Jamal H. Yaqoub^*(1) andMohammed A. budalkareem⁽²⁾

(1). University Services Management Administration, University of Basrah, Iraq.          (2). Department of Soil Sciences, Water Research, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq.   

(*Corresponding author: Jamal H. Yaqoub  E-Mail: jam13336@Gmail.com).

Received: 28/05/2020                               Accepted: 13/06/2020

Abstract

An incubation experiment was laid out at Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq, in 2019, to study the effect of humic substances (humic acid and fulvic acid) which extracted from different organic sources (rice straw, corn cobs, cattlle residue and poultry residue) composed aerobically for three months on phosphorus availability as related to calcium concentration in solution of two soils. Four levels of humic substances (0, 20, 40 and 60 L/ha) were applied to two soils along with 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg P₂O₅ /ha from either triple super phosphate or di-ammonium phosphate. Samples were incubated at 25 ± 2 °C for 14 days under field capacity moisture condition. Soluble calcium was determined and available P was determined after extracting by 0.5 M NaHCO₃. In respect of soluble Ca, the result showed that increasing humic substances level decreased soluble Ca⁺⁺ at both soils and both fertilizers used, with lowest values in the treatments of  rice straw and poultry residue. Furthermore,TSP gave the highest values of soluble calcium as compared with DAP. Available P showed opposite trends as for available calcium. Available P values were differed with different humic substances treatment along with soils and fertilizer sources with the highest available P associated with treatments of rice straw  at level of 40 L/ha for both soils.

Key words: Humic substances, Soluble calciumˏ Available Pˏ Ammonium diphosphateˏ Rice strawˏ Calcareous soils.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Hameed K. Abdul-Ameer⁽¹⁾ and Gehan J. Jomaa^*(1)

(1). Al-Furat Al-Awast Technical University, Al-Mussaib Technical College, Babylon, Iraq

(*Corresponding author: Gehan J. Jomaa. E-mail: h.k.almjadi@gmail.com).

Received: 14/07/2020                               Accepted: 02/08/2020

Abstract

A field and map studies were carried out in 2019 on some soil series of the Great Mussaib Project, which is a part of the Iraqi Mesopotamia plain , that is located within the geographical coordinates 33.32 °, 32.47 ° N, 44.29 ° and 44.55 °E . The soil series were mapped and then dropped on their sites using the GPS device, then they revealed and described morphological and obtained samples for the purpose of analysis, in addition to obtaining measurements on the units of the map, and the results indicated that the soils series differed among themselves in terms of soil particle, salinity was high and the CEC is positively associated with clay content, and carbonate minerals increased with depth, the distribution of gypsum did not take a certain pattern, association state of series result appeared the type of joint enclosure of more than one series surrounding other, which indicated cases of homogeneity of sedimentation. The results of the statistical constants of the soil particles confirmed that their size falls within the ranges of the medium and fine silt, degree of sediment sorting was poor and that the degree of flatness range from the flat type to the very flat. While the results of the map unit analysis indicated that the soil series took the shape of rotation more than the elongation state which is confirmed by the coefficient positive correlation between series area and their boundary.

Key words: Mussiab project, Soil series, Statistical constant, Association status.

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Hazem H. Al-Ashwal ^(1)* and Mohamed M. Alsanabani ⁽²⁾

(1). Northern Highland Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA), Sana’a, Yemen.

(2). Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen.

(*Corresponding author: Hazem H. Al-Ashwal.E-Mail: hazemalasshwal@yahoo.com).

Received: 01/05/2020                               Accepted: 12/06/2020

Abstract

An experiment was conducted at Northern Highlands Agricultural Research Regional Station in Sana’a, Yemen, to simulate distribution of soil moisture under alternative furrow irrigation, and soil water balance. Six treatments applied, namely: EFI1, EFI2, EFI3, AFI1, AFI2 and AFI3; which EFI means conventional (or full) furrow irrigation, and AFI alternative furrow irrigation, and the numbers 1,2,3 related to levels of irrigation water 100%, 75% and 50% respectively, which the treatment EFI1 was the farmer practice. VS2DI model was used to simulate water movement in soil for all treatments. EFI1 treatment used for calibration process to calibrate some parameters related to soil and transpiration, and the rest 5 treatments for verification. Results showed that there was satisfactory agreement between measured and estimated soil water content, and there was goodness of fit in the statistical values of (R²), (RMSE), and (D) in all cases. The results also showed that the pattern of soil moisture distribution plays an important role in benefit of alternative furrow irrigation over conventional irrigation, which has been found that the soil moisture in parts of soil profile (under irrigated furrow) maintain high, and suitable for plant in AFI treatments compared with EFI at the same level of irrigation water, generally compared with AFI, the deep percolation was higher in EFI, the cumulative evaporation and transpiration didn’t affected by irrigation method, but the evaporation and transpiration rates are affected; In the first stages after irrigation the evaporation and transpiration rates was higher in EFI than AFI, and vice versa in the late stages after irrigation, then at a certain time after irrigation, the transpiration rate dramatically decreased in EFI, but that wasn’t noticeable effect in AFI; this explain the slightly effects on yield in AFI with decrease in irrigation water compared with EFI. The study concluded that another studies concerned in the physiological response of plant in transpiration to partial root zone drying and soil moisture distribution must be conducted, and the root activity function must be improved in VS2D model. Also concluded that the AFI technique is practicable and useful in arid areas where the water is cost.

Key words: Alternate furrow irrigation, Soil moisture distribution, Simulation, VS2DI module.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Zainab Amran^*(1) Mahmoud Ali⁽¹⁾ and Rim Salame⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Forestry and Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Zeinab Amran. E-Mail: Zeinabamran212@gmail.com).

Received: 03/07/2019                               Accepted: 28/08/2019

Abstract

The study determined the effect of exposure on the total phenolic contents of Sorbus torminalis L., where plant samples (leaves and fruits) were collected from three exposures (south, west and east) in the Cedar-Fir protected area (Slenfeh, Lattakia) in autumn of 2018. The total contents of the phenolic compounds were calibrated using Fulin Cycalto method, expressing the result by the amount of gallic acid in 1 g fresh weight using a (spectrophotometer). The results showed that phenolic compounds were the highest in the Eastern exposure (14.17± 1.96 mg/g) followed by the Western exposure (12.54±1.27  mg/g) and finally the Southern exposure (10.48 ±0.94  mg/g). Regarding  the fruits, the Western exposure total phenolic contents of the fruits were more than that at the Eastern and Southern exposures where the highest contents of phenolic compounds (0.42±4.46 mg/g) were found, followed by the eastern exposure (  0.72±4.25 mg/g). Finally, the southern exposure recorded the lowest yield (0.29±3.51mg/g). The analysis of ANOVA showed significant differences in leaf and fruit contents of phenolic compounds between the Southern and Eastern exposure and the Southern and Western exposures (P <0.0.5), while no significant difference, was observed between East and West exposure (P> 0.05).

Key words: Sorbus torminalis L., Phenolic compounds, Exposure.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Nisreen Soudah⁽¹⁾ Abdulnaser Aldarir⁽¹⁾ and Abdulghani Alkhaldi*⁽²⁾

(1).Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering,  Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Aleppo Research Center, General Commission for scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Abdulghani Alkhaldi. E-Mail: abdulgh64@gmail.com).

Received: 15/04/2020                               Accepted: 06/09/2020

Abstract

Cotton is considered one of the most important strategic summer crops cultivated due to the role it plays in supporting the national economy, providing foreign exchange and securing the raw material for the textile industries. The research aimed to reveal and compare the changes in the productive characteristics of the two varieties Aleppo 124 and Aleppo 33/1 at three levels of irrigation (50, 80 and 100%) of water requirement and two methods irrigaion (surface and sprinkler). The experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Hama. The total water consumption of Aleppo 124 variety reached by the method of sprinkler irrigation 8279 m³/ha, and (6823, 4684 m³/ha) for the two treatments (80, 50%), respectively. As for the surface irrigation method, it reached 9845 m³/ha, and (8075, 5491 m³/ha) for the above two treatments, respectively. The increase in productivity by the method of sprinkler irrigation was estimated at 31% compared to the method of surface irrigation, and Aleppo 124 variety surpassed Aleppo 33/1 by about 18%. The results showed that there were no significant differences in productivity between 100% and 80% treatments. Thus, the possibility of irrigating the cotton crop by 80% of its water needs, and providing water and using it to irrigate additional areas. It can also be emphasized that the Aleppo 33/1 cultivar can be replaced by the new Aleppo 124 cultivar because of its production characteristics.

Keywords: Cotton, Water requirement, Sprinkler irrigation, Surface irrigation. Deficit irrigation.
Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mohammad Hassaan^*(1) Ahmad Elfaki⁽²⁾ MMubarak Abdallah⁽²⁾ AlSadek Mohammed⁽³⁾ and Mohammad Yousif⁽⁴⁾

(1). Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.

(2). Department of Physics, Sudan University of Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

(3). Department of Sciences, College of Education, University of Shendi, Shendi, Sudan.

(4). Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Gezira, Wad madani, Sudan.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammad Hassaan. E-Mail:mohm3012@gmail.com).

Received: 13/05/2020                               Accepted: 02/07/2020

Abstract

The contamination of poultry products with some heavy elements (metals) such as (lead, manganese and chromium) is considered to be of great risk to human health. Therefore, this study was conducted on 23 random samples of poultry products (meat, bones, necks and liver) in which used the X-ray Fluorescence technique to measure the ratio of heavy elements which was characterized by a high ability to measure the concentration of elements, and the results showed that all samples were contaminated with heavy elements, and the percentage of lead concentration in meat and bones was found as (0.007% and 0.005%), respectively; in addition, the lead percentage in some samples exceeded quality control. The results also showed that the average percentage of concentration of manganese in bone, meat and liver were (0.043%, 0.008% and 0.007%), respectively, the concentration of manganese in all samples was within the limits of quality control, the average concentrations of chromium in the bone, meat, liver and necks was (0.033%, 0.035%, 0.050% and 0.035%), respectively, the concentration of chromium in the liver and meat and also in some bone and necks samples exceeded quality control critical ranges.

Key words: Heavy, Poultry products, X-ray Fluorescence.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mohammed M. Yassen^*(1) Salwa  J.  Fakhir⁽¹⁾ Ola S. Qasim⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Soil and Water Resources, Agriculture College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammed M. Yassen. E-Mail: mohammedmalik875@gmail.com).

Received: 05/07/2020                               Accepted: 02/08/2020

Abstract

Heavy minerals are hazard pollution on environment. It comes from different sources to be thrown in the environmental system. The adsorption process is a new technology for treatment heavy metals in waste water. In this study the minerals as Attoplgite and Zeolite and Iraqi clay mineral compared in their removal of pollution metals from aqueous system. Attoplgite, Zeolite and Iraqi clay were tested in adsorption of Zinc, Cadmium, Nickel and Manganase elements of different pH values viz. 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 of aqueous solutions. The results showed the increase in mineral adsorption with pH increase. Also the minerals were tested in elements adsorption at different weights: 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 gm at pH=6 and diameter 75µm. The results of this experiment showed that maximum adsorption happed with mineral weight increases. Iraqi clay mineral was carrying out maximum removing percentage which reached 9.81, 90.21, 83.11 and 59.02% for heavy metals, Znic, Cadmium, Nickel and Manganese respectively, comparison to Attoplgite and Zeolite. Also the three clay minerals were tested for elements adsorption at different particles diameters viz. 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 µm. The results showed that the adsorption quantity decreased as the diameter increased, and for that the removal percentage increased also with particles diameter decreases. The clay minerals took the following order: Iraqi clay mineral > Attoplgite mineral < Zeolite mineral for the heavy metals percentage increases.

Keywords: Clay minerals, Heavy metals, Adsorption, Aqueous solutions.

Full paper in English: PDF

Marwan Alhaj Houssein^*(1)

(1). Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Marwan Alhaj Houssein. E-Mail: marwanhaj1958@yahoo.com).

Received: 11/05/2020                               Accepted: 09/06/2020

Abstract

The present experimental work was carried out at the Irrigation and Drainage Research Laboratory, Rural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo. Box model was designed in this study to compare the measured flow with calculated one of absorbent wells. The results  showed that the use of Darcy permeability coefficient in Dupuit equation is inappropriate, in which the calculated flow was less than the measured flow by 24.0 to 29.3%. Therefore, the variations of the permeability coefficient were studied according to the movement of water towards the wells by tracing the level of ground water in the observing tubes and piezometers. The results confirmed that the permeability values resulting from the exudation distance are more consistent with theoretical studies comparing with results that depended on the water level in the well. However, the permeability value for the case of the water level in the well Kber1 ranged from 0.015 to 0.018 cm/min, whereas the permeability value based on the distance of the exudation in the locations far from the axis of the well Kber2 was 0.029 cm/min approximately, but in a near location, it was 0.047 cm/min. The study also showed that there was a good agreement between the measured flow and calculated one, therefore the results obtained in the present study can be relied upon to estimate the flow of absorbing wells for such soils.

Key words: Agricultural drainage, Ground water level, Ddrainage wells, Permeability.

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Bachar Aldakil^*(1)

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Bachar Aldakil. E-Mail: bashardakhel6@gmail.com).

Received: 11/12/2019                               Accepted: 13/01/2020

Abstract

This research aimed to study several isolates of pathogenic fungi causing root rot phenomenon on wheat and barley. Six fungal isolates of Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and Helmenthosporium, were used in this study. These isolates were treated with four chemical fungal disinfectants, in addition to fungus Trichoderma harzianum. The laboratory experiment was achieved with incubation the isolates within petri dishes at a temperature of 22 ± 2 °C. The diameters of fungal colonies above the culture medium were measured daily for a period of six days. The pot experiments were achieved on durum wheat (Bohooth 5) and barley (Tadmor) which were known with their sensitivity to the infection. The germinated seeds were treated with the fungal disinfectants and then they were planted in the pots within the incubator. After the formation of the two first leaves, the experimental pots were subjected to the natural environmental conditions. The pots were watered and fertilized as needed. Concerning the laboratory dishes within the incubator, the results of statistical analyses clarified that the treatment with fungicide Vetavax and the fungus T. harzianum were more performed. While, concerning the pot exterminates, the results showed that Vitavax was more effective in the reduction of the infection rates for both wheat and barley. Although the beneficial fungus T. harzianum had a limited efficacy, its efficacy was high in controlling the isolate R1 of the pathogen Rhizoctonia. The obtained results lead to investigate the causes of the limited efficacy of Trichoderma in the pot experiments.

Keywords: Root rot, Fungal disinfectants, Wheat, Barley.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Amina Abdul-Hamied Saad⁽¹⁾ and Zahra Ibrahim El-Gali^*(1)

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Libya.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Zahra Ibrahim El-Gali. E-Mail: Zahra.Ibrahim@omu.edu.ly).

Received: 22/06/2020                               Accepted: 18/07/2020

Abstract

The study was conducted In Vitro during 2018-2019 at Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, and aimed to evaluate the antagonistic effect local isolate of Trichoderma harizianum against four pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclertiorum). Results showed that T. harzianum isolate had good significant ability to inhibit the studied diseases fungi directly or indirectly.  Maximum rate of inhibition was 75.6%, and the highest degree of inhibition according 4 in Sookchaoy scale against M. phaseolina. The results of the microscopic examination showed the growth of the anti-fungus hyphae in parallel with the pathogenic hyphae and spirally wrapped around it, causing contraction and degradation them. Direct interaction between bio-control agent and the pathogens causing different diameters in halos lysis of pathogens, also, volatile and non-volatile substances that released by T. harzianum was recorded varying degrees of inhibition in all fungi,  Finally, the bio-control agent produced antifungal compound that can inhibit the growth of all fungi 100%.

Keywords: Antagonism , Trichoderma harzianum, Phytopathogenic fungi.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF