Samar Dayoub^*(1)_, Rashid Kharbotli⁽¹⁾ and Nabil Abokaf ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Samar Dayoub. E-mail: samardayoub17@gmail.com )

Received: 26/08∕ 2024                      Accepted:29∕ 12∕ 2024

Abstract: 

The experiment was carried out in vegetative apple rootstocks orchard of Kassab village in Lattakia Govrnorate on two apple cultivars Royal gala, Granny smith and the rootstock Malus   sylvestris (L.) Mill fifteen years old and grafted on M. sylvestris nine years old during seasons of 2020 and 2021.   Then   applied the fertilization  which is balanced  instant  fertilizer contains (20:20:20) of  (N.P.K) by adding (450) g \ tress of it  on three applications in each application we added (150)g\ tree on ( March, May, July) and treated the tested trees with the  foliar sprays that contains micro elements( Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) on March in amount (6) litre \ tree. The aim of the study was estimating the effects of applying four fertilization treatments (control, fertilizer, fertilizer + foliar sprays once, fertilizer + foliar sprays twice) on  fruit weight  mean (g) and also the fruit content of soluble solids (TSS)% , total sugars (TS)% , total acidity (TA)%. In addition to evaluating the content for shoots of nitrogen and carbohydrates (%) and the roots content of carbohydrates (%). In addition to fertilization moderate pruning had applied to the studied trees  in February  The results proved that the moderate pruning treatment increased fruit weight for the two cultivars wich  were (139.33 ) g compared to control (102.67)g in Granny smith fruit. The treatment (fertilization + pruning) increased  the fruit content of soluble solids (TSS) % , total sugars (TS)% . but decreased its content of total acidity (TA)% compared  to control in “Granny smith” fruit.  But The highest  soluble solids (TSS)%  were in the treatment (fertilization + pruning) (12.58)% compared to control  (10.78)% in Royal gala fruit . whereas  the highest total sugars (TS)% in Royal gala scored in the  treatment fertilization wich averaged (11.36)% compared to control (9.56)%.  and also the heighest nitrogen and carbohydrates content of shoots which scored in the fourth  treatment (fertilization + pruning) for the two  studied cultivars.  and also increased the roots content of  carbohydrates compared to control. The statistical analysis of results that there were  significant differences observed  between all treatment compared to control.   Studied.                                                                                              

Kay word: fertilization, foliar sprays, apple, total soluble solids , total sugars.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Razan Knag ⁽¹⁾*

 (1). Department of Agricultural Mechanization, Technical Faculty, Tartous University, Tartous, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Razan Knag. E-mail: Razanknag@gmail.com)

Accepted: 11/12/2024                           Received: 2/11/2024

Abstract: 

This experiment was carried out in Miaar Shaker village (Tartous) in agriculture season 2024 with the aim of studying the effect of spraying with salicylic acid on growth and productivity of cucumber plants in greenhouse. The design of the randomized complete sectors was followed and the experiment included 5 treatments and 4 replications.  The results showed a significant increase in growth indicators when spraying with salicylic acid at a concentration of 400ppm compared to untreated control, as it led to an increase in plant height, number of leaves and leaf area, which reached to 202.8cm, 34.40 leaf.plant^-1, 10616cm², respectively compared to 188.6cm, 24.8  leaf.plant^-1, 4529cm², respectively for control plants. The use of salicylic acid at a concentration of 400ppm led to a significant increase in productivity which is (4.28 kg.plant^-1) compared to (2.09 kg.plant^-1)  for control plants.

Keywords: Cucumber plants, Salicylic acid, Plant Growth, Production, Greenhouse.

  Full paper in Arabic: pdf                   

Nibal Alsaleh^(1)*   

(1) .General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Nibal ALsaleh. E-Mail: neebal_alsaleh@yahoo.com).

Received:15/09/2024          Accepted: 11/12/2024

Abstract: 

One of the key challenges facing soils in mountainous regions is the soil erosion. In order to develop effective soil conservation plans, it is essential to accurately estimate the rates and distribution of erosion. This research was conducted in Jwilin watershed on the western side of Jabel-Alarab mountain in southwestern Syria between 2017-2021, utilizing the GeoWEPP (Geo-spatial Water Erosion Prediction Project) model. This research aims at investigate the performance of GeoWEPP model for sediment yield prediction by comparing the predicted values with the observed values taken between 2017 and 2019. Furthermore, the research will evaluate the spatial distribution of soil erosion. The results demonstrated that the values of R² and NSE reached 0.85 and 0.71, respectively, indicating a positive indication of the effectiveness of GeoWEPP for estimating soil erosion in the study area. Soil erosion rates ranged between less than 1 t.ha^-1.yr^-1 and 50 t.ha^-1.yr^-1. Additionally. A total of 31% of the watershed area was classified as a high-ratio eroding area, with the majority of these areas concentrated in the central part of the watershed, where slopes with a gradient of more than 10% are located.

Keywords: Soil loss, erosion modeling, GeoWEPP model, spatial distribution, Jwilin watershed.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

MohammadAl-daems ^(1)*, Amani Birawi ⁽¹⁾, Bayan Abdullah ⁽¹⁾, Mustaf  beda ⁽²⁾ and Nabila Kridi ⁽²⁾

(1). Hamah Center of Scientific Agriculture Research, Hamah, Syria. Mohammaddaems@gmail.com.

(2) . Administration of Natural Resources,  Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: En. Mohammad Aldaems : E.mail:  mohammaddaems@gmail.com.).

                Received:31/10/2024                            Accepted:27/11/2024

Abstract: 

The study was conducted during the seasons 2019 and 2020 on pistachio trees, the Ashouri variety, aged (33) years, which were planted at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Hama, with the aim of studying the effect of pistachio wastes compost and organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative productivity indicators. This study included four treatments in addition to the control, using pistachio wastes compost (PW) to fertilize pistachio trees at a rate (15 kg / tree) and pistachio wastes compost with organic fertilizer (PW + OM) at a rate (7.5 + 15 kg / tree) and fertilizer Organic (OM) at a rate of (30 kg / tree) compared to the chemical fertilizer treatment (TNPK) according to what is followed by the farmer, and with the presence of a control without any fertilizer addition (T0), the experiment was designed by designing complete randomized sectors. The organic fertilization treatments and pistachio wastes compost showed significant superiority in the first season, as the treatment (OM) showed a significant superiority with the production quantity (5.70) kg / tree over all treatments and the treatment (PW + OM) showed significant differences on all treatments with the lowest nut blanking percent and the highest percentage Half kernel nuts (8.68, 95.54)%, respectively, and the treatment (TNPK) significantly outperformed the rest of the treatments with the highest weight of wet fruit and dry kernel (2.75, 0.49). In the second season, all fertilization treatments were significantly superior to the control without differences between them and the highest production was in Treatment (OM and PW + OM) with the highest production (23.6, 21.6) kg / tree, respectively, and no significant differences were shown for the rest of the studied indicators.  Of these results fertilization with pistachio wastes compost and organic fertilizer (PW + OM) at a rate (7.5 + 15 kg / tree) is economically and environmentally beneficial to obtain quantitative and qualitative characteristics for the production of pistachio trees, var. ‘Ashouri’.

Key words: pistachio, Pistacia vera L., pistachio wastes, organic fertilizer, productivity.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Fadi Kazngi  *⁽¹⁾ , Talal Amin ⁽²⁾ , Bashar Tobo ⁽¹⁾ and Ahmad Mahmoud⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Natural Resources, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research-Latakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Forestry and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Fadi Kazngi: E.mail:  fadikazngi79@yahoo.com.).

                Received:31/07/2024                    Accepted:25/11/2024                                                                                                            

Abstract: 

This study was conducted during the year 2022 with the aim of studying the effect of location, depending on the altitude above sea level, on the germination rate of seeds of some environmental types of carob at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Lattakia, Where carob seeds were collected from locations varying in altitude above sea level (Umm al-Tuyur – Sanobar Jablah – Jibol – Bastoir). then they were germinated and the growth and development of the seedlings were monitored. It included four treatments: A1 (Umm al-Tuyur), A2 (Sanobar Jablah), A3 (Jibol), and A4 (Bastoir). Each treatment included three replicates, with an average of fifty seeds per replicate. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized block method. The results were statistically analyzed using the program (12GENSTAT) and the differences were tested using the least significant difference (L.S.D) method at a significance level of P=0.05.The results showed a clear effect of height above sea level on the germination rate and germination time, as Umm al-Tuyour seeds exceeded the rest of the sites with a germination rate of 90.67%. Umm al-Tuyour seeds also began to germinate four days earlier than Bastoir seeds, and the speed and uniformity of germination also improved. The weight of 1000 seeds was higher in the Umm al-Tayur site, significantly superior to the rest of the sites. The seeds of Umm al-Tuyur and Sanobar Jablah were also significantly superior to the rest of the sites in terms of the values ​​of shoot and root systems, diameter, and number of leaves.

Keywords: Ceratonia siliqua L.- Height above sea level- germination- Weight of a thousand seeds. 

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ghonwa Khaddour ^(1)*

(1) .General commission for scientific agricultural research, Latakia center/ Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ghonwa Khaddour, E-Mail: ghonwakhaddour@hotmail.com, Phone: 0934797446).

                Received:8/10/2024                        Accepted:11/12/2024                                                         

Abstract: 

This research was carried out at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Lattakia Governorate during the years 2020-2022, in order to estimate the moisture tension curve for soils taken from two sites in the governorate: Al-Sanobar Station-sandy clay soil, and Buqa Center-clay soil. The moisture tension curve represents the relationship between the amount of water and water pressure in the soil, and this curve is considered one of the most important hydrodynamic properties that characterize soil and is difficult to determine. For this purpose, a simplified device that works according to the principle of hanged water column was designed and implemented so that it allows applying pressure to the soil water and calculating the amount of water for cylindrical samples with dimensions (r × h=1.2 × 2cm). The experiment was conducted following the drying path first, then the wetting path by applying pressure values within the range 0-3 kilopascals, at a rate of 3 replicates for each site. The results showed that clay soils have higher water holding capacity and moisture tension compared to sandy clay soils, where air entry value for clay samples was 0.6 kPa compared to 0.5 kPa for sandy clay samples, while the minimum degree of saturation in the drying path was (37.1, 45.3, 39.2%) for clay samples compared to (38.9, 35.3, 33.9%) for sandy clay samples. On the other hand, the maximum degree of saturation in the wetting path was (90.6, 90.2, 91.4%) for clay samples compared to (84.7, 83.2, 82.2%) for sandy clay samples.

Keywords:, Soil water retention curve, sandy and clayey soils, wetting and drying.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Abdulsalam Ali Ahmed Nasser ^(1)* and Mohammed Hezam Saeed ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts,  Sana,a University, Yemen.

(2). Renewable Natural Resources Research Center in the Agricultural Research & Extension Authority, Dhamar, Yemen.

(*Corresponding author: Dr.Abdulsalam Ali Ahmed Nasser,  Email : Shkhbaslm30@gmail.com  – Tel_ 00967770868500).

                Received:25/06/2024               Accepted:11/12/2024                                                                                         

Abstract: 

This study was carried out in the Al-Sahool Basin – Ibb Governorate  2023 with the aim of studying the morphometric characteristics of the basin, which is one of the important basins with high rainfall and its area is 433.5 km². The importance of the study is to find solutions to the water problem and changing the basin’s streams and tributaries as a result of the amount of rain, roads construction and building in those water outfalls, through knowing and calculating all the morphometric characteristics of the basin. The study relied on equations, statistical evidence, remote sensing techniques, and geographic information systems (GIS). The regression data was analyzed, the basin boundaries were determined, and the water network courses were calculated from the digital elevation model (DEM). The results of the study showed that the shape of the basin takes a triangular shape, which increases the speed and flow of surface runoff. The number of river levels reached six levels and the member of waterways reached 1000 streams with a length of 881.5km. The topographic texture of the basin reached 11.2 streams/km and that it has a soft texture that increases the amount of water flow. The slope ranged from 0 to more than 45degrees in a general direction from east to west.

Keywords: Morphometric coefficients, Water network, Discharge density, Topographical characteristics.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hanan Almhemid*⁽¹⁾, Faraj Naoum⁽¹⁾, Abdulghani Alkhaldi⁽²⁾, Ahmad Aljomaa⁽²⁾

(1). Rural Eng. Dept, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Aleppo.

(2). Cotton Research Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Hanan almhemid  . E-Mail:hananalmhemid@gmail.com).

Received:24/09/2024                            Accepted:5/11/2024                

Abstract: 

The research was carried out during the 2022 agricultural season. at Tal Hadya Cotton Research Station (Aleppo Governorate) affiliated to the Cotton Research Department – General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, which is located within the second stability zone. The study area is 267 m above sea level, characterized by a Mediterranean climate with rainfall ranging between 338 and 400 mm. And has deep red clay soil,  It was done using one type of surface drip irrigation pipe and two types of subsurface drip irrigation pipes on cotton Aleppo 118 variety, By using space of pipes (70) cm. The experiment was designed according to the randomized block design (General Treatment Structure). The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the significance level of 5% showed highly significant differences in yield between the types of surface and subsurface drip irrigation pipes at distance 70 cm, where treatment SD2 (subsurface irrigation, second pipe)significantly outperformed treatments TD (surface irrigation pipe) and SD1 (subsurface irrigation pipe, first pipe) by (101.8, 45.6)% respectively. There were also significant differences between two treatments (TD, SD1), where treatment TD outperformed treatment SD1 by (38.6)%. The results also showed significant differences in the efficiency of irrigation water use, where treatment SD2 significantly outperformed treatments (TD, SD1) by (111.8, 52.8)% respectively. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the significance level of 5% showed highly significant differences in yield between the types of surface and subsurface drip irrigation pipes, The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the significance level of 5% showed highly significant differences in yield between the types of surface and subsurface drip irrigation pipes, There werenot significant differences between two treatments at distance 140 cm, where treatment SD₁ outperformed treatment, it was worth 2944 kg/ha.The results also showed significant differences in the efficiency of irrigation water use, where treatment SD2 significantly outperformed treatments (TD, SD1) by (3.6, 23.4)% (3.6, 23.4)%% respectively.      

Keywords: Subsurface drip irrigation, surface drip irrigation, Cotton(G. hirsutum. L), Yield, IWUE.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Raghad  Al Musa^*(1), Esraa  Ethafa⁽¹⁾, Zainab  Ali⁽¹⁾, Najla  Al Garory⁽¹⁾, Sara Shareef ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of  Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Raghad Saad, E-Mail: raghad.saad@uobasrah.edu.iq).

Accepted:17/09/2024               Received:6/01/2025

Abstract: 

Roselle flowers and Berberis fruits were extracted, and the DPPH radical scavenging ability was measured at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 mg/ml, along with antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 5 mg/ml against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The active compounds were identified using GC-MS technology. The yogurt was made with 5% and 10% concentrations of cow’s milk and flavored with Roselle extract T2 and Berberis extract T3, and the control sample was made from cow’s milk T1. Yogurt was also made from Iraqi buffalo milk flavored with Roselle extract T5 and Berberis extract T6, and the control sample was made from buffalo milk T4. The physicochemical tests for the samples were also conducted. The scavenging ability of the Roselle extract ranged between 28.45 and 45.12%, and for the Berberis extract, it ranged between 27.92 and 42.85%. The diameter of the inhibition zone in the Roselle extract ranged between 1.00 and 1.1 mm, while in the Berberis extract, it ranged between 0.6 and 1.4 mm. Several active compounds were observed, including levoglucosenone, pentanoic acid, and 4-oxo-ethyl ester, among others, at varying area concentrations. The highest percentages of fat, protein, and solids in T6 at a concentration of 10% were 4.47%, 4.78%, and 0.67%, respectively. The highest values for taste, aroma, color, texture, and acceptability were recorded in T6 at a concentration of 5%, with scores of 4.54, 3.95, 4.05, 4.17, and 4.87, respectively. This indicates that the addition of plant extracts to the yogurt resulted in an improvement in its composition and physicochemical and sensory properties.

Keywords: Active compound , Antioxidant, DPPH , GC-MS , Inhibition diameter.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Aya safwan AL- bittar^*(1)    and    Omer Zammar⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, AL-Baath University, Homs. Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Aya AL- bittar. E-Mail: ayasy6781@gmail.com Mobile :0949225786 ).

Received:29/8/2024                 Accepted:17/12/2024

Abstract: 

The aim of this research was to manufacture edible biofilms to extend the shelf life of Kashkaval cheese. Accordingly, four models of covers based on milk casein protein at a rate of 5% (weight/volume) of dry matter and supported with prickly pear gel at a rate of 20% (volume/volume) with the addition of a mixture of thyme and clove essential oils together at the same addition ratio of 0.5% (volume/volume), respectively, namely (casein film) Ca1, (casein – Opuntia ficus-indica gel) Ca2, (casein – mixture of thyme and clove essential oils) Ca3, (casein – Opuntia ficus-indica gel – mixture of thyme and clove essential oils) Ca4. Then the physical and mechanical properties of the four films models were studied. The results showed that adding prickly pear gel and a mixture of thyme and clove essential oils to the casein protein solution led to an increase in the thickness of the cover and tensile strength and a decrease in solubility compared to the cover Casein alone without addition, then the chemical, physical and sensory properties of Kashkaval cheese were studied after wrapping during storage for 30 days at a temperature of 4±1°C. The results showed that the moisture, protein and fat content of the cheese increased with the increase of the materials entering into the casein coating, especially in the treatment wrapped with the composite coating (casein_gel_mixture of thyme and clove essential oils) (K5). The pH increased significantly and the acidity decreased insignificantly in all wrapped samples compared to the control cheese sample. In addition, the results of the physical analysis showed a decrease in hardness values ​​towards the coated samples and a significant increase with the increase in the refrigerated storage period, which affected the general acceptance of the cheese samples. The brightness index L* and the index a* values ​​increased significantly with the increase in the materials entering into the casein coating, while the index b* value decreased. The coated cheese samples maintained the required sensory qualities of Kashkaval cheese, as the coated cheese was sensory accepted by the evaluators, especially the cheese sample coated with the compound coating (casein_gel_a mixture of thyme and clove essential oils) K5. Therefore, this active coating can contribute to improving the quality and safety of Kashkaval cheese, which leads to extending its shelf life and maintaining quality qualities during the storage period.

Keywords: Kashkaval cheese, Opuntia ficus-indica gel, essential oils, edible bio films

Full paper in Arabic: pdf