Manal Al-Dos* ⁽¹⁾, Mahmoud Abo Ghourra ⁽²⁾ and Aida Jalloul ⁽¹⁾

(1). National Commission for Biotechnology (NCB), Damascus, Syria.

(2₎ Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty,Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Fayez Almokdad. E-Mail: aldo2m@outlook.com ).

Received: 01/06/2020         Accepted: 11/07/202

Abstract

This search was accomplished in 2016 in National Commission for Biotechnology and  the laboratory of plant bacterial diseases-Faculty of Agriculture- Damascus University. The present study was carried out to isolate, identify, and examine rhizobacteria from root nodule in chickpea from several sites in Syria (Damascus, Daraa, Sweidaa, Homs, Hama, Tartoos). Rhizobium bacteria were isolated from nodules on yeast manitol agar medium. The bacterial isolates were  identified using artificial infection, biochemical tests, and molecular tests. The capability of these isolates of forming root nodules was tested by the application of artificial infection on chickpeas plants which were planted in pots. A total of 35 isolates were obtained from these sites. 27 isolates  were identified by biochemical tests as Rhizobium, out of which 12 isolate were characterized by their ability to induce nodules in chickpea roots, and number, dry weight of root nodules were varied according to isolate. The detection of nod genes was used to distinguish the molecular identity of Rhizobium and Mesorhizobium. Isolates induced nodules in chickpeas belonged to Mesorhizobium.

Key words: Rhizobium, bacterial root knot , nod gene, chickpea.

Full paper in Arabic :       PDF

Mouzahem Mohammad ALDahoul* ⁽¹⁾, Samir Mohammad Tabbache ⁽²⁾ , Bahaa Ahmad Al-Rahban⁽³⁾and Gassan Abdalrhman Al-Lahham ⁽⁴⁾

(1). Salamieh Center of Scientific Agricultural Researches (SCSAR, Hama, Syria.

(2₎ Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(3₎ Administration of Plant Protection Research, (GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(4₎ Salamieh Center of Scientific Agricultural Researches (GCSAR, Hama, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Mouzahem Al-Dahoul. E-Mail: m.dahool1975@gmail.com ).

Received: 19/03/2020         Accepted: 13/04/2020

Abstract

The experiment was carried out by the split plots design, with three replications, at the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Salamieh (Syria), during the growing season 2018/2019, to study the effect of three sowing rates of lentil (250, 300, 350) seeds/m² in the competitiveness of wild mustard (Sinapis alba L.) which sowing at four densities (5, 10, 15 and 20 plants/m²), in addition to hand weeding check on the growth and productivity of lentil from hay and seeds, and determination of the critical economic limit for control. The results showed that the sowing rate of 300 seeds/m² gave the highest competitiveness of lentil, the best lentil growth, and the highest productivity of hay and seeds with 4256 and 2324 kg/ha, respectively. The hand weeding treatment at a sowing rate of 300 seeds/m² gave the best lentil growth and the highest productivity of hay and seeds with 4980 and 2830 kg/ha, respectively, compared to the rest of the treatments. The gradual increase in the density of wild mustard from 5 to 20 plants/m² gave its competitiveness, which was negatively and gradually reflected on the growth and productivity of lentil. The results of the research indicate that the critical economic limit for controlling wild mustard started at a density of 5 plants/m², and that increasing the plant density of wild mustard at the rate of one plant/m² decreased the productivity of lentil by 80.22 and 49.62 kg/ha of hay and seeds, respectively.

Key words: Sowing rate, Lentil Competitiveness, Critical economic limit, Wild mustard.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Kamel Fattal* ⁽¹⁾, Abdalhady Hattaby ⁽²⁾ and Rama Bakry Zalat ⁽²⁾

(1). Animal Production section, Aleppo Center of Scientific Agricultural Researches (ACSAR), Aleppo, Syria.

(2₎ Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Kamel Fattal. E-Mail: kamel1960@gmail.com ).

Received: 17/04/2020         Accepted: 17/06/2020

Abstract

Data were collected from an intimate research station for breeding Shami goats of the General Authority for Scientific Agricultural Research.
The total collected data reached (316) records for the studied characteristics (daily milk production test, fat percentage, protein ratio), while the animal numbers reached to (95)animals. The results showed that the value of the genotype variance of the adjective fat percentage (6.75), followed by the contrast value of the daily milk test characteristic (4.46), then the value of the protein attribute value (0.50). While the value of the permanent environmental variation of the daily milk test attribute was (1.27), followed by the value of the contrast ratio of the percentage of fat (0.79), then the value of the protein percentage attribute (0.72). Daily (0.45), then the value of the protein ratio characteristic (0.15). The phenotypic variation value for the percentage of the fat percentage (8.63), followed by the contrast value of the daily milk test characteristic (5.72), then the value of the protein ratio characteristic (1.33). Genetic equivalents reached 0.61, 0.67 , 0.28 for each of the daily milk production test characteristics, fat percentage, protein ratio, respectively. As for the genetic association, it reached 0.08, 0.65, 0.55 between the test characteristic of daily milk production and both the characteristics of the fat percentage and the protein ratio respectively, while the genetic association between the fat percentage and the protein ratio was 0.31. The range of educational (genetic) values ​​reached from -1.42 to 1.65, -1.58 to 1.32, -0.47 to 0.42, for daily milk production test qualities, fat percentage, protein ratio, respectively. Trust level coefficients ranged between 0.40 and 0.93. The range of permanent environmental values ​​ranged from -0.46 to 0.51, -0.73 to 0.98, -0.77 to 0.91 for the daily milk production test qualities, fat percentage, protein ratio, respectively. The rank correlations between educational (genetic) values ​​were -0.38, 0.69 , 0.55 for the daily milk production attribute and for the fat and protein ratios respectively, while the correlation between the levels between the educational (genetic) values ​​of the fat ratio and the protein ratio attribute was 0.43. We conclude from the research the possibility of improving the quality of the test of total milk production, and this will improve the quality of the protein ratio in milk genetically. We also recommend the selection of animals, especially males, on the basis of the high educational value (genetic), taking into account the high degree of confidence when estimating the educational value (genetic). And that increasing the fat percentage in the milk will lead to an improvement in the structural structure of the cheese made from this milk. The increase in the percentage of protein in milk will increase the ratio of converting the amount of milk into cheese.

Key words: Shami goats, Test day milk yield, Fat%, Protein%, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Hassan Muhammad Taleb ^(1)*

• Animal Production Department -Agricultural Technical Institute-Damascus University.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Hassan Taleb E-Mail enghassan12345@gmail.com)

Received: 10/07/2020                          Accepted: 27/10/2020

Abstract

The research was took place on 270 chicks of Japanese quails in (Nour) poultry in Jerroud city in the period that extend between 21\8\2020 and 2\10\2020. Birds were distributed at the beginning of the experiment to 9 groups at a rate of 30 chicks for each group and each group distributed to tow repeats, and each repeat have 15 chicks. With age of one day.
All conditions of shelter and care were the same for all groups during the care period, which lasted from the age of one day to 6 weeks. But feeding of the birds in the different groups were different as follows: It included nine feed mixtures, each one differing from the other in protein content and the level of addition of yeast (3 x 3). The first factor: the effect of the level of crude protein in mixtures, as it decreased and increased by 10% than it was in (NRC1994). The second factor: the effect of the level of dry yeast in the mixtures, as they were added in the following proportions (0.0, 0.05 and 0.1%).The search is (3 × 3). The results of the research showed the following: Using high level of both of crude protein and dry yeast, and the overlapping by them in the mixtures leads to significant superiority with: average live weight index, average food conversion factor index and production number. Group (9) gave the best performance and the highest economic returning.

Key Words: Japanese Fur, Crude Protein, Dry Yeast, Food Conversion Factor.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Hasan Emad Almasri* ⁽¹⁾

(1). Dept. of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo.,

(*Corresponding author:   Hasan Emad Almasri. E-Mail, kaba.rami@gmail.com ).

Received: 21/05/ 2020        Accepted: 29/07/202

Abstract

This study was conducted on a flock of Awassi sheep in Aleppo Governorate – Al-Safira region-Syria, during the period of 2018/2019. It included 136 animals of Awassi sheep including (62 mothers and 74 lambs). The data were subjected to the General Linear Model, and a variance analysis was used to study the effect of the birth type, the sex of lamb on birth weight, weaning weight, and the daily weight gain from birth to weaning for lambs. The average birth weight, weaning weight, and average daily weight gain were 3.27 kg, 20.84 kg and 197.36 g/day, respectively. The results showed a highly significant effect of the birth type, the sex of lamb on the birth weight, weaning weight, and daily weight gain from birth to weaning, as the individual lambs outperformed the twins, and the males outperformed the females. A highly significant negative correlation was found between the type of birth and all studied factors, while it was not significant with the sex of lamb. The regression analysis showed that  both type of birth and the sex of lamb have significant effects on birth weight, weaning weight, and daily weight gain.

Key words: birth type, sex of lamb, birth weight, weaning.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Fateh Khatib⁽¹⁾ and Tasneem Khayata Bsata*⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University. Aleppo, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Tasneem Bsata E-Mail: simobsat@gmail.com).

Received: 31/05/2020         Accepted: 7/07/2020

Abstract

Lentil crop is exposed to many environmental stresses, which reduce its productivity. Genetic engineering was used in gene transferring from different organisms into plants; in a way that cannot be achieved by conventional breeding. Mainly, gene transferring enhanced the performance of plants in the field as well as their tolerance to some of biotic and abiotic stresses.  Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) genes are characterized by their ability to detoxify xenobiotics including herbicides. GST enzyme is considered as one of the antioxidant enzymes, which scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, The Reverse Transcription technique was used to detect the expression of GST gene in lentil, comparing to actin as an endogenous gene. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of GST enzymes was tested in inhibiting the free radical substrate DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl). The result of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR detected the expression of GST gene in the transgenic plants, which indicates the transcription into mRNA and the fact that no pre-transcription silencing at this stage was occurred. The transgenic line A7 exhibited tolerance to glyphosate and 2.4-D herbicides with 0.5, 1, 2 mM. Different inhibition percentages were scored according to the event of the transgenic lines. The Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the rate of inhibition of free radical DPPH, between the line A7 and the parental line ILL5588, where they reached 79.4% and 67.2%, respectively. Thus, the line A7 can be used in extended experiments under some biotic or abiotic stresses which may reveal the value of the transgene.

Key words: gene expression, reverse transcription, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, lentil.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Abd AL-Hakeem AL-kasham ^*(1)

(1). Department of Agronomy, faculty of agriculture, AL-furat University, Deir Ezzor, Syria.

(*: Corresponding author Abd AL-Hakeem AL-kasham  .Email:

dr.akasham @gmail.com)

Received: 17/4/2020                                  Accepted: 2/6/2020

Abstract

The research was conducted at AL-Husseinia village, north Deir Ezzor governorate, during 2018/2019 growing season, to study the effect of sowing date and addition of humic acids on growth and yield of chickpea under conditions of Deir Ezzor governorate. The studied factors in this experiment were: sowing dates (25/12) and (25/1), and the second factor was the addition method of humic acids as follow: – control without humic acids, – foliar spraying with humic acids, – and adding humic acids with irrigation. The organic fertilizer Humax ( commercial product) was used as source of humic acids. Experimental design was RCBD with arranging treatments in split-plot design with three replications. Results showed that sowing date in 25/12 significantly surpassed 25/1 sowing date in most of studied traits at harvest. The productivity of 25/12 sowing date reached to 2822.3 kg/ha, while it was 2114.7 kg/ha in 25/1 sowing date. Generally the addition of humic acids resulted an increasing in growth and productivity of chickpea. Foliar application of humic acids, gave the highest values of number of branches/plants, 100 seed weight, number of fully pods/plant and seed yield per unit area as compared with adding with irrigation and control treatments. However, the differences between the two addition methods (foliar and adding with irrigation), weren’t significant, for plant dry weight and plant height at harvest. The highest productivity of seed (3050 kg/ha) was obtained from sowing chickpea on 25/12 with foliar application of organic fertilizer.

Keywords: Chickpea, Sowing date, Humic acids, Organic fertilizer, Growth traits, Yield.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Roula Hamoui⁽¹⁾, ^* Mahmud Dahan⁽¹⁾ and Faten Hamed⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Department of Food technology, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Roula Hamoui E-mail: roula31@hotmail.com

Received: 16/05/2020                                Accepted: 11/06/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out at the oil technology laboratory in department of food science of the faculty of Agriculture engineering  in 2019, were used different mixture in multiple proportions of sunflower oil and coconut oil to find out the effect of the chemical interesterification using the sodium methoxide (CH3ONa) as the catalyst in its properties, which containing number of saponification, iodine value, fatty acid composition, slip melting point and the amount of solid triglycerides solid at different temperatures, Solid Fat Index% (SFI%). The results showed a clear decrease in the slip melting point and SFI% in the mixture studied after applying interesterification on them, according the type and proportions of the constituent lipids, as they lead to produced lipids with new physical specific properties that could be used in various types of Margarine processing, while interesterification did not cause any significant differences in the  some chemical properties studied of mixtures such as the number of saponification and the iodine value. By conclusion, the mixing and interesterification of vegetable oils with different of physical and chemical properties lead to obtaining lipids with new physical properties that could be used in various food processing.

Keywords: Chemical Interesterification, Vegetable oils, Slip Melting Point, SFI%, Margarine.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Muhammad Hasan ^*(1), Suhiel Ibrahim Basha ⁽¹⁾and  Mohammed Kassem ⁽²⁾

(1). Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Dept. department of basic Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Mahammad Hasan. E-Mail: muhammad.hasan15346@gmail.com).

Received 13 / 07/ 2020                      Accepted  2  / 09   / 2020

Abstract

The current study was to determine the possibility of reducing the amount of tannin in fresh pomegranate juice (French cultivar) after its treatment with an enzymatic extract of a fungal isolate Aspergillus niger of which has the enzymatic effectiveness (27.48 U\ml), and The effect of this treatment on the qualitative characteristics of pomegranate juice output. The optimal conditions for this treatment were initially determined by the effect of the amount of enzyme added (0.5, 1, 1.5 ,2) ml, and the duration of the treatment (30, 60, 90, 120, 150) minute, this study was investigated at the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo in 2019. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the optimum treatment in reducing tannins content was by adding 1 ml of the raw enzymatic extract of tannase to 9 ml of juice, and continuing the treatment for 120 minute, as an enzymatic treatment in these conditions reduced the content of tannins in the juice by 43% compared to control, and the results showed a positive effect of this treatment on the degree of juice turbidity and its content of reducing sugars and the ratio of soluble solids. The enzymatic treatment decreased significantly in the degree of juice turbidity by 39%, and an increase in the content of reduced sugars and the proportion of soluble solids by 13%, 2% respectively. when compared to control. Whereas this treatment hurt the juice’s content of phenolic and anthocyanin compounds and ascorbic acid, which caused a loss of 7, 5, 30% respectively. This enzymatic treatment did not show any meaningful differences from total pH and pH level compared to the control.

Keywords: Tannase, Tannins, Enzymatic treatment, Pomegranate juice

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mohammad Dosh Aldaemes⁽¹⁾*

(1). Food Technology Division, Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Hama, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Hama, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Dr.Mohammad aldaemes  E-Mail: maldaames@yahoo.com )

Received: 13/08/2020                                Accepted: 3/09/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out to investigate and estimate aflatoxins in hard and soft Syrian wheat, under realistic storage conditions in concrete silos (Dokma) for three consecutive years. Wheat samples were taken after harvesting in 2011 during purchases in Silos Center of Qal’at al-Madiq. The standard samples were classified into two species: hard wheat (grade 2) (S2/) 2) and soft wheat (grade 2) (S4/2). Each wheat species was stored separately in a large cell of 1200 tons. The wheat species included Exsad 65, Duma (a hard wheat), Sham 6 and Sham 8. A sample of 50 gm was used in experiment (every three months) with a total 52 sample. The aflatoxins were analysed via HPLC. The results showed that samples of hard and soft Syrian wheat were free of aflatoxins (after harvest). After 9 months of storage the aflatoxins were detected and continuo to increase significantly (p< 0.05) for all wheat species. At the final storage period the species Sham 6 recorded high level of aflatotoxins (1.895ppb) followed by Sham 8 (1.685ppb), Douma (1.5246ppb) and Exsad 65(1.452ppb).

Key words: Aflatoxins, Wheat Storage, Syrian wheat, HPLC.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF