Roula Hamoui^(1)* , Mahmud Dahan⁽¹⁾ and Faten Hamed⁽²⁾

• Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.
• Department of Food Technology, General commission of Agricultural and Scientific research, Damascus , Syria.

 (*Corresponding author: Roula Hamoui E-mail: roula31@hotmail.com).

Received: 29/03/2020                                Accepted: 09/06/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out at the oil technology laboratory in department of food science of the faculty of Agriculture engineering in 2019 where the Chemical Interesterification was applied using the sodium methoxide (CH₃ONa) as the catalyst (0.5%) on various blends of sunflower oil and beef tallow during 60 minutes. Some physical and chemical tests were evaluated on the mixtures studied before and after the chemical interesterification which containing the number of peroxide, percentages of acidity, number of saponification, iodine value, slip melting point, Solid fat index (SFI%) and fatty acid composition. The results showed that the interesterification was effective to modify only the physical properties of the mixture studied, and the values of melting point showed high significant differences, before and after interesterification, while no significant differences appeared in the number of saponification and iodine value ​​between the studied mixtures before and after interesterification. The interesterification resulted a decrease in SFI% in the studied mixtures according to the type and proportions of the constituent lipids, this indicates that the interesterification leads to produced lipids with specific new properties that enter into various food processing.

Keywords: Chemical Interesterification, Slip Melting Point, SFI%, Fatty acids.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Rawan Khatib ^(1*)_, Bouchra Ali⁽²⁾ and Wadieh Khoury⁽²⁾

(1). Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Aleppo, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR). Aleppo , Syria.

(2).Department of Natural Resources Renewable and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Rawan Khatib. E-Mail: rrr93rawan@gmail.com)

Received: 14/05/2020                                Accepted: 20/07/2020

Abstract

The soil water erosion risk is one of the most important problems and challenges facing the agricultural process in the Syrian coast today. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of dangerous areas of water erosion in the basin of the Mrqyieh River using CORINE model. To achieve this objective, the first phase of the study was to evaluate the soil erosion viability based on soil characteristics (soil texture, soil depth and percentage of stones); these properties were classified according to their influence degree on soil erosion. The potential risk erosion map was based on crossing all information obtained from soil erodibility, erosivity index and the degree of slope at study area by using GIS technologies. The land cover map of the study was produced and classified to two classes depending on soil protection degree. Then, an actual risk map of soil erosion was prepared after crossing land cover and potential risk erosion classes of study sites. This study showed that 14.8% of the studied area facing high risk of soil erosion, while the soil risk was moderate in 40.4% and low in 44.8% of the study area. The highly risked erosion area was located in the center, northern and northwest parts of the study area. Moreover, the study confirmed that the land cover is the most influential factor on soil water erosion. The results showed that the Corine model for soil water erosion mapping is a highly effective and cost-effective approach.

Keyword: Risk Water Erosion, Geographic information System, Mrqyieh River, Corine Methodology.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Al- Muthana Subhi  Al- Diwani ⁽¹⁾  and  Irfan Aswad Al-Hamd*⁽¹⁾

(1)Department of Soil and Land Reclamation – Faculty of Agriculture – Euphrates University.

(*Corrsponding author: Irfan Al-Hamd. E-Mail: orfan.alhmad@gmail.com)

Received: 22/02/2020                                Accepted: 23/03/2020

Abstract

The study aimed to assess wet soil construction and the extent to which its compounds are water resistant during the use of different rates of leaching water. A field experiment was carried out at Al-Hariji area in Deir ez-Zor governorate in 2018 and is outside the scope of agricultural investment due to excess salinity. Using the method of the double metal rings internal in diameter (50) cm and external in diameter (75) cm, by adding the following rates: (5000, 7500, 10,000 m³/ha) and then covered the rings with nylon cover and thin layers of soil and herbs in order to reduce the evaporation process and designed the laundry experiment in the manner of random sectors and three repeats for each washing rate, and by (5 meters) between each two rings successively. The results were as follows: the unacceptable wet structural analysis of the diameter- granules (>0.25) changed to a bad state after using the washing rates (7500, 10,000) m³/ha at a depth of (0-25) cm. The soil was exposed to water drift under heavy rains and fragmentation of soil compound granules and thus sabotage its construction, resulting in the impoverishment and degradation of the surface layer with soft elements. This calls for the addition of organic and mineral residues as stable fertilizer and agricultural sulfur in order to improve this layer and provide it with the nutrients necessary for the growth of agricultural crops naturally and well. It was also noted that there were moral differences resulting from the effect of different washing rates, depth and interaction with wet compounds as a result of the addition of different amounts of washing water.

Keywords: Washing Water, Washing Rates, Wet Sifting.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Rama barakat^{(1) *} and  Michael skaf  ⁽¹⁾

(1).Department of forestry and environment Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria .

 (*Corrsponding author: Rama barakat. E-Mail:Rama-barakat@tishreen.edu.sy)

Received: 05/11/2019                    Accepted: 12/03/2020

Abstract

Drought is considered as the most adverse meteorological phenomenon affecting water resources, agricultural production and natural ecosystems. Monthly precipitation and temperature data for two major stations in Syrian Aljazeera region were used to determine spatiotemporal characteristics of drought during the period 1957-2012. Water balance anomaly index (WBAI) was applied to evaluate drought intensity at seasonal and annual time scales. Trends with Mann-Kendall test were used to detect changes in drought intensity. Whereas logistic distribution was computed for two period (1958-1985 and 1985-2012), to estimate changes in drought frequency.  Results showed significant changes in drought – characteristics in the study region. The annual drought intensity had increased because tendency in drought index values decreased by (-1.98, -1.77) during winter and (-1.9, -2.61) during spring in AlHassaka and AlQamshli respectively. At the same time increment in extreme drought frequency versus diminishing frequency of extreme moisture was observed in both meteorological stations. These changes will negatively affect crop, rangeland productivity, and water resources, it will also pose a big challenge to the sustainable development in that region.

Keywords: climate change-drought- AlHassaka-AlQamshli-Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ensaf Hassan Akel^(1)* , Hanan kawas⁽¹⁾, Qusay Al-Rhayeh⁽¹⁾, Rehab Hamdan⁽¹⁾and Imad D. Ismail ⁽²⁾

(1). General Commission Agriculture Research, Lattakia, Syria

(2).Tishreen university, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of plan protection Lattakia, Syria

(* Corresponding author: Email: ensafakel5n4a@gmail.com )

Received: 07/06/2020                      Accepted: 02/07/2020

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of tow strains of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA342, and Bacillus subtillis FZB27, on reducing infection by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), in tomato plants grown under protected agriculture, in Agricultural Research Centre during Autumn and Winter of 2018-2019 growing seasons. Tomato seeds were immersed in suspension of tow strains (concentration 9× 10⁹ Bacterial cell/ml) before seeding, Also Tomato seedling before transplanting were treated with bacterial suspension (5ml/seedling). Additional 10ml/plant of bacterial suspension were added after 10 days according to the experiment treatments. The following were estimated: peroxides enzyme activity, viral concentration, percentage of viral inhibition. Results showed increasing in peroxides enzyme activity after 10 days in plants inoculated with TYLCV and treated with bacterial suspension  B27 (0.032 µm /mg) and this was better than other used treatments  MA and virus( 0.031 µm /mg) and control treatment (0.023 µm/mg).  After 30 days of viral infection the peroxides enzyme activity  was higher in plants treated with MA (1.362 µm /mg) than plants treated with B27 (0.940 µm/mg) and control treatment (0.449 µm/mg). Results of estimation of viral concentration by TAS-ELISA has shown decreasing in TYLCV concentration, after 50 days of inoculation. The absorbance values at 450 nm of extracts from MA treated plants (0.373) and B27 treatment plants (0.378) comparing with absorbance values (0.702) of extracts from control treatment. The percentage of viral inhibition in treated plants with MA (46.86%) was higher from plants treaded with B27 (46%) may be because the activity of peroxides enzyme was higher in plants treated with MA than others.

Key words: Pgpr,  Tylcv, Tas- Elisa, peroxides Enzyme.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

     Zainab Badenjki *⁽¹⁾

(1). Faculty of Science, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(* Corresponding author: Email: zainabbadenjkey@gmail.com).

Received: 01/10/2020                                  Accepted: 23/11/2020

Abstract

The order Hymenostomatida is considered as one of the most important orders of the Ciliophora, where its members are contributed to the ecological balance as they form an important cercle in the food chain in aquatic environments. Water samples were collected from one site: Qoiq River, during the period between 25/7/2017 and 27/11/2019, whereas, this work continued over a period of 16 months. The water samples were taken near the bottom at a depth of 30 cm below the surface of the water.

The classification of the ciliated species are considered as an initial step to contribute to the biodiversity map in Syria. The results of this taxonomic study showed the presence of one family: Parameciidae . And we found through it one genera with five species, these species recorded for the first time in the north of Syria. The founded five species are: Paramecium caudatum، P. Multimicronucleatum، P. aurelia ، P. polycaryum ،p.bursaria.

Key words: classification, Ciliate, Hymenostomatida, fresh water, north of Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

AbdulNaser Al-Omar^)1(*, Morshid Kassouha⁾²⁽, Mohamed Zuheir and Salam⁾³⁽, Mai Almaghout ⁾⁴⁽

General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GSCAR), Hama Research Center –Syria.

 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hama University, Hama, Syria.

 (GSCAR), Animal wealth department. Damascus -Syria.

(GSCAR), Salameia Research Center-Syria.      

(* Corresponding author: Email: abdnaser64@gmail.com).

Received: 09/07/2020                                              Accepted: 02/08/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out in  two production lines (milk, meat) of Awassi sheep at Salameia Research Center in the year of 2014 to diagnose the Prevalence the infection of some internal  parasites which affect negatively health and production. 216 dung samples were collected from the two production lines (108 samples for each line) and laboratory parasitic tests were done in faculty of veterinary medicine of Hama by means of Flotation, Sedimentation, Baermann-Wetzel Tests. Results showed that the infection ratio with gastro –intestinal amounted 87.03% and infection was often intermixed. the infection ratio with nematodes amounted 42.59% and 44.44% in milk and meat lines respectively. Marshallagia eggs infection were diagnosed at high ratio which amounted 25.92% and 22.22% of tested samples for both of milk and meat lines respectively. Nematodirus eggs infection amounted 1.85% in equal ratio for both production and lines. Trichuris eggs infection amounted 7.4% and 5.55% of tested samples for milk and meat lines respectively. Moniezia infection amounted 7.4% and 12.96% of tested samples for milk and meat lines respectively. Eimeria –oocysts infection amounted 85.18% and 88.88% in milk and meat lines respectively. There were no significant differences for all kinds of infections with diagnosed internal parasites. Necessity requires continuation in application precautionary and remedial procedures in order to cut life circle of these parasites that are considered to be one of the most important means to decrease their Prevalence.

Key Words: EndoparasitesInfections, Flotation test, Awassi sheep.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Hasan Emad Almasri^(1)*

(1).Department of Animal Production,Faculty of Agriculture,University of Aleppo.

(* Corresponding author: Email: kaba.rami@gmail.com).

 Received: 02/06/2020                     Accepted: 28/07/2020

Abstract

This study was conducted on a flock of Awassi sheep in Aleppo Governorate – Al-Safira region,Syria during the year 2018/2019. It included 136 animals of Awassi sheep, which is (62 mothers and 74 kids). The data were subjected to the General Linear Model, and a variance analysis was used to study the effect of maternal age and weight on birth weight and weaning and the daily weight gain from birth to weaning for lambs by applying SPSS24. The results showed that there is a highly significant effect of the mother’s age, as the mothers aged 4 and 5 years surpassed those of 2 and 3 years of age in all the studied factors. The mother’s weight did not affect the daily weight gain rate, while the effect was significant on weaning weight, and it was highly significant on birth weight. Moreover, correlation analysis showed a highly significant relationship between the mother’s age and all studied factors. It was highly significant between the mother’s weight with birth weight and significant with weaning weight, and was not significant with the daily weight gain rate. The regression was highly significant for all the studied factors.

Key words: Birth Weight, Weaning, Daily Weight Gain, Lambs, Awassi Sheep.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Hasan Emad Almasri ⁽¹⁾, Abdul Rahman Al-Darwish ⁽¹⁾and  Hiba Albadee

*⁽¹⁾of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo.

(^* Corresponding auther:Hiba Albadee. E-mail:   hibaalbadee@gmail.com)

  Received: 02/06/2020                                Accepted:28/07/2020

Abstract

The genetic polymorphism of the milk proteins is of great interest in animal production, because of its influence on milk composition and quality and on the productivity parameters. αs1-casein represents the main milk protein and has an important role in the transport of calcium phosphate. Identification of different αs1-CN gene polymorphism in exon₃ traits and its association with different milk performance was performed through Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of one hundred blood samples using restriction endonuclease Mbo II. Also, Chi-square (χ2) test was performed to test the goodness of fit to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) expectations for the distribution of αs1-CN genotypes in local Awassi sheep, in Minyan, west of Aleppo, during the period 2017-2018. Two alleles (A and C) were found with higher frequency of C allele, whilethree genotypes (AA, AC and CC) were identified at αs1-CN locus. A significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found (P<0.05). On the other hand, the results of the statistical analysis, showed significant effects of αs1-CN genotype on milk yield and protein % (P<0.01), while it did not effect on the other milk composition (P>0.05). The results suggest the possibility of a future selection process to improve milk quality in Awassi sheep. Thus the αs1-CN genotype information could be utilized in selection strategies, in order to select genetic stock for the higher milk yield as well as production of sheep milk with higher protein content in marker assisted selection to increase the rate of genetic gain.

Key words: αs1-CN polymorphism, milk proteins,  PCR- RFLP, Awassi sheep.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Imad Alhorani ^(1)*

General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Tartous, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Imad Alhorani , Email: imad_horani2000@yahoo.com (0940682103)).

   Received: 07/04/2020                          Accepted: 09/06/2020

Abstract

         Water hyacinth is a floating aquatic colonial plant blocking the waterways and causes significant economic, natural, health and environmental damages. It has recently spread in Syria and the institutions and ministries are working to control it. It was noticed that its composition indicates the possibility of using it in animal nutrition and hence the aim of this research was to use this plant in feeding Awassi sheep, The research was carried out in the plain of Akkar in Tartous 2014 on two groups of sheep, the control and an experimental group of each 10 convergent sheep age and weight at the age of 6 months and an average weight of 32.05 ± 0.29 and 32.21 ± 0.30, respectively The two groups were fed on the same concentrated diet consisting of (69.5% barley, 9.5% unpeeled cotton meal, 19.5% bran, 1.5 salts and vitamin) with 14% crude protein, while 50% of the hay forage of the control group was replaced by water hyacinth hay. The weights of the control group and the experimental group were 44.25 ± 0.31 and 45.30 ± 0.37 kg, respectively. The results showed that the experimental group exceeded the control group in the average total gain of weight 13.09 ± 0.08 kg and 12.20 ± 0.06 kg, and the daily growth rate 175 ± 1.1 g and 163 ± 0.8 g, respectively, with significant differences at the level 0.05, which confirms the possibility of using the Water Hyacinth plant in feeding sheep

Keywords: Water Hyacinth, Awassi Sheep, Hay, Growth charateristics.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF