Afraa Masri ^(1)*,  Ramez Mohammed ⁽²⁾, and  Fadel Alkaiem⁽¹⁾

(1) Lattakia Center of Scientific Agricultural Researches, GCSAR, Lattakia, Syria.

(2) Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Tishreen University Lattakia, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Afraa masria . E-Mail: afraamasri90@gmail.com).

Abstract

Gum is one of the complex carbohydrates that formed in the different parts of plants. It is characterized by its low cost of production, as well as being one of the additives that are currently taking a lot of attention due to its properties. The purpose of this research aims to study the chemical composition and some physicochemical and functional properties of the mucilage extracted from two types of jujube fruit : Cultivated jujube (Z. jujube), Wild jujube (Z. lotus). Moreover, to test the efficiency of produced mucilage by using it in some food products, analyze its effects on the sensory properties of the studied product and compare these affected properties when using imported commercial gums (Arabic gum was used for comparison purpose). This study was carried out with cooperation between Tishreen University and General. The analysis of chemical composition of the studied gums showed that their content of carbohydrates is in high level. It was (85.85%) for Arabic gum, (87.57%) for Z.lotus, and (89.83%) for Z .jujube. While the proportion of protein and ash were low, and the fat content was almost equal to zero for the three studied types of gums. For the sensory evaluation, creamy ice cream sample tested by adding Z. lotus mucilage had the highest grades, and its sensual properties like shape, textures, color, flavor and resistance to Solubility were the best compared to the samples tested by adding Z .jujube mucilage or Arabic gum. These results indicate that the mucilage extracted from both mentioned types of jujube can be used as stabilizer in  the field of food industry and as an alternative to high-cost imported commercial gums.

Keyword: mucilage, jujube fruits, chemical composition, sensory evaluation, creamy ice cream , textu.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Afaf Masmas^(1)*, Ahmad Haddal⁽²⁾, and Faten Hamed⁽¹⁾

(1) Food technology department, GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(2) Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Dr. afaf Masmas. E-Mail: faf-ms@hotmail.com )

Abstract

This study was conducted on 35 Shami goat milk samples taken periodically from  Karahta center for Shami goats breeding during lactation period in  2015 (from March to July) at a rate of (3 samples) in a  month. Automated Ecremeuse was used to separate cream fats. The results of physico – chemical tests for Shami goats milk fat showed that there were no significant differences at P≤ 0.01 in the means value of pH degree, Saponification number, iodine number, relative density and  frezing point during the lactation. However,  there was a significant diferences at P≤ 0.01 in the refractive index only. The triglycerides results showed no signifiant differences at P≤ 0.01 in means of concentrations of TAG during the lactation and the TAG contents increased with carbon atoms number reached to maximum level of 13% of total TAG for each of  C38, C40, and C42. Beyond this point, the TAG of goat milk decreased with the carbon atoms number and reached to  the lowest value for C54 at 2%. This gave the fat of goat’s milk distinctive genetic fingerprint for other species.                                                                                                 

Keywords: Goat; Goat Milk, Triglycerides.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Abdo Abo bakr*⁽¹⁾ and Mohammad Abou Shaar ⁽²⁾

(1) General corps for scientific agricultural research, Aleppo center.

(2₎ Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo university

(*Corresponding author:  Abdo Abo Bakr. E-Mail: bdabobakr@gmail.com )

Abstract

The efficiency of the dispensation was tested for local bacterial isolation, on slices of the variety Alison A8، G6، B4، AP1 about Rhizoctonia solani, Isolate (RS 7) was the most virulent; the control showed a typical growth of Rhizoctonia solani after four days of experience. Without significant differences between the isolation A8، G6، B4 following Bacillus, where these insulations did not allow fungi growth while fungi were 1.4 cm in the treatment of AP1 isolation from the rastic/ branching bacteria the impact of both isolation A8, B4, AP1 is limited to inhibition the growth of fungi as the G6 isolation affected potato slices, with tissue analysis and slice mold within 48 hours of the experiment. studied in the half field experience single and shared partnership for bacterial isolation A8, AP1with a concentration of 109 CFU/tuber and rizolex pesticide with 0.025 ppm effective material and the concentration of 2000 ppm is an effective substance in curbing the pathogenic mature During cropping season 2020 device of tubers before agriculture for 30 minutes by bacterial or pesticide. The results indicated that there are no significant differences between bacterial and control transactions except for treatment of 0.025 ppm effective substance where the average disease in the treatment of 3 according to hexagonal measure while the disease has not exceeded the treatment of isolation A8 0.33, as well as its high ability to inhibition the fungus of virulent, and she worked as a vital catalyst for the grow the of potato seeding compared with the healthy control plants, where was average wet weight in the treatment of isolation Bacillus A8 4.87 gram and medium-length plant length 29.60cm while wet weight was in  healthy control plants studies 1.76 gram and medium length 28.60 cm .

Key words: Rhizoctonia solani, potato slices, Rizolex, inhibition, Bacillus.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hasn Al-assaf^(1)*, Abdullah Al-youssef⁽¹⁾, and Khald al-mohammad⁽²⁾

(1) General Commotion For Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(2) Dept. of orchards, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Hasan Al-assaf, Email: abdullatef74@gmail.com)

Abstract

This study was applied in the season (2017_2018) and aimed to elect the best genotypes according to the most important traits that affect productivity and the attributes associated with yield under the conditions of the eastern area of Aleppo. and its number (78) _74 strain and 4 local varieties( Al-Baladi Al-Muhsin, Hama 2, Hama 3, Cyprus Certified, where the design of the complete random sectors was used according to three replicates under the conditions of irrigated cultivation. The most important morphological and productive traits The degree of heritability was calculated in the broad sense (h2bs) and both the phenotypic and genetic association factors were estimated between the studied traits and yield, the PAST program used to perform a cluster analysis to classify the studied genotypes according to the seed yield quality, and the results showed that there were significant differences between the genotypes of all studied traits, and the highest value of the century length trait was (17.33) cm at the genotype G6, where the G24 genotype was characterized by the highest attribute value The number of seeds in the plant where the value for these traits was (259), and the G69 genotype was characterized by the highest value of the number of seeds in the century (6) seeds, and the G37 genotype recorded the highest value of the seed weight trait in the plant (94.3) g, and the G9 genotype outperformed Yields all studied genotypes which have values H of this quality (3777.8) kg / h, and the highest value for the genetic variation was recorded for the seed yield trait and the highest value for the degree of heritability is the value of the seed weight value in the plant (0.98), and the path modulus was high for the number of seeds in the plant (0.463), so its direct effect was on Yield is high while direct effects of other traits were neglected and the highest contribution to yield was the contribution of the number of seed characteristics in the plant. The genotypes were divided into four groups using cluster analysis according to their productivity and the best group was the group that includes the genotypes (G9, G17, G23, G16, G15, G8), and a highly significant genetic and phenotypic association b Most of the traits were characterized by high and significant correlation between yield and all the following studied traits (plant height, horn length, number of seeds per century, number of seeds per plant, weight of seeds per plant).

Keywords: bean, genetic link, phenotypic correlation, cluster analysis, degree of inheritance, pathway analysis.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Abdulghani Alkhaldi^(1)*, Monier Alnabhan⁽²⁾, and Yaser Almohammed⁽²⁾

(1) Cotton Research Administration, Aleppo, Syria.

(2) Center Hama for Agriculture scientific Research, Hama, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Abdulghani Alkhaldi, Email: abdulgh64@gmail.com)

Abstract:

The main objective of all cotton producers in the world is the high quality and quantity of cotton fibers with minimum production cost and inputs. Cotton crop is (Gossypium hirsutum L.) one of the most important strategic crops in Syria, because of its multiple uses, and the large size of the population is working in it which it directly or indirectly. Therefore, The Cotton Research Administration following to General commission for agriculture research (GCSAR), has been working to finding varieties that achieve the highest early maturity percentage and yield. In addition to find reservist varieties that better characters.The aim this study to performance evaluation of cotton variety Aleppo 124 (new release) comparison with Aleppo 33/1 Under different fertilizer levels (+ 15%, according to fertilizer equation, -15%  kg N /he) and under two irrigation levels (crop water requirements, 85% of water requirement). Field experiment was carried out at Hama center for agriculture scientific research follow to General commission for agriculture scientific research 2018, heavy clay soil, three replications .It was designed according to three split-split design. The results wear analyzed by Genstat 12 program. Results of the variance analysis (ANOVA) showed at significant level 5%, There are significant differences in nitrogen fertilization treatments, Cotton productivity increased 16% in the first treatment compared with the second treatment, and  the productivity decreased 8% for the third treatment when compared to the second treatment. There were also no significant differences in productivity between the two irrigation treatments, the crop Productivity increased about 6.7%,  for full irrigation (a virtual increase). The opening rate of walnuts on 13 September for the Aleppo 124 variety was   twice more than that of Aleppo 33/1.  The first fertilization treatment with chlorophyll number (middle and  bottom of  the plant) exceeded the second treatment by about 16% and the third treatment by about 37%, and the second fertilization  treatment over the third about 18% .

Key words: Gossypium hirsutum L., Nitrogen fertilization, Irrigation water productivity, Aleppo 33/1, Chlorophyll (SPAD), Water  requirements.    

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Talal Fozo^(1)* and, Iman Almatar⁽²⁾

• Homs center, GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.
• Horticultural Research Department,  GCSAR, Damascus,Syria..

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Tala Fozo, Email: Talalfozo544@gmail.com)

Almond is economically one of the important fruit crops especially nut fruits in Syria according to the fact that the wild genetic resources are still exist along the Syrian forests, mountains and hills. The study was conducted on the agricultural research center of Homs; Syria aimed to study self-incompatibility for some introduced Italian varieties of Almond. (Prunus amygdalus L.) Results revealed an existence of complete self-sterile varieties such as Feragnes and Don carlo, and varieties varied according to the results of free fertilization in fruit setting rates; for example, Touno and Genco varieties had the highest fruit setting rates (32.9585% and 32.0996% respectively). However, Filippocco and Supernova varieties recorded the lowest fruit setting rates (11.7742% and 11.8184% respectively). Genco, Tuono,Don carlo, Feragnes, Filippocco and Pepparudda varieties varied according to pollen viability between 88.6300% for Genco and 70.7100% for Pepparudda but in the other hand the variety Supernova pollen viability was the lowest by 60.4263%. Genco occupied the highest rank in pollen germination rate by 76.0763% but Filippocco had the lowest pollen germination rate by 60.4263; in parallel of that, Genco had the highest fertility index while the lowest was for Filippocco.

Abstract:

Keywords: Prunus amygdalus L., self-sterile, pollen viability, pollen germination.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mahmoud Hasan^(1)*,   Ramez Mohammad⁽²⁾, and Tarek Hasan⁽³⁾

• Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.
• Tartous Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Syria,
• Department of Nutritive Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author. Mahmoud Hasan, Email:  dr.tarekhasan1980@gmail.com)

Abstract

 The study explained the positive result of the treatment tobacco plant burley variety by Bion^® to induce systemic acquired resistance SAR against the black shank disease which caused by fungus Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae by two method s irrigation and spray. The best results was by treatment 0.5 m .mol concentration with irrigation method so it decreased the infection percentage of black shank disease to 26.7% and severity to 15% . Treatment by two methods showed positive results on some physical and chemical properties of dry leaves of tobacco plant burley variety, and the yield (dry and wet weight). It showed The best methods the irrigation treatment by 0.5 m.mol concentration, the apparent density of dry leaves to 40.55% increased to 45.97g/ cm² comparing by healthy control 24.87g/cm² , and nicotine percentage 1% comparing by healthy control 1.1%, also the chloride percentage was 0.94% comparing by healthy control 0.89%, which it a positive character, and the protein percentage increased to 16.12% comparing with healthy control 14.85% , and caused increase in the percentage of Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN) reached to 1.49% and 0.84% to healthy control. For yield the treatment by Bion^® with irrigation method and 0.5 m. mol concentration increased the average of wet weight of plant to 529.13 g comparing with healthy control 357.31 g , and increased the average of dry weight of plant to 53.8g comparing with 35.87g to healthy control

Kay words: Apparent density, Nicotine, Chloride, Dry weight, Bion^®, Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae, Tobacco Plant Burley Variety

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Shafak Harfoush^(1)*,   Saosan Haifa⁽²⁾, and  Hasan Alaa Aldeen⁽³⁾

(1)Faculty of Agricultural Engineering – Directorate of Solid Waste Management , Tartous Governorate,  Syria

(2) Department of Soil ,Faculty of Agricultural. Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria

(3) Department of Forestry and Environment College,Faculty of Agricultural. Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author. Shafak Harfoush .E-Mail. Shafakhar@hotmail.com) 

Abstract

This research aims to reveal properties of  the compost garbage, and to study the ways of  its use in the Cultivation and breeding of some plants (Okra  Hibiscus esculentus  , Tobaco sp, Aubergine Solanum melongena). Where the research was divided into two parts: the first section was laboratory work by taking samples of compost and its mixture with the soil and analyzing its properties. Six replications were taken from each treatment used, which are three treatments: the first is [A 100% compost], and the second is[ B  75% compost + 25%. Agricultural soil], and the third [ C 100% agricultural soil] and the analyzes were carried out on 11/2/2017. The second section is an agricultural work by By doing three tests; The first one: possibility of germination of okra seeds and the cultivation of their seedlings on compost and its mixtures, and the second: Is  the use of compost in fertilizing tobacco seedlings, and the third: Is a comparison between the growth and development of Aubergine seedlings in greenhouses with and without compost (75%).  The results of the analysis showed the good content of organic matter and nutrients and an excellent ratio of C / N, but a high pH value was observed, and a high salinity value in the event that the compost was not washed,  and the results of the tests showed the ability and validity of compost to improve the germination rate of vegetables after mixing it with soil by 75%. Compost and not to be used for germination alone without mixing with the soil.

Keyword: Compost, Organic Matter, Heavy Metals, Salinity, Acidity, Seeds, Germination, Medium.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Saoud Sarboukh^(1)*, Sulaiman Saleem⁽²⁾ ,Muhammad Saied El-Shater⁽²⁾

 And Sami Al_Hinnawi⁽¹⁾

(1) GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(2) Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.

 (*Corrsponding author: Saoud Sarboukh  E-Mail:  srbook72@gmail.com).

Abstract

A field experiment was made in hout research station, general commotion of scientific agriculture research, 30 km southern of As-Suwaidaa, in 2015- 2016, where the soil is heavy clayey , medium in depth,  poor in organic matter, poor in calcium carbonate. Results showed that the increases of volcanic tuff additions caused a significant decreases at (p< 0.05) in soil midum porosity (3-30 micrometer in diameter) to (14.63%, 19.02%) in the treatments of adding tuff by 5% by volume, symbolized by (T1), and by 10%, symbolized by (T2) respectively compared with the control treatment (T0). The addition of volcanic tuff (T1), (T2) caused a significant increases at (p<0.05) in macro porosity (more than 30 micrometer in diameter) to (8.46 %, 11.33%) respectively compared with (T0) to 25 cm in depth. This reflects the importance of addition of volcanic tuff at 10% 0f soil volume to 25 cm in depth to improve Vertysols aeration and its physical and hydrological properties.

Keyword: Volcanic Tuff, Bulk Density, Real Density, Microporosity, Macroporosity, Porosity.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Samer Abou Hamdan^)1(*and Bayan Muzher ⁾¹⁽

(1) Pome and Grapevine Division, Sweida, GCSAR,Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Samer Ghaleb Abou Hamdan, E-Mail:  abuhamdansamer@yahoo.com).

Abstract

This research was carried out in the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research- Pome and Grapevine Division in Sweida province during 2016 and 2017 on three introduced pears varieties: Santamaria, Abyvetal,Bartlett, in order to determine the optimal dates for the consumption maturity time of these varieties according to the biological, physical, and chemical  indicators, and connect them with sensory tests at each harvest date. The results showed that the fruits of these varieties needed 137 to 157 days for ripening, and its need for thermal accumulation was between 1759 and 2089 thermal unit, where the least need for the Santamaria variety with a significant difference from the two varieties Abyvetal and Bartlett at significant level 5%. The fruit firmness decreased as it matured, and the Bartlett variety characterized by high firmness at the date of 7/8, where it was 9.3 kg/cm² and decreased to 3.7 kg/cm² at the date of 3/10. The percentage of soluble solids and total sugar increased as the fruits of the varieties matured, and the highest percentage of soluble solids was in Bartlett variety (17.4%) on 25/9, and the highest percentage of total sugar also in the variety (13.1%) on 18/9, and in Abyvetal variety the percentage of soluble solids reached 16.8% on 18/9. The percentage of acidity was in the early harvest dates and decreased as the varieties matured, and the highest percentage was in fruits of the Santamaria variety (0.28%) at the harvest date 7/8. When connecting these indicators with sensory tests it was found that the optimal date of consumption maturity in the Santamaria variety was between 21/8 and 28/8, and in the Abyvetal and Bartlett varieties between 8/9 and 18/9. These results show the importance of connecting environmental, physical, and chemical indicators with each other as well as with sensory tests to determine the dates of consumption maturity and therefore reach the required quality indicators for each variety.

Keywords: Pear, Harvest date, Mature indicators, Consumption maturity.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf