattakia). The results showed that the yield of coking using the double-barrel method is 6% higher compared to the Traditional method. The time required to obtain charcoal using the double barrel method was much less than the time required to charcoal the same quantity using the traditional method, and this result is of great value (3 hours compared to 18 hours for charring the same amount using the traditional method). Also, the coal produced by the double barrel method has a lower specific heat than the coal produced by the traditional method, and therefore its quality is higher because there is an inverse proportion between the quality of the coal and the specific heat value.

Keywords: charring, dusty, double barrels, coking process, ordinary oak charcoal.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mahmoud Khateeb⁽¹⁾, Aziza Ajouri⁽²⁾, Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban^*(3)

(1) . Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

 (2) Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

(3) Department of Field Crop, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University.

(*Corresponding author: Ahmad Shams Aldien Shaaban. E-Mail: Shaabany57@gmail.com).

Received:4/03/2024            Accepted: 15/04/2024

Abstract

An Experiment was conducted at Homeimeh search station in Aleppo, through 2021/2022 season to compare adding hydrogel and soluble fertilizers, and their effects on soil content of essential elements, and production of faba bean production variety “Baladi Mohassen”. Completely randomized block design was used with five treatments: (control without fertilizers, adding soluble fertilizer by 2 kg/donem, adding hydrogel by 1, 2 3 kg/donem). The fertilizers were added three times through season. Soil content of NPK were analyzed five times (before planting, after a period of each fertilizers application and after harvest). Also, some morphological and yield component measured with analysis of seed content from NPK. Positive effects were showed when adding hydrogel by rising soil content of NPK comparing with traditional soluble fertilizer. And they were available long time in the soil even after harvest. Also, the positive effects reflect on amelioration of morphological and production of faba bean production.

Key Words: Hydrogel, NPK, Faba Bean, Soil Fertilizing.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Suliman Younes * ⁽¹⁾, Ghiath Alloush⁽²⁾ and  Leila Habib ⁽²⁾  

(1). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research – Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department Of Soil And Water Sciences- Faculty Of Agriculture University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng Suliman Younes.. E-Mail: sulimanyounes89@gmail.com).

Received: 14/12/2023                          Accepted: 10/03/2024

Abstract: 

The study was conducted in a greenhouse in lattakia at Tishreen University in 2022. Tomato seedlings (Bastona Hybred) were planted in plastic columns (50 cm height, 25 cm diameter) at a rate of one plant per column. Organic fertilizer applied at a rate of 8% of soil  weight in organic treatments. Treatments were: compost of poultry manure (OM). poultry manure composted with zeolite (OMZ). poultry manure composted with fertilizer salts (magnesium sulphate: MgSO4) and (triple superphosphate: TSP) salts added at a rate of 10% of the initial nitrogen moles in manure (OMS), poultry manure composted with zeolite and salts together (OMZS), poultry manure compost and zeolite added after composted (OM + Z), and finally the Control treatment, which didn’t receive any organic source . Fruit production and plant dry weight in organic fertilization treatments of all types were better than mineral fertilization treatments alone. Composting of zeolite with poultry manure (OMZ) increased plant productivity by 21% , but did not increase dry weight. Adding zeolite after composting (OM+Z) led to an increase in plant weight by 18%, compared to the manure composted without amendment (OM). The application of salts to poultry manure (OMS) did not show a significant increase in the fruits production of OM treatment, while the dry weight of the plant increased by about 35%, and consequently, the uptake of N and P increased by 27% and 58%, respectively. The combination of salts and zeolite (OMZS) resulted in an increase of fruit production by 11%, increase dry weight by 22.5%, N and P uptake by 49% and 45% compared to compost treatment (OM). Adding mineral fertilizers to poultry manure (OMS) increased of titratable acidity and total dissolved solids (TSS) by 27% and 33%, respectively, compared to the compost treatment (OM).

Key Word: Zeolite, Magnesium And Phosphorus, Poultry manure, tomato plant.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ruba Issa^(1)*, Mona Ali Barakat⁽¹⁾ , Mohammad Manhal Alzoubi⁽²⁾ and Ola Ali Merhej⁽³⁾

(1). Department of Soil and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen, University, Latakia, Syria.

(2). Agriculture Scientific Research Center, Latakia, Syria.

(3). General Organization of Remote Sensing, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ruba Issa: E-Mail: rubaessa99@gmail.com).  

Received: 9/1/2024                          Accepted: 3/4/2024

Abstract: 

This study provides the Burnt Area Index (BAIS2), based on the spectral bands of Sentinel-2, to detect burned areas with a spatial accuracy of 10 meters. The index was tested on (30 sites exposed to fire) distributed over the four regions of Latakia Governorate (Latakia region, Qardaha area, Haffa area, Jableh region) that occurred on 9-10/10/2020, Through the application of the Separability index and the results were compared with the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and the difference in the standard burn ratio (dNBR), which was studied in detail for the studied sites, and tested its accuracy according to the values of the composite index, The results of the spectral sensitivity assessment of the calculated indicators of the burned area showed a good performance of the burned area index, as the BAIS2 index showed a high discrimination ability for burned areas similar to the (NBR) index adopted in most studies. The study showed that the difference indicators (dBAIS2 and dNBR) gave high values to the separation  index at all sites compared to the burnt area and standard burning indices which showed close values with a preference for the burned area index. According to the total accuracy of (89.56)% for the burned area index and (84.67)% for the standard burning index, Where the burnt area index distinguishes the burned areas in which the coal signal prevails, and has a high recognition ability for burned areas in the spectral range of the red range more than NBR, and these differences appeared when calculating the difference indicators (dBAIS2 and dNBR) as they depend on estimating the change in vegetation cover. The burnt zone difference index (dBAIS2) was higher in all locations and was the highest in Qardaha by (1.384). as well as the calculation of the coefficient of variation (C.V) for spectral indicators showed that the index of difference of the burned area (dBAIS2) gave the highest values of the coefficient of variance, as it exceeded 45% in all study sites and was the highest in the Qardaha area by (51.2)%.

Key words: Fire -Latakia governorate -Separability index (SI) -The Burned Area Index (BAIS2) -The Difference Burned area index (BAIS2) -The difference Normalized burn Ratio index (dNBR) -The Normalized burn Ratio index (NBR).

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ola Alnaddaf ^(1)*, Faten Alsafadi ⁽²⁾ and Wasim Mohsen ⁽²⁾

(1). 2nd Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Syria

(2). Sweida Research Center, the General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research (GCSAR), Syria

(^*Corresponding Author, Ola Alnaddaf. E-mail: ola.naddaf@damascusuniversity.edu.sy, Phone: 0096316269745)

Received: 17/12/2023              Accepted:21/04/2024

Abstract: 

The study was carried out at Sweida research center/ the General Commission for Scientific Agriculture Research (GCSAR)/ Syria during 2018-2019 in order to investigate the effect of in vitro drought stress induced by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG6000) on eight pure tomato lines from the 5^th generation at the first seedling growth development. Four different concentration of PEG6000, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% were used in addition to control treatment. Results showed that increasing drought stress treatment has led to a decrease in the studied growth parameters involved mean number of roots and root diameter, seedling length and diameter, number of leaves and shoots, root and plant dry weight and leaf area in all tomato lines. Concerning root length, drought stress resulted in reducing root elongation except for Jerdy line which developed a longer roots under drought stress treatments, hens it is announced as a superior line for drought stress tolerance. Similar trend was recorded for root-to-shoot length ratio which was increased with increasing drought stress in all tomato lines. Using cluster analysis, based on the sum of relative values of drought stress responses, four groups were distinguished: (1) consisting of Jerdy line. (2) consisting of 2 lines; Daraa, and Daher-Aljabal. (3): consisting on line Brieh and (4) consisting of 4 lines; Baskanta, Abosfair, Kafer-Selwan and Wardyat.

Keywords: Tomato, pure line, screening, drought stress, cluster analysis.

 Full paper in English: PDF

Mohammad Nizam^(1)*, Ziad Khouri⁽¹⁾,  Ghaith Nassor⁽¹⁾ and Kenda Almohammad ⁽¹⁾

(1). Latakia Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(^*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammad Nizam. E-Mail:  mohammad.nizam.85115@gmail..com).

Received: 23/01/2024             Accepted: 28/04/2024

Abstract: 

The experiment was conducted during two years (2021-2022) on peach trees (Michelin cv.) in Kassab research station of scientific agricultural research center – Latakia governorate to study the impact of potassium silicate (3 and 5 g/L) and potassium humate (2 and 4 g/L) foliar application on some traits of vegetative growth on peach (Michelin cv.) trees. The experiment showed that the application with potassium humate (4 g/L) potassium humate gave the highest values in terms of length and diameter of shoots, leaf area, and percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents on leaves. All foliar application treatments also improved the percentage of total chlorophyll in leaves compared to control trees.

Key words: Peach, Foliar application, Potassium silicate, Potassium humate

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Majd Darwish *⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Majd Darwish. E-Mail: majds26@yahoo.com).

Received: 24/11/2024                     Accepted: 1/04/2024

Abstract: 

The experiment was carried out at Karto regions in Hama governorate during the agricultural season (2022/2023). The aim of this research was to study the effect of foliar spraying with different concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 ml/L) of the organic fertilizer Megasoil on the growth and productivity of the Spanish faba bean (Luz de otono), according to the randomized complete block design, with three replicates for each treatment. The results indicated that foliar spraying with the organic fertilizer Megasoil at the different concentrations used led to a significant increase (P<0.05) in all the studied traits and characteristics as compared to the control. The results showed a significant difference in the response of the growth and productivity characteristics of Spanish faba bean plants to the rates of spraying used, as the treatment at a concentration of 60 ml/L was significantly (P<0.05) superior compared to the other treatments, with the highest yield of green pods and seeds, 48 and 4.5 tons/h respectively, and a total protein content of 28 %. While foliar spraying at the concentration of 80 ml/L, as compared to the previous concentration, did not have any noticeable positive effects on plant growth and its yield of pods and seeds. Therefore, we suggest spraying plants of Spanish faba bean (Luz de otono) with the organic fertilizer Megasoil at a concentration of 60 ml/L in the conditions of the cultivation area or in other areas with similar environmental conditions, due to its positive role in improving growth indicators and increasing yields quantitatively and qualitatively.

Keywords: Faba bean, Organic fertilizer, Productivity, Quality.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Kawthar Abou Assali ^*(1), Roula Bayerli ⁽²⁾  and Bassam Al Atalah⁽¹⁾

(1). Sewida Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Horticulture Department,  Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Damascus University. Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Kawthar Abou Assali. E-Mail: kawtharaboassaly@gmail.com).

Received: 10/01/2024         Accepted: 27/03/2024

Abstract

The research was carried out at Urah Research Station, Sewida Agricultural Scientific Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research in Syria for the 2021 agricultural season, using the split plot design with three replicates. Pre-treated Cucumber seeds with salicylic acid (0, 1, 50, 150 mg/l) were planted, then exposed to different irrigation levels (60, 80, 100% of field capacity). Simple correlation and principal component analyses of the resulting data were studied, in order to determine the relationship between productivity indicators and some morphological and physiological indicators under the irrigation levels presented to determine the most important indicators associated with yield. In addition to determine the best concentration of salicylic acid for each of these indicators and productivity. The correlation analysis results showed a significant positive correlation between productivity indicators and all morphological indicators, besides each of relative water content (0.985) and nitrogen concentration indicators (0.965) under 100% field capacity. In addition to a positive correlation of productivity with both the number and weight of fruits indicators. The significant positive correlation between productivity and other morphological and productivity indicators continued under the two levels of water stress applied. As it was observed that the number of leaves, fruits, and weight of the fruits were completely and positively correlated with productivity under 80% field capacity. While the length of stem, number and weight of fruits correlated with productivity under 60% field capacity. Results also indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between productivity and some physiological indicators (proline, soluble sugars, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, nitrogen and potassium concentrations) under the moderate stress influence (80% of field capacity), and a significant positive correlation between productivity and proline (0.995) under irrigation level 60% of field capacity. Results of principal component analysis showed that the first and second components expressed the largest proportion of the total variance under all field capacities, and most of the studied indicators were positively correlated with productivity (a sharp angle between the productivity axis and most indicators axes), and in the same direction under all irrigation levels. Treatment with 50 mg/L concentration of SA was located in the same direction, within the positive quadrant, Therefore, 50 mg/L treatment was the best concentration  considering  all mentioned indicators.

Keywords: Cucumber, productivity, correlation coefficient, principal component.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF